Preparation and Characterisation of Chemically Activated Almond Shells by Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Removal of Chromium VI from Aqueous Solutions
Activated carbon was prepared from agricultural waste “almond (Prunus amygdalus) nut shells" by chemical activation with phosphoric acid as an activating agent at 450 °C for 24 hr soaking time. The physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The adsorption of chromium VI from aqueous solution on almond nut shell activated carbon (ASAC) was investigated. The adsorption process parameters pH, agitation speed, agitation time, adsorbent dose were optimized. 98% of Cr VI was sorbed at pH 2 and stirring speed 200 rpm.. Surface structure showed that ASAC has a spongy type structure showing large number of pores
[1] Cieslak- Golonka Maria, "Toxic and mutagenic effects of chromium
VI", Polyhedran, aug 1996, vol 15, No 21, pp 3667-3918.
[2] Raji C and Anirudhan TS (1998) Water Res. 32.3772.
[3] Patterson J.W (1985) industrial wastewater treatment technology, 2nd
edn, Butterworth- Heinemann London.
[4] EPA (1990) Environmrental Pollution Control Alternatives
EPA/625/5-90/25, EPA/625/4-89/023, Environmental Protection
Agency Cincinaati OH USA.
[5] Juang R.S and Shiau R.C, " Metal removal from aqueous solution using
chitosan enhanced membrane filtration", Journal of membrane science ,
feb 2000, vol 165, no2, pp159-167.
[6] Yan G and Viraraghavan T" Heavy metal removal in a biosorption
column by immobilized M rouxii biomass", Bioresource technology,
july 2001, vol 78, no3, pp 243-249.
[7] Tan, WT, Ooi S.T and Lee CK (1993) Environ technol 14.277.
[8] Alaerts G.J, Jitjaturant V and Kelderman P (1989), Water Sci Technol
21,1701
[9] Selomulya C, Meeyoo V and Amal R (1999) J Chem Technol
Biotechnol , 74, 111.
[10] Hmadi NK , Chen XD, Farid MM and LU, MGQ (2001), chem. Eng J
(Lausanne), 84,95.
[11] Dakiky M Khamis, M M anassra A and Merb M (2002), Adv Environ
Res 6, 533.
[12] Srivastava S.K Tyagi R and Pant N (1989), "Water Res 23 1161.
[13] Ranganathan K (2000) Bioresource Technol 73,99.
[14] Rao M P arwate A.V AND Bhole AG (2002) Wate Manage 22,821.
[15] M K obya " Adsorption kinetic equilibrium and studies of Cr (VI) by
hazelnut shell activation carbon " Adsorption Science and Technology,
Vol 22, no 1 2004
[16] N Ahalya , RD Kanamadi, tv Ramachandra, " Biosorption of chromium
(VI) from aqueous solution by the husk of Bengal gram, Electronic
Journal of Biotechnology, v8, no 3 dec 2005.
[17] W.T Tsai, CY Chang , MC Lin , SF Chien, H.F Sun , MF Hsieh ,
Characterization of activated carbons prepared from sugarcane bagasse
activation " journal of Environmental science and health, vol 36, no3
2001, pp365-378.
[18] S F Montanher , EA Oliveira, MC Rollemberg, "Removalo of metal ion
from aqueous solutions by sorption onto rice bran", Journal of hazardous
material, 117 (2005) 207-211.
[19] Yupeng Guo, Jurui Qi, Shaofeng Yang, Kaifeng Yu, Zichen Wang and
Hongding XU, "Adsorption of Cr (VI) on micro and mesoporous rice
husk based activated carbon" Material chemistry and Physics vol 78
issue 1 feb 2003 pp132-137.
[20] Fedral Bureau of Statistics Dvision of Pakistan june 2006.
[21] CA Toles, WE Marshall and M.M john "Granular activated carbons
from nutshells for the uptake of metals and organic compounds",
Pergamon, 6223(97) 73.
[22] D Perrin , B Dempsey, ÔÇÿBuffers for pH and metal ion control ," John
Wiley and sons Inc New York 1974.
[23] EA Oliveria, SF Montanher , AD Andrader, JA Nobrega, MC
Rollemberg, (2005) "Equilibrium studies for the sorption of chromium
and nickel from aqueous solution using rice bran", Process Chemistry
,Vol 40, Dec 2005, pp. 3485-3490
[24] Ahmedna M, John MM, Clarke SJ, Marshall WE, Rao RM 1997 b,
"Potential of agricultural by products based activated carbon for use in
raw sugar decolorization", J food A gri, 75 117-124.
[25] American Water Works Association, AWWA Standards for granular
activated carbons American Water Works Association , ANSI/AWWA
B604-90 Denver Co 1991.
[26] Alaerts GJ, Jitjaturunt V, Kelderman P, (1989), " use of coconut shell
based activated carbon for chromium VI removal" Water Science
Technol , Vol 21, Jan 1989, pp.701-1704
[27] N Ahalya , RD Kanamadi, TV Ramachandra (2005) "Biosorption of
chromium from aqueous solution by the husk of bengal gram (cicer
arientInum), Environmental Biotechnology, Vol 8, No.3, Dec 2005,
pp134-143 G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics
(Book style with paper title and editor)," in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J.
Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.
[1] Cieslak- Golonka Maria, "Toxic and mutagenic effects of chromium
VI", Polyhedran, aug 1996, vol 15, No 21, pp 3667-3918.
[2] Raji C and Anirudhan TS (1998) Water Res. 32.3772.
[3] Patterson J.W (1985) industrial wastewater treatment technology, 2nd
edn, Butterworth- Heinemann London.
[4] EPA (1990) Environmrental Pollution Control Alternatives
EPA/625/5-90/25, EPA/625/4-89/023, Environmental Protection
Agency Cincinaati OH USA.
[5] Juang R.S and Shiau R.C, " Metal removal from aqueous solution using
chitosan enhanced membrane filtration", Journal of membrane science ,
feb 2000, vol 165, no2, pp159-167.
[6] Yan G and Viraraghavan T" Heavy metal removal in a biosorption
column by immobilized M rouxii biomass", Bioresource technology,
july 2001, vol 78, no3, pp 243-249.
[7] Tan, WT, Ooi S.T and Lee CK (1993) Environ technol 14.277.
[8] Alaerts G.J, Jitjaturant V and Kelderman P (1989), Water Sci Technol
21,1701
[9] Selomulya C, Meeyoo V and Amal R (1999) J Chem Technol
Biotechnol , 74, 111.
[10] Hmadi NK , Chen XD, Farid MM and LU, MGQ (2001), chem. Eng J
(Lausanne), 84,95.
[11] Dakiky M Khamis, M M anassra A and Merb M (2002), Adv Environ
Res 6, 533.
[12] Srivastava S.K Tyagi R and Pant N (1989), "Water Res 23 1161.
[13] Ranganathan K (2000) Bioresource Technol 73,99.
[14] Rao M P arwate A.V AND Bhole AG (2002) Wate Manage 22,821.
[15] M K obya " Adsorption kinetic equilibrium and studies of Cr (VI) by
hazelnut shell activation carbon " Adsorption Science and Technology,
Vol 22, no 1 2004
[16] N Ahalya , RD Kanamadi, tv Ramachandra, " Biosorption of chromium
(VI) from aqueous solution by the husk of Bengal gram, Electronic
Journal of Biotechnology, v8, no 3 dec 2005.
[17] W.T Tsai, CY Chang , MC Lin , SF Chien, H.F Sun , MF Hsieh ,
Characterization of activated carbons prepared from sugarcane bagasse
activation " journal of Environmental science and health, vol 36, no3
2001, pp365-378.
[18] S F Montanher , EA Oliveira, MC Rollemberg, "Removalo of metal ion
from aqueous solutions by sorption onto rice bran", Journal of hazardous
material, 117 (2005) 207-211.
[19] Yupeng Guo, Jurui Qi, Shaofeng Yang, Kaifeng Yu, Zichen Wang and
Hongding XU, "Adsorption of Cr (VI) on micro and mesoporous rice
husk based activated carbon" Material chemistry and Physics vol 78
issue 1 feb 2003 pp132-137.
[20] Fedral Bureau of Statistics Dvision of Pakistan june 2006.
[21] CA Toles, WE Marshall and M.M john "Granular activated carbons
from nutshells for the uptake of metals and organic compounds",
Pergamon, 6223(97) 73.
[22] D Perrin , B Dempsey, ÔÇÿBuffers for pH and metal ion control ," John
Wiley and sons Inc New York 1974.
[23] EA Oliveria, SF Montanher , AD Andrader, JA Nobrega, MC
Rollemberg, (2005) "Equilibrium studies for the sorption of chromium
and nickel from aqueous solution using rice bran", Process Chemistry
,Vol 40, Dec 2005, pp. 3485-3490
[24] Ahmedna M, John MM, Clarke SJ, Marshall WE, Rao RM 1997 b,
"Potential of agricultural by products based activated carbon for use in
raw sugar decolorization", J food A gri, 75 117-124.
[25] American Water Works Association, AWWA Standards for granular
activated carbons American Water Works Association , ANSI/AWWA
B604-90 Denver Co 1991.
[26] Alaerts GJ, Jitjaturunt V, Kelderman P, (1989), " use of coconut shell
based activated carbon for chromium VI removal" Water Science
Technol , Vol 21, Jan 1989, pp.701-1704
[27] N Ahalya , RD Kanamadi, TV Ramachandra (2005) "Biosorption of
chromium from aqueous solution by the husk of bengal gram (cicer
arientInum), Environmental Biotechnology, Vol 8, No.3, Dec 2005,
pp134-143 G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics
(Book style with paper title and editor)," in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J.
Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:61985", author = "Inamullah Bhatti and Khadija Qureshi and R. A. Kazi and Abdul Khalique Ansari", title = "Preparation and Characterisation of Chemically Activated Almond Shells by Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Removal of Chromium VI from Aqueous Solutions", abstract = "Activated carbon was prepared from agricultural waste “almond (Prunus amygdalus) nut shells" by chemical activation with phosphoric acid as an activating agent at 450 °C for 24 hr soaking time. The physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The adsorption of chromium VI from aqueous solution on almond nut shell activated carbon (ASAC) was investigated. The adsorption process parameters pH, agitation speed, agitation time, adsorbent dose were optimized. 98% of Cr VI was sorbed at pH 2 and stirring speed 200 rpm.. Surface structure showed that ASAC has a spongy type structure showing large number of pores
", keywords = "adsorption, sorbent ,sorbate and activation", volume = "1", number = "10", pages = "106-6", }
