Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of
the oxygen used in bacteria mediated oxidation of organic substances
in water and wastewater. Theoretically an infinite time is required for
complete biochemical oxidation of organic matter, but the
measurement is made over 5-days at 20 0C or 3-days at 27 0C test
period with or without dilution. Researchers have worked to further
reduce the time of measurement.
The objective of this paper is to review advancement made in
BOD measurement primarily to minimize the time and negate the
measurement difficulties. Survey of literature review in four such
techniques namely BOD-BARTTM, Biosensors, Ferricyanidemediated
approach, luminous bacterial immobilized chip method.
Basic principle, method of determination, data validation and their
advantage and disadvantages have been incorporated of each of the
methods.
In the BOD-BARTTM method the time lag is calculated for the
system to change from oxidative to reductive state. BIOSENSORS
are the biological sensing element with a transducer which produces
a signal proportional to the analyte concentration. Microbial species
has its metabolic deficiencies. Co-immobilization of bacteria using
sol-gel biosensor increases the range of substrate. In ferricyanidemediated
approach, ferricyanide has been used as e-acceptor instead
of oxygen. In Luminous bacterial cells-immobilized chip method,
bacterial bioluminescence which is caused by lux genes was
observed. Physiological responses is measured and correlated to
BOD due to reduction or emission.
There is a scope to further probe into the rapid estimation of BOD.
[1] Sawyer C., McCarty P., Parkin G. (2006)"Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Sciences", Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,
fifth edition.
[2] Logan, B.E. and Wagenseller G.A.(1993). The HBOD test: a new
method for determining biochemical oxygen demand. Water Environ.
Res. (65-7), p: 862-868.
[3] APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Waters and
Wastewater. 20th Edn.(2005). American Public Health Association,
Washington, DC.
[4] Cullimore, R., (1999), Biological Activity Reaction Tests- A simple yet
effective method for monitoring Biochemical Oxygen
Demand.BARTTM testers. Practical Atlas for Bacerial Identification,
Lewis/CRC Press, Droycon Bioconcepts Inc. 315 Dewdney Ave.
Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4N 0E7.
[5] Johnston L., Cullimore R and Singh K.,. (1990), Field Trials of the
BOD-BART systemâ„¢ for the Rapid Determination of Biochemical
Oxygen Demand in Secondary and Tertiary Effluents. Droycon
Bioconcepts Inc, Regina, Saskatchewan, and University of New
Brunswick, Fredricton, New Brunswick.
[6] Karube, I., Matsunaga, T., Mitsuda, S., Suzuki, S., (1977.), Microbial
Biosensors Biotechnol. Bioeng. (19), p.1535-1547.
[7] Rastogi S, Rathee P, Saxena T.K., Mehra N.K., Kumar R.(2002) BOD
analysis of industrial effluents: 5 days to 5 min, Current Applied Physics
(3),p-191-194.
[8] Hikuma M., Suzuki, H., Yasuda, T., Karube, I., Suzuki, S., (1979).
Amperometric estimation of BOD by using living immobilized yeast,
Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (8), 289-297.
[9] Ohki A, Shinohara K., Lto O., Naka K., Maeda S., Sato T., Akano H.,
Kato N., Kawamura Y., (1994) ,A BOD sensor using Klebsiella Oxytoca
ASI, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. (56).p261-269.
[10] Jung J., Sofer S., Lakhwala F., (1995) Towards an on-line biochemical
oxygen demand analyser, Biotechnol. Tech.(9) 289-294.
[11] Sangeetha S, Sugandhi G., Murugesan M., Madhav V.M., Berchmans S.,
Rajasekar R., Rajasekar S., D., Jeyakumar G., Rao P., (1996),
Immobilised Activated Sludge Based Biosensor For Biochemical
Oxygen Demand Measurement, Electroanalysis (8),p: 698-701.
[12] Jianbo Jia, Tang Mingyu, Xu Chen, Li Qi, Shaojun Dong. (2002), Coimmobilized
microbial biosensor for BOD estimation based on sol-gel
derived composite material, Biosensors and Bioelectronics (18), p-
1023-/1029.
[13] Dong, S., Cheng, G., Li, B., Kou, W., Zhang, J., (1996). Construction of
enzyme electrodes based on PVA-g-PVP hydrogel. Chin. Pat.
CN96123528.4.
[14] Kylie Catterall , Kristy Morris, Huijun Zhao, Neil Pasco, Richard John.
(2001), The use of microorganisms with broad range substrate utilization
for the ferricyanide-mediated rapid determination of biochemical oxygen
demand, Talanta (55),p-1187-1194.
[15] Toshifumi Sakaguchi , Yasunori Morioka , Masahiro Yamasaki , Junpei
Iwanaga , Kazuhiko Beppu, Hideaki Maeda, Yasutaka Morita , Eiichi
Tamiya. (2006), Rapid and onsite BOD sensing system using luminous
bacterial cells-immobilized chip, Biosensors and Bioelectronics (19),p-
115-121.
[1] Sawyer C., McCarty P., Parkin G. (2006)"Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Sciences", Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,
fifth edition.
[2] Logan, B.E. and Wagenseller G.A.(1993). The HBOD test: a new
method for determining biochemical oxygen demand. Water Environ.
Res. (65-7), p: 862-868.
[3] APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Waters and
Wastewater. 20th Edn.(2005). American Public Health Association,
Washington, DC.
[4] Cullimore, R., (1999), Biological Activity Reaction Tests- A simple yet
effective method for monitoring Biochemical Oxygen
Demand.BARTTM testers. Practical Atlas for Bacerial Identification,
Lewis/CRC Press, Droycon Bioconcepts Inc. 315 Dewdney Ave.
Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4N 0E7.
[5] Johnston L., Cullimore R and Singh K.,. (1990), Field Trials of the
BOD-BART systemâ„¢ for the Rapid Determination of Biochemical
Oxygen Demand in Secondary and Tertiary Effluents. Droycon
Bioconcepts Inc, Regina, Saskatchewan, and University of New
Brunswick, Fredricton, New Brunswick.
[6] Karube, I., Matsunaga, T., Mitsuda, S., Suzuki, S., (1977.), Microbial
Biosensors Biotechnol. Bioeng. (19), p.1535-1547.
[7] Rastogi S, Rathee P, Saxena T.K., Mehra N.K., Kumar R.(2002) BOD
analysis of industrial effluents: 5 days to 5 min, Current Applied Physics
(3),p-191-194.
[8] Hikuma M., Suzuki, H., Yasuda, T., Karube, I., Suzuki, S., (1979).
Amperometric estimation of BOD by using living immobilized yeast,
Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (8), 289-297.
[9] Ohki A, Shinohara K., Lto O., Naka K., Maeda S., Sato T., Akano H.,
Kato N., Kawamura Y., (1994) ,A BOD sensor using Klebsiella Oxytoca
ASI, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. (56).p261-269.
[10] Jung J., Sofer S., Lakhwala F., (1995) Towards an on-line biochemical
oxygen demand analyser, Biotechnol. Tech.(9) 289-294.
[11] Sangeetha S, Sugandhi G., Murugesan M., Madhav V.M., Berchmans S.,
Rajasekar R., Rajasekar S., D., Jeyakumar G., Rao P., (1996),
Immobilised Activated Sludge Based Biosensor For Biochemical
Oxygen Demand Measurement, Electroanalysis (8),p: 698-701.
[12] Jianbo Jia, Tang Mingyu, Xu Chen, Li Qi, Shaojun Dong. (2002), Coimmobilized
microbial biosensor for BOD estimation based on sol-gel
derived composite material, Biosensors and Bioelectronics (18), p-
1023-/1029.
[13] Dong, S., Cheng, G., Li, B., Kou, W., Zhang, J., (1996). Construction of
enzyme electrodes based on PVA-g-PVP hydrogel. Chin. Pat.
CN96123528.4.
[14] Kylie Catterall , Kristy Morris, Huijun Zhao, Neil Pasco, Richard John.
(2001), The use of microorganisms with broad range substrate utilization
for the ferricyanide-mediated rapid determination of biochemical oxygen
demand, Talanta (55),p-1187-1194.
[15] Toshifumi Sakaguchi , Yasunori Morioka , Masahiro Yamasaki , Junpei
Iwanaga , Kazuhiko Beppu, Hideaki Maeda, Yasutaka Morita , Eiichi
Tamiya. (2006), Rapid and onsite BOD sensing system using luminous
bacterial cells-immobilized chip, Biosensors and Bioelectronics (19),p-
115-121.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:53641", author = "Mayur Milan Kale and Indu Mehrotra", title = "Rapid Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand", abstract = "Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of
the oxygen used in bacteria mediated oxidation of organic substances
in water and wastewater. Theoretically an infinite time is required for
complete biochemical oxidation of organic matter, but the
measurement is made over 5-days at 20 0C or 3-days at 27 0C test
period with or without dilution. Researchers have worked to further
reduce the time of measurement.
The objective of this paper is to review advancement made in
BOD measurement primarily to minimize the time and negate the
measurement difficulties. Survey of literature review in four such
techniques namely BOD-BARTTM, Biosensors, Ferricyanidemediated
approach, luminous bacterial immobilized chip method.
Basic principle, method of determination, data validation and their
advantage and disadvantages have been incorporated of each of the
methods.
In the BOD-BARTTM method the time lag is calculated for the
system to change from oxidative to reductive state. BIOSENSORS
are the biological sensing element with a transducer which produces
a signal proportional to the analyte concentration. Microbial species
has its metabolic deficiencies. Co-immobilization of bacteria using
sol-gel biosensor increases the range of substrate. In ferricyanidemediated
approach, ferricyanide has been used as e-acceptor instead
of oxygen. In Luminous bacterial cells-immobilized chip method,
bacterial bioluminescence which is caused by lux genes was
observed. Physiological responses is measured and correlated to
BOD due to reduction or emission.
There is a scope to further probe into the rapid estimation of BOD.", keywords = "BOD, Four methods, Rapid estimation", volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "141-8", }