Power System Load Shedding: Key Issues and New Perspectives
Optimal load shedding (LS) design as an emergency plan is one of the main control challenges posed by emerging new uncertainties and numerous distributed generators including renewable energy sources in a modern power system. This paper presents an overview of the key issues and new challenges on optimal LS synthesis concerning the integration of wind turbine units into the power systems. Following a brief survey on the existing LS methods, the impact of power fluctuation produced by wind powers on system frequency and voltage performance is presented. The most LS schemas proposed so far used voltage or frequency parameter via under-frequency or under-voltage LS schemes. Here, the necessity of considering both voltage and frequency indices to achieve a more effective and comprehensive LS strategy is emphasized. Then it is clarified that this problem will be more dominated in the presence of wind turbines.
[1] EWIS, "Towards a successful integration of wind power into
European electricity grids (final report)", 2007 (Online).
http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/122302.pdf
[2] M. K. Donnelly, et al., "Impacts of the distributed utility on
transmission system stability," IEEE Trans on Power Systems, vol. 11,
no. 2, 1996, pp. 741-747.
[3] D. Xu, A. A. Girgis, "Optimal load shedding strategy in power
systems with distributed generation," in Proc. of IEEE PES Winter
Meeting, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 788-793.
[4] H. Bevrani, Robust Power system Frequency Control, New York:
Springer, 2009.
[5] H. Bevrani, et al., "On the use of df/dt in power system emergency
control" In Proc. of IEEE Power Systems Conference & Exposition,
Seattle, Washington, USA, 2009.
[6] I. Erlich, F. Shewarega, "Insert impact of large-scale wind power
generation on the dynamic Behaviour of interconnected systems," in
Proc. of iREP Symposium-Bulk Power Sys Dynamics & Control,
Charleston, USA, 2007.
[7] E. M. Oscar, "A Spinning Reserve, Load Shedding, and Economic
Dispatch Solution by Bender-s Decomposition", IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 1, 2005, pp. 384- 388.
[8] C. Concordia, et al., "Load shedding and on an isolated system," IEEE
Trans on Power Sys, vol. 10, no. 3, 1995, pp. 1467-72.
[9] J. J. Ford, H. Bevrani, G. Ledwich, "Adaptive Load Shedding and
Regional Protection", International Journal of Electrical Power and
Energy Systems, vol. 31, 2009, pp. 611-618.
[10] H. Bevrani, et al., "Regional Frequency Response Analysis under
Normal and Emergency Conditions" Electric Power Systems
Research, 79, 2009, pp. 837-845.
[11] X. Fu, X. Wang, "Load Shedding Scheme Ensuring Voltage
Stability", Power Engineering Society General Meeting IEEE, 2007,
pp.1-6.
[12] R. Faranda, et al., Load Shedding: A New Proposal. IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, 2007, pp.2086 - 2093.
[13] S.P.F Thelma, et al., "Load Shedding Strategies Using Optimal Load
Flow with Relaxation of Restrictions" IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 712 - 718.
[14] H. S. Mark, et al., "Slope-Permissive Under-Voltage Load Shed Relay
for Delayed Voltage Recovery Mitigation", IEEE Transactions on
Power, Systems, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2008, pp. 1211 - 1216.
[15] D. L. H. Aik, "A general-order system frequency response model
incorporating load shedding: analytic modeling and applications,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 2, 2006, pp. 709-
717.
[17] J. G. Thompson, and B. Fox, "Adaptive load shedding for isolated
power systems," IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 141, no. 5,
1994, pp. 492-496.
[18] P.M. Anderson, and M. Mirheydar, "An adaptive method for setting
underfrequency load shedding relays", IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1992, pp. 647-655.
[19] J. Jung, et al., "Adaptation in load shedding under vulnerable
operating conditions," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 17,
no. 4, 2002, pp. 1199-1205.
[20] D. Prasetijo, W. R. Lachs, D. Sutanto, "A new load shedding scheme
for limiting underfrequency," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 9, no. 3, 1994, pp. 1371-1378.
[21] V. N. Chuvyvhin, et al., "An adaptive approach to load shedding and
spinning reserve control during underfrequency conditions ," IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 11, no. 4, 1996, pp. 1805-1810.
[22] S. J. Huang, C. C. Huang, "An adaptive load shedding method with
time-based design for isolated power systems," Electric Power Energy
Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, 2000, pp. 51-58.
[23] V. V. Terzija, "Adaptive underfrequency load shedding based on the
magnitude of the disturbance estimation," IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 3, 2006, pp. 1260-1266.
[24] H. Bevrani, A. G. Tikdari, "An ANN-based Power System Emergency
Control Scheme in the Presence of High Wind Power Penetration",
Book chapter of Wind Power Systems: Applications of Computational
Intelligence, L. F. Wang, C. Singh, and A. Kusiak (Eds), Springer
Book Series on Green Energy and Technology, Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg, expected in 2010.
[25] H. You, V. Vittal, and Z. Yang, "Self-healing in power systems: an
approach using islanding and rate of frequency decline-based load
shedding," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 1, 2003,
pp. 174-181.
[26] L. J. Shih, et al., "Application of df/dt in power system protection and
its implementation in microcontroller based intelligent load shedding
relay," In Proc. of Industrial and Commercial Power Sys Technical
Conf., 1991, pp. 11-17.
[27] W. J. Lee, J. C. Gu, "A microprocessor based intelligent load shedding
relay," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 4, 1989, pp. 2018-
2024.
[28] C. J. Durkin, et al. "An underfrequency relay with frequency decay
rate compensation," IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems,
vol. PAS-88, no. 6, 1969, pp. 812-820.
[29] B. C. Widrevitz, R. E. Armington, "A digital rate-of-change
underfrequency protective relay for power systems," IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-96, no. 5,
1977, pp. 1707-1714.
[30] D. E. Clarke, "Tasmanian experience with the use of df/dt triggering
of UFLSS," Final Report, Transend Networks PTY LTD, No.
D08/22185, 2008.
[31] K. A. Palaniswamy, J. Sharma, "Optimization load shedding taking
into account of voltage and frequency characteristics of loads ," IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 104, no. 6, 1985,
pp. 1342-1348.
[32] T. S. P. Fernandes, et al., "Load shedding strategies using optimal load
flow with relaxation of restrictions," IEEE Trans on Power Systems,
vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 712-18.
[33] D. Novosel, et al., "Shedding Lights on Blackouts", IEEE Power &
Energy Magazine, Jan/Feb., 2004, pp. 32-43.
[34] A. Shandilya, et al. "Method for generation rescheduling and load
shedding to alleviate line overloads using load optimisation", IEE
Proc-C, 140, No. 5, 1993, pp. 337-342.
[35] G. Andersson, et al. "Causes of the 2003 Major Grid Blackouts in
North America and Europe, and Recommended Means to Improve
System Dynamic Performance", IEEE Trans. on Power Sys, Vol. 20,
No. 4, 2005, pp. 1922-1928.
[36] E.E. Aponte and J. K. Nelson, "Time Optimal Load Shedding for
Distributed Power Systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 21,
No. 1, 2006, pp. 269-277.
[37] Y. Min, et al., "A New Method for Generation Shedding and Load
Shedding in Power System Emergency Control", Proc. of IEEE Conf.
on Elec. Utility Dereg., Restruc. & Power Tech. (DRPT2004), Hong
Kong, April 2004, pp 210-215.
[38] M. Bronzini, et al. "Load Shedding Scheme for Response-based
control of transient stability", Proc. of Bulk Power System Dynamics
and Control - VI, Italy, Aug. 2004.
[39] J. Chen, et al. "Cascading dynamics and mitigation assessment in
power system disturbances via a hidden failure model", Electr. Power
and Energy Systems, Vol. 27, 2005, pp. 318-326.
[40] A. G. Tikdari, "Load shedding in the presence of renewable energy
sources" Msc Dissertation, University of Kurdistan, Sept. 2009.
[41] VAN Marcus, et al. "Influence of the Variable-Speed Wind Generators
in Transient Stability Margin of the Conventional Generators
Integrated in Electrical Grids" IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, vol.
19, no. 4, 2004, pp. 692 - 701.
[42] P. M. Anderson and A. A. Fouad, Power System Control and Stability.
The Iowa State University Press, USA, 1977.
[43] T. Quoe Tuan, et al., "Emergency Load Shedding to Avoid Risk of
Voltage Instability Using Indicators", IEEE Transaction on Power
Systems, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1994.
[1] EWIS, "Towards a successful integration of wind power into
European electricity grids (final report)", 2007 (Online).
http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/122302.pdf
[2] M. K. Donnelly, et al., "Impacts of the distributed utility on
transmission system stability," IEEE Trans on Power Systems, vol. 11,
no. 2, 1996, pp. 741-747.
[3] D. Xu, A. A. Girgis, "Optimal load shedding strategy in power
systems with distributed generation," in Proc. of IEEE PES Winter
Meeting, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 788-793.
[4] H. Bevrani, Robust Power system Frequency Control, New York:
Springer, 2009.
[5] H. Bevrani, et al., "On the use of df/dt in power system emergency
control" In Proc. of IEEE Power Systems Conference & Exposition,
Seattle, Washington, USA, 2009.
[6] I. Erlich, F. Shewarega, "Insert impact of large-scale wind power
generation on the dynamic Behaviour of interconnected systems," in
Proc. of iREP Symposium-Bulk Power Sys Dynamics & Control,
Charleston, USA, 2007.
[7] E. M. Oscar, "A Spinning Reserve, Load Shedding, and Economic
Dispatch Solution by Bender-s Decomposition", IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 1, 2005, pp. 384- 388.
[8] C. Concordia, et al., "Load shedding and on an isolated system," IEEE
Trans on Power Sys, vol. 10, no. 3, 1995, pp. 1467-72.
[9] J. J. Ford, H. Bevrani, G. Ledwich, "Adaptive Load Shedding and
Regional Protection", International Journal of Electrical Power and
Energy Systems, vol. 31, 2009, pp. 611-618.
[10] H. Bevrani, et al., "Regional Frequency Response Analysis under
Normal and Emergency Conditions" Electric Power Systems
Research, 79, 2009, pp. 837-845.
[11] X. Fu, X. Wang, "Load Shedding Scheme Ensuring Voltage
Stability", Power Engineering Society General Meeting IEEE, 2007,
pp.1-6.
[12] R. Faranda, et al., Load Shedding: A New Proposal. IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, 2007, pp.2086 - 2093.
[13] S.P.F Thelma, et al., "Load Shedding Strategies Using Optimal Load
Flow with Relaxation of Restrictions" IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 712 - 718.
[14] H. S. Mark, et al., "Slope-Permissive Under-Voltage Load Shed Relay
for Delayed Voltage Recovery Mitigation", IEEE Transactions on
Power, Systems, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2008, pp. 1211 - 1216.
[15] D. L. H. Aik, "A general-order system frequency response model
incorporating load shedding: analytic modeling and applications,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 2, 2006, pp. 709-
717.
[17] J. G. Thompson, and B. Fox, "Adaptive load shedding for isolated
power systems," IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 141, no. 5,
1994, pp. 492-496.
[18] P.M. Anderson, and M. Mirheydar, "An adaptive method for setting
underfrequency load shedding relays", IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1992, pp. 647-655.
[19] J. Jung, et al., "Adaptation in load shedding under vulnerable
operating conditions," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 17,
no. 4, 2002, pp. 1199-1205.
[20] D. Prasetijo, W. R. Lachs, D. Sutanto, "A new load shedding scheme
for limiting underfrequency," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 9, no. 3, 1994, pp. 1371-1378.
[21] V. N. Chuvyvhin, et al., "An adaptive approach to load shedding and
spinning reserve control during underfrequency conditions ," IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 11, no. 4, 1996, pp. 1805-1810.
[22] S. J. Huang, C. C. Huang, "An adaptive load shedding method with
time-based design for isolated power systems," Electric Power Energy
Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, 2000, pp. 51-58.
[23] V. V. Terzija, "Adaptive underfrequency load shedding based on the
magnitude of the disturbance estimation," IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 3, 2006, pp. 1260-1266.
[24] H. Bevrani, A. G. Tikdari, "An ANN-based Power System Emergency
Control Scheme in the Presence of High Wind Power Penetration",
Book chapter of Wind Power Systems: Applications of Computational
Intelligence, L. F. Wang, C. Singh, and A. Kusiak (Eds), Springer
Book Series on Green Energy and Technology, Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg, expected in 2010.
[25] H. You, V. Vittal, and Z. Yang, "Self-healing in power systems: an
approach using islanding and rate of frequency decline-based load
shedding," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 1, 2003,
pp. 174-181.
[26] L. J. Shih, et al., "Application of df/dt in power system protection and
its implementation in microcontroller based intelligent load shedding
relay," In Proc. of Industrial and Commercial Power Sys Technical
Conf., 1991, pp. 11-17.
[27] W. J. Lee, J. C. Gu, "A microprocessor based intelligent load shedding
relay," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 4, 1989, pp. 2018-
2024.
[28] C. J. Durkin, et al. "An underfrequency relay with frequency decay
rate compensation," IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems,
vol. PAS-88, no. 6, 1969, pp. 812-820.
[29] B. C. Widrevitz, R. E. Armington, "A digital rate-of-change
underfrequency protective relay for power systems," IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-96, no. 5,
1977, pp. 1707-1714.
[30] D. E. Clarke, "Tasmanian experience with the use of df/dt triggering
of UFLSS," Final Report, Transend Networks PTY LTD, No.
D08/22185, 2008.
[31] K. A. Palaniswamy, J. Sharma, "Optimization load shedding taking
into account of voltage and frequency characteristics of loads ," IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 104, no. 6, 1985,
pp. 1342-1348.
[32] T. S. P. Fernandes, et al., "Load shedding strategies using optimal load
flow with relaxation of restrictions," IEEE Trans on Power Systems,
vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 712-18.
[33] D. Novosel, et al., "Shedding Lights on Blackouts", IEEE Power &
Energy Magazine, Jan/Feb., 2004, pp. 32-43.
[34] A. Shandilya, et al. "Method for generation rescheduling and load
shedding to alleviate line overloads using load optimisation", IEE
Proc-C, 140, No. 5, 1993, pp. 337-342.
[35] G. Andersson, et al. "Causes of the 2003 Major Grid Blackouts in
North America and Europe, and Recommended Means to Improve
System Dynamic Performance", IEEE Trans. on Power Sys, Vol. 20,
No. 4, 2005, pp. 1922-1928.
[36] E.E. Aponte and J. K. Nelson, "Time Optimal Load Shedding for
Distributed Power Systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 21,
No. 1, 2006, pp. 269-277.
[37] Y. Min, et al., "A New Method for Generation Shedding and Load
Shedding in Power System Emergency Control", Proc. of IEEE Conf.
on Elec. Utility Dereg., Restruc. & Power Tech. (DRPT2004), Hong
Kong, April 2004, pp 210-215.
[38] M. Bronzini, et al. "Load Shedding Scheme for Response-based
control of transient stability", Proc. of Bulk Power System Dynamics
and Control - VI, Italy, Aug. 2004.
[39] J. Chen, et al. "Cascading dynamics and mitigation assessment in
power system disturbances via a hidden failure model", Electr. Power
and Energy Systems, Vol. 27, 2005, pp. 318-326.
[40] A. G. Tikdari, "Load shedding in the presence of renewable energy
sources" Msc Dissertation, University of Kurdistan, Sept. 2009.
[41] VAN Marcus, et al. "Influence of the Variable-Speed Wind Generators
in Transient Stability Margin of the Conventional Generators
Integrated in Electrical Grids" IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, vol.
19, no. 4, 2004, pp. 692 - 701.
[42] P. M. Anderson and A. A. Fouad, Power System Control and Stability.
The Iowa State University Press, USA, 1977.
[43] T. Quoe Tuan, et al., "Emergency Load Shedding to Avoid Risk of
Voltage Instability Using Indicators", IEEE Transaction on Power
Systems, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1994.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:56800", author = "H. Bevrani and A. G. Tikdari and T. Hiyama", title = "Power System Load Shedding: Key Issues and New Perspectives", abstract = "Optimal load shedding (LS) design as an emergency plan is one of the main control challenges posed by emerging new uncertainties and numerous distributed generators including renewable energy sources in a modern power system. This paper presents an overview of the key issues and new challenges on optimal LS synthesis concerning the integration of wind turbine units into the power systems. Following a brief survey on the existing LS methods, the impact of power fluctuation produced by wind powers on system frequency and voltage performance is presented. The most LS schemas proposed so far used voltage or frequency parameter via under-frequency or under-voltage LS schemes. Here, the necessity of considering both voltage and frequency indices to achieve a more effective and comprehensive LS strategy is emphasized. Then it is clarified that this problem will be more dominated in the presence of wind turbines.
", keywords = "Load shedding, emergency control, voltage,frequency, wind turbine.", volume = "4", number = "5", pages = "936-6", }
