Risk Assessment of Particulate Matter (PM10) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
In recent decades, particulate matter (PM10) have
received much attention due to its potential adverse health impact and
the subsequent need to better control or regulate these pollutants.
The aim of this paper is focused on study risk assessment of PM10
in four different districts (Shebikah, Masfalah, Aziziyah, Awali) in
Makkah, Saudi Arabia during the period from 1 Ramadan 1434 AH -
27 Safar 1435 AH. Samples were collected by using Low Volume
Sampler (LVS Low Volume Sampler) device and filtration method
for estimating the total concentration of PM10.
The study indicated that the mean PM10 concentrations were 254.6
(186.1 - 343.2) μg/m3 in Shebikah, 184.9 (145.6 - 271.4) μg/m3 in
Masfalah, 162.4 (92.4-253.8) μg/m3 in Aziziyah, and 56.0 (44.5 -
119.8) μg/m3 in Awali. These values did not exceed the permissible
limits in PME (340 μg/m3 as daily average). Furthermore, health
assessment is carried out using AirQ2.2.3 model to estimate the
number of hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases. The
cumulative number of cases per 100,000 were 1534 (18-3050 case),
which lower than that recorded in the United States, Malaysia. The
concentration response coefficient was 0.49 (95% CI 0.05 - 0.70) per
10 μg/m3 increase of PM10.
[1] Chow, J. C. J. G. Watson, E. M. Fujita, Z. Q. Lu, D. R. Lawson, D. H.
Lowenthal, P. A. Soloman, K. L. Magliano, S. D. Ziman, and, L.W.
Richards, “PM10 and PM2.5 Compositions in California's San Joaquin
Valley,” Aerosol Sci. Tech., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 105-128, 1993.
[2] Chow, W. H.; Mclaughlin, J. J.; Menck, H. R. and T. M. Mack, (1994).
“Risk Factors for Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancers: Los Angeles County,
California (USA),” Cancer Causes Control, vol. 5, pp. 267-272, 1994.
[3] US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). “National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends, 1990-1994,” 1995.
[4] Kaiser, J. (2000). “Air Pollution-Panel Backs EPA and “Six Cities”
Study,” Science, vol. 289, no. 5480, pp. 711, 2000.
[5] Pisoni, E. and M. Volta, “Modelling Pareto Efficient PM10 Control
Policies in Northern Italy to Reduce Health Effects” Atmos. Environ,
vol. 43, no. 20, pp. 3243-3248, 2009.
[6] Charlson, R. J. (1992). “Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols”
Science, vol. 255, no. 5043, pp. 423-430, 1992.
[7] National Research Council (NRC), “Protecting Visibility in National
Parks and Wilderness Areas,” National Academy Press, Washington,
DC, 1993.
[8] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), “Air Quality
Criteria for Particulate Matter,” US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. US Environmental Protection Agency,
Criteria Document on Fine Particles, EPA/600/P-95/001CF,
Washington, DC, 1996.
[9] Gard, E. E. et al. (1998). “Direct Observation of Heterogeneous
Chemistry in the Atmosphere” Science, vol. 279, no. 5453, pp. 1184-
1187, 1998.
[10] Ali-Mohamed, A. Y. and A. H. Jaffar, “Estimation of Atmospheric
Inorganic Water-Soluble Aerosols in the Western Region of Bahrain by
Ion Chromatography,” 2000.
[11] Schwartz, J. D. Slater, T. V.Larson, W. E. Pierson, and J. Q. Koenig,
“Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Emergency Room Visits for
Asthma in Seattle,” Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol. 147, pp. 826-831, 1993.
[12] Hassan, S. K. M. (2006). “Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Some Heavy Metals in Suspended Particulate Matter
in Urban, Industrial and Residential Areas in Greater Cairo. Ph.D,”
Thesis, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University,
Egypt, 2006.
[13] World Health Organization (WHO). (2004). “Protection of the Human
Environment, Assessing the Environmental Burden of Disease at
National and Local Levels,” Geneva, 2004.
[14] Central Department of Statistics and Information (CDSI) (2010). Saudi
Arabia, www.cdsi.gov.sa/englishChemical Book (CB).
[15] JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) (1992): General Rule for Test
Methods of Reagents, Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, Tokyo,
Japan.
[16] SES (Stirling Energy System) solar. 2008. SES Solar One Application
for Certification: Volume 3. Appendix DD: Public Health and Safety
Data. California energy commission. Bureau of Land Management.
ttp://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/solartwo/documents/applicant/afc/v
olume_02+03/MASTER_Appendix%20DD.pdf.
[17] World Health Organization (WHO),” Air Quality Guidelines for
Europe,” Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010.
[18] Makkah (2012). Available on: http://wikimapia.org/5366059/Makkah.
[19] Health Statistical Year Book (HSYB) for Hajj 1432H. (2011). (Online).
Available: http://www. moh.gov.sa.
[20] Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME) Limitation. (2006).
General Environment Executive and Regulations, 1427, Supplement (1)
Environmental Protection Standards-For the Environment and the
Regulations of Public Order in Saudi Arabia-Document No. 1409-01.
[21] Habibullah, T. M. (2011) Research Program for the Pilgrims Exposure
to Air Pollutants in Makkah and the Holy Sites. "The Second Report"
Part I: Size Distribution, Chemical and Mineral Composition of the Dust
Outstanding (Anions-Cations-Metals) for the Pilgrimage Seasons 1426
and 1431. Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj
Research and Umrah. Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
[22] Wang X, Mauzerall DL. Evaluating Impacts of Air Pollution in China
on Public Health: Implications for Future Air Pollution and Energy
Policies. Atmos Environ 2006; 40: 1706-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.066.
[23] USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). The Benefits
and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970-1990. EPA-410-R-97-002, United
States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation
Policy, 1997. (http://www.epa.gov/airprogm/oar/sect812/, Accessed
11/02/20130).
[24] Chen C, Chen D, Green C, Wu C. Benefits of Expanded Use of Natural
Gas for Pollutant Reduction and Health Improvement in Shanghai. Sino
Sphere J. 2002; 5(2): 58-64.
[25] Afroz R, Hassan MN, Ibrahim NA. Review of Air Pollution and Health
Impacts in Malaysia. Environ Res 2003; 92: 71-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(02)00059-2.
[26] Fattore E, Paiano V, Borgini A, Tittarelli A, Bertoldi M, Crosignani P,
Fanelli R. Human Health Risk in Relation to Air Quality in Two
Municipalities in an Industrialized Area of Northern Italy. Environ Res
2011; 111: 1321-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.06.012.
[27] Orru H, Teinemaa E, Lai T, Tamm T, Kaasik M, Kimmel V, et al.
Health Impact Assessment of Particulate Pollution in Tallinn Using Fine
Spatial Resolution and Modeling Techniques. Environ Health 2009; 8:
7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-7.
[28] Guo Y, Jia Y, Pan X, Liu L, Wichmann HE. The Association between
Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Emergency Room Visits for
Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2009; 407:
4826-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.022.
[29] Guo Y, Tong S, Li S, Barnett AG, Yu W, Zhang Y. Gaseous Air
Pollution and Emergency Hospital Visits for Hypertension in Beijing,
China: A Time-Stratified Case Cross over Study. Environ Health 2010a;
9: 57-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-57.
[30] Guo Y, Tong S, Zhang Y, Barnett AG, Jia Y, Pan X. The Relationship
between Particulate Air Pollution and Emergency Hospital Visits for
Hypertension in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2010b; 408: 4446-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.042.
[31] Chen R, Pan G, Kan H, Tan J, Song W, Wu Z. Ambient Air Pollution
and Daily Mortality in Anshan, China: A Times Tratified Case-Cross
over Analysis. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408: 6086-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.018.
[32] Shakour AA, El-Shahat MF, El-Taieb NM, Hassanein MA, Mohamed
AMF. Health Impacts of Particulate Matter in Greater Cairo, Egypt. J
Am Sci 2011; 7: 9-15.
[1] Chow, J. C. J. G. Watson, E. M. Fujita, Z. Q. Lu, D. R. Lawson, D. H.
Lowenthal, P. A. Soloman, K. L. Magliano, S. D. Ziman, and, L.W.
Richards, “PM10 and PM2.5 Compositions in California's San Joaquin
Valley,” Aerosol Sci. Tech., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 105-128, 1993.
[2] Chow, W. H.; Mclaughlin, J. J.; Menck, H. R. and T. M. Mack, (1994).
“Risk Factors for Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancers: Los Angeles County,
California (USA),” Cancer Causes Control, vol. 5, pp. 267-272, 1994.
[3] US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). “National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends, 1990-1994,” 1995.
[4] Kaiser, J. (2000). “Air Pollution-Panel Backs EPA and “Six Cities”
Study,” Science, vol. 289, no. 5480, pp. 711, 2000.
[5] Pisoni, E. and M. Volta, “Modelling Pareto Efficient PM10 Control
Policies in Northern Italy to Reduce Health Effects” Atmos. Environ,
vol. 43, no. 20, pp. 3243-3248, 2009.
[6] Charlson, R. J. (1992). “Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols”
Science, vol. 255, no. 5043, pp. 423-430, 1992.
[7] National Research Council (NRC), “Protecting Visibility in National
Parks and Wilderness Areas,” National Academy Press, Washington,
DC, 1993.
[8] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), “Air Quality
Criteria for Particulate Matter,” US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. US Environmental Protection Agency,
Criteria Document on Fine Particles, EPA/600/P-95/001CF,
Washington, DC, 1996.
[9] Gard, E. E. et al. (1998). “Direct Observation of Heterogeneous
Chemistry in the Atmosphere” Science, vol. 279, no. 5453, pp. 1184-
1187, 1998.
[10] Ali-Mohamed, A. Y. and A. H. Jaffar, “Estimation of Atmospheric
Inorganic Water-Soluble Aerosols in the Western Region of Bahrain by
Ion Chromatography,” 2000.
[11] Schwartz, J. D. Slater, T. V.Larson, W. E. Pierson, and J. Q. Koenig,
“Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Emergency Room Visits for
Asthma in Seattle,” Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol. 147, pp. 826-831, 1993.
[12] Hassan, S. K. M. (2006). “Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Some Heavy Metals in Suspended Particulate Matter
in Urban, Industrial and Residential Areas in Greater Cairo. Ph.D,”
Thesis, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University,
Egypt, 2006.
[13] World Health Organization (WHO). (2004). “Protection of the Human
Environment, Assessing the Environmental Burden of Disease at
National and Local Levels,” Geneva, 2004.
[14] Central Department of Statistics and Information (CDSI) (2010). Saudi
Arabia, www.cdsi.gov.sa/englishChemical Book (CB).
[15] JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) (1992): General Rule for Test
Methods of Reagents, Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, Tokyo,
Japan.
[16] SES (Stirling Energy System) solar. 2008. SES Solar One Application
for Certification: Volume 3. Appendix DD: Public Health and Safety
Data. California energy commission. Bureau of Land Management.
ttp://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/solartwo/documents/applicant/afc/v
olume_02+03/MASTER_Appendix%20DD.pdf.
[17] World Health Organization (WHO),” Air Quality Guidelines for
Europe,” Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010.
[18] Makkah (2012). Available on: http://wikimapia.org/5366059/Makkah.
[19] Health Statistical Year Book (HSYB) for Hajj 1432H. (2011). (Online).
Available: http://www. moh.gov.sa.
[20] Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME) Limitation. (2006).
General Environment Executive and Regulations, 1427, Supplement (1)
Environmental Protection Standards-For the Environment and the
Regulations of Public Order in Saudi Arabia-Document No. 1409-01.
[21] Habibullah, T. M. (2011) Research Program for the Pilgrims Exposure
to Air Pollutants in Makkah and the Holy Sites. "The Second Report"
Part I: Size Distribution, Chemical and Mineral Composition of the Dust
Outstanding (Anions-Cations-Metals) for the Pilgrimage Seasons 1426
and 1431. Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj
Research and Umrah. Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
[22] Wang X, Mauzerall DL. Evaluating Impacts of Air Pollution in China
on Public Health: Implications for Future Air Pollution and Energy
Policies. Atmos Environ 2006; 40: 1706-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.066.
[23] USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). The Benefits
and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970-1990. EPA-410-R-97-002, United
States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation
Policy, 1997. (http://www.epa.gov/airprogm/oar/sect812/, Accessed
11/02/20130).
[24] Chen C, Chen D, Green C, Wu C. Benefits of Expanded Use of Natural
Gas for Pollutant Reduction and Health Improvement in Shanghai. Sino
Sphere J. 2002; 5(2): 58-64.
[25] Afroz R, Hassan MN, Ibrahim NA. Review of Air Pollution and Health
Impacts in Malaysia. Environ Res 2003; 92: 71-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(02)00059-2.
[26] Fattore E, Paiano V, Borgini A, Tittarelli A, Bertoldi M, Crosignani P,
Fanelli R. Human Health Risk in Relation to Air Quality in Two
Municipalities in an Industrialized Area of Northern Italy. Environ Res
2011; 111: 1321-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.06.012.
[27] Orru H, Teinemaa E, Lai T, Tamm T, Kaasik M, Kimmel V, et al.
Health Impact Assessment of Particulate Pollution in Tallinn Using Fine
Spatial Resolution and Modeling Techniques. Environ Health 2009; 8:
7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-7.
[28] Guo Y, Jia Y, Pan X, Liu L, Wichmann HE. The Association between
Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Emergency Room Visits for
Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2009; 407:
4826-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.022.
[29] Guo Y, Tong S, Li S, Barnett AG, Yu W, Zhang Y. Gaseous Air
Pollution and Emergency Hospital Visits for Hypertension in Beijing,
China: A Time-Stratified Case Cross over Study. Environ Health 2010a;
9: 57-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-57.
[30] Guo Y, Tong S, Zhang Y, Barnett AG, Jia Y, Pan X. The Relationship
between Particulate Air Pollution and Emergency Hospital Visits for
Hypertension in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2010b; 408: 4446-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.042.
[31] Chen R, Pan G, Kan H, Tan J, Song W, Wu Z. Ambient Air Pollution
and Daily Mortality in Anshan, China: A Times Tratified Case-Cross
over Analysis. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408: 6086-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.018.
[32] Shakour AA, El-Shahat MF, El-Taieb NM, Hassanein MA, Mohamed
AMF. Health Impacts of Particulate Matter in Greater Cairo, Egypt. J
Am Sci 2011; 7: 9-15.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:70501", author = "Turki M. Habeebullah and Atef M. F. Mohammed and Essam A. Morsy", title = "Risk Assessment of Particulate Matter (PM10) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia", abstract = "In recent decades, particulate matter (PM10) have
received much attention due to its potential adverse health impact and
the subsequent need to better control or regulate these pollutants.
The aim of this paper is focused on study risk assessment of PM10
in four different districts (Shebikah, Masfalah, Aziziyah, Awali) in
Makkah, Saudi Arabia during the period from 1 Ramadan 1434 AH -
27 Safar 1435 AH. Samples were collected by using Low Volume
Sampler (LVS Low Volume Sampler) device and filtration method
for estimating the total concentration of PM10.
The study indicated that the mean PM10 concentrations were 254.6
(186.1 - 343.2) μg/m3 in Shebikah, 184.9 (145.6 - 271.4) μg/m3 in
Masfalah, 162.4 (92.4-253.8) μg/m3 in Aziziyah, and 56.0 (44.5 -
119.8) μg/m3 in Awali. These values did not exceed the permissible
limits in PME (340 μg/m3 as daily average). Furthermore, health
assessment is carried out using AirQ2.2.3 model to estimate the
number of hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases. The
cumulative number of cases per 100,000 were 1534 (18-3050 case),
which lower than that recorded in the United States, Malaysia. The
concentration response coefficient was 0.49 (95% CI 0.05 - 0.70) per
10 μg/m3 increase of PM10.", keywords = "Air pollution, Respiratory diseases, AirQ2.2.3,
Makkah.", volume = "9", number = "8", pages = "939-8", }
