Potential of γ-Polyglutamic Acid for Cadmium Toxicity Alleviation in Rice
Cadmium (II) (Cd) is one of the major toxic elemental
pollutants, which is hazardous for humans, animals and plants. γ-
Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an extracellular biopolymer produced
by several species of Bacillus which has been reported to be an
effective biosorbent for metal ions. The effect of γ-PGA on growth of
rice grown under laboratory conditions was investigated. Rice seeds
were germinated and then grown at 30±1°C on filter paper soaked
with Cd solution and γ-PGA for 7 days. The result showed that Cd
significantly inhibited the growth of roots, shoots by reducing root,
and shoot lengths. Fresh and dry weights also decreased compared
with control; however, the addition of 500 mg·L-1 γ-PGA alleviated
rice seedlings from the adverse effects of Cd. The analysis of
physiological traits revealed that Cd caused a decrease in the total
chlorophyll and soluble protein contents and amylase activities in all
treatments. The Cd content in seedling tissues increased for the Cd
250 μM treatment (P<0.05) but the addition of 500 mg·L-1 γ-PGA
resulted in a noticeable decrease in Cd (P<0.05).
[1] Y. F. Yan, D. H. Choi, D. S. Kim, and B. W. Lee, “Absorption,
Translocation, and Remobilization of Cadmium Supplied at Different
Growth Stages of Rice,” J. Crop Sci. Biotech., vol.13, pp. 113-119,
2010.
[2] N. Rascio, F. D. Vecchai, N. L. Rocca, R. Barbato, C. Pagliano, M.
Raviolo, C. Gonnelli, and R. Gabrielli, “Metal Accumulation and
Damage in Rice (cv. Vialone nano) Seedlings Exposed to Cadmium,”
Environ. Exp. Bot., vol. 62, pp. 267-278, 2008.
[3] J. Y. He, Y. F. Ren, C. Zhu, and D. A. Jiang, “Effects of Cadmium
Stress on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Seed Amylase
Activities in Rice (Oryza sativa),” Rice Sci., vol. 15(4), pp. 319-325,
2008.
[4] W. Swaddiwudhipong, P. Limpatanachote, P. Mahasakpan, S.
Krintratun, and C. Paduangtod, “Cadmium-Exposed Population in Mae
Sot District, Tak Province: 1. Prevalence of High Urinary Cadmium
Levels in the Adults,” Med. Assoc. Thai, vol. 90, pp. 143-148, 2007.
[5] R. W. Simmons, P. Pongsakul, D. Saiyasitpanich, and S. Klinphoklap,
“Elevated Levels of Cadmium and Zinc in Paddy Soils and Elevated
Levels of Cadmium in Rice Grain Downstream of a Zinc Mineralized
Area in Thailand: Implications for Public Health,” Environ. Geochem.
Health, vol. 27, pp. 501-511, 2005.
[6] J. H. Jeong, J. N. Kim, Y. J. Wee, and H. W. Ryu, “The Statistically
Optimized Production of Poly (γ-glutamic acid) by Batch Fermentation
of a Newly Isolated Bacillus subtilis RKY3,” Bioresour. Technol., vol.
101, pp. 4533-4539, 2010.
[7] I. Shih and Y. Van, “The Production of Poly-(γ-Glutamic Acid) from
Microorganisms and Its Various Applications,” Bioresour. Technol., vol.
79, pp. 207-225, 2001.
[8] R. C. McLean, D. C. Wolf, F. G. Ferris, and T. J. Beveridge, “Metal
Binding Characteristics of the Gamma-Glutamyl Capsular Polymer of
Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 56,
pp. 3671-3677, 1990.
[9] S. S. Mark, T. C. Crusberg, C. M. Dacunha, and D. Iorio, “A Heavy
Metal Biotrap for Wastewater Remediation Using Poly-Gamma-
Glutamic Acid,” Biotechnol. Prog., vol. 22, pp. 523-531, 2006.
[10] Y. Ogawa, F. Yamaguchi, K. Yuasa, and Y. Tahara, “Efficient
Production of γ-Polyglutamic Acid by Bacillus subtilis (natto) in Jar
Fermenters. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. vol. 61, pp. 1684-1687, 1997.
[11] S. Dere, T. Günes, and R. Sivaci, “Spectrophotometric Determination of
Chlorophyll-A, B and Total Carotenoid Contents of Some Algae Species
Using Different Solvents,” Tr. J. Bot., vol. 22, pp. 13-17, 1998.
[12] J. He, Y. Ren, X. Pan, Y. Yan, C. Zhu, and D. Jiang, “Salicylic Acid
Alleviates the Toxicity Effect of Cadmium on Germination, Seedling
Growth, and Amylase Activity of Rice,” J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., vol.
173, pp. 300-305, 2010.
[13] X. E. Yang, V. C. Baligar, D. C. Martens, and R. B. Clark, “Cadmium
Effects on Influx and Transport of Mineral Nutrients in Plant Species,”
J. Plant Nutr., vol. 19, pp. 643-656, 1996.
[14] W. H. O. Ernst, J. A. C. Verkleij, and H. Schatm, “Metal Tolerance in
Plants,” Acta Botanica Neerlandica, vol. 41, pp. 229-248, 1992. [15] C. S. Seth, P. K. Chaturvedi, and V. Misra, “The Role of Phytochelatins
and Antioxidants in Tolerance to Cd Accumulation in Brassica juncea
L.,” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 71, pp. 76-85, 2008.
[16] S. Hayat, B. Ali, A. Hansan, and A. Ahmad, “Brassinosteroid Enhanced
the Level of Antioxidant under Cadmium Stress in Brassica juncea.,”
Environ. Exp. Bot., vol. 60, pp. 33-41, 2007.
[17] C. L. Ge, X. Y. Yang, J. H. Sun, and Z. G. Wang, “Effect of Heavy
Metal Stress on the Amylase Activity in Germination Rice Seeds,” J.
Northwest Sci. Tech. Univ., vol. 30(3), pp. 47-52, 2002.
[18] F. Y. Siao, J. F. Lu, J. S. Wang, B. S. Inbaraj, and B. H. Chen, “In vitro
Binding of Heavy Metals by an Edible Biopolymer Poly (γ-glutamic
acid) ,” J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 57, pp. 777-784, 2009.
[19] G. H. Ho, T. I. Ho, K. H. Hsieh, Y.C. Su, P.Y. Lin, and J. Yang, “γ-
Polyglutamic Acid Produced by Bacillus subtilis (natto): Structural
Characteristics, Chemical Properties and Biological Functionalities,” J.
Chinese Chem. Society, vol. 53, pp. 1363-1384, 2006.
[20] B. P. Shaw, S. K. Sahu, and R. K. Mishra, “Heavy Metal Induced
Oxidative Damage in Terrestrial Plants. In Heavy Metal Stress in Plants
from Biomolecules to Ecosystems”, edited by Prasad, M.N.V. New
Delhi: Narosa publishing house. pp. 84-126, 2004.
[1] Y. F. Yan, D. H. Choi, D. S. Kim, and B. W. Lee, “Absorption,
Translocation, and Remobilization of Cadmium Supplied at Different
Growth Stages of Rice,” J. Crop Sci. Biotech., vol.13, pp. 113-119,
2010.
[2] N. Rascio, F. D. Vecchai, N. L. Rocca, R. Barbato, C. Pagliano, M.
Raviolo, C. Gonnelli, and R. Gabrielli, “Metal Accumulation and
Damage in Rice (cv. Vialone nano) Seedlings Exposed to Cadmium,”
Environ. Exp. Bot., vol. 62, pp. 267-278, 2008.
[3] J. Y. He, Y. F. Ren, C. Zhu, and D. A. Jiang, “Effects of Cadmium
Stress on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Seed Amylase
Activities in Rice (Oryza sativa),” Rice Sci., vol. 15(4), pp. 319-325,
2008.
[4] W. Swaddiwudhipong, P. Limpatanachote, P. Mahasakpan, S.
Krintratun, and C. Paduangtod, “Cadmium-Exposed Population in Mae
Sot District, Tak Province: 1. Prevalence of High Urinary Cadmium
Levels in the Adults,” Med. Assoc. Thai, vol. 90, pp. 143-148, 2007.
[5] R. W. Simmons, P. Pongsakul, D. Saiyasitpanich, and S. Klinphoklap,
“Elevated Levels of Cadmium and Zinc in Paddy Soils and Elevated
Levels of Cadmium in Rice Grain Downstream of a Zinc Mineralized
Area in Thailand: Implications for Public Health,” Environ. Geochem.
Health, vol. 27, pp. 501-511, 2005.
[6] J. H. Jeong, J. N. Kim, Y. J. Wee, and H. W. Ryu, “The Statistically
Optimized Production of Poly (γ-glutamic acid) by Batch Fermentation
of a Newly Isolated Bacillus subtilis RKY3,” Bioresour. Technol., vol.
101, pp. 4533-4539, 2010.
[7] I. Shih and Y. Van, “The Production of Poly-(γ-Glutamic Acid) from
Microorganisms and Its Various Applications,” Bioresour. Technol., vol.
79, pp. 207-225, 2001.
[8] R. C. McLean, D. C. Wolf, F. G. Ferris, and T. J. Beveridge, “Metal
Binding Characteristics of the Gamma-Glutamyl Capsular Polymer of
Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 56,
pp. 3671-3677, 1990.
[9] S. S. Mark, T. C. Crusberg, C. M. Dacunha, and D. Iorio, “A Heavy
Metal Biotrap for Wastewater Remediation Using Poly-Gamma-
Glutamic Acid,” Biotechnol. Prog., vol. 22, pp. 523-531, 2006.
[10] Y. Ogawa, F. Yamaguchi, K. Yuasa, and Y. Tahara, “Efficient
Production of γ-Polyglutamic Acid by Bacillus subtilis (natto) in Jar
Fermenters. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. vol. 61, pp. 1684-1687, 1997.
[11] S. Dere, T. Günes, and R. Sivaci, “Spectrophotometric Determination of
Chlorophyll-A, B and Total Carotenoid Contents of Some Algae Species
Using Different Solvents,” Tr. J. Bot., vol. 22, pp. 13-17, 1998.
[12] J. He, Y. Ren, X. Pan, Y. Yan, C. Zhu, and D. Jiang, “Salicylic Acid
Alleviates the Toxicity Effect of Cadmium on Germination, Seedling
Growth, and Amylase Activity of Rice,” J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., vol.
173, pp. 300-305, 2010.
[13] X. E. Yang, V. C. Baligar, D. C. Martens, and R. B. Clark, “Cadmium
Effects on Influx and Transport of Mineral Nutrients in Plant Species,”
J. Plant Nutr., vol. 19, pp. 643-656, 1996.
[14] W. H. O. Ernst, J. A. C. Verkleij, and H. Schatm, “Metal Tolerance in
Plants,” Acta Botanica Neerlandica, vol. 41, pp. 229-248, 1992. [15] C. S. Seth, P. K. Chaturvedi, and V. Misra, “The Role of Phytochelatins
and Antioxidants in Tolerance to Cd Accumulation in Brassica juncea
L.,” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 71, pp. 76-85, 2008.
[16] S. Hayat, B. Ali, A. Hansan, and A. Ahmad, “Brassinosteroid Enhanced
the Level of Antioxidant under Cadmium Stress in Brassica juncea.,”
Environ. Exp. Bot., vol. 60, pp. 33-41, 2007.
[17] C. L. Ge, X. Y. Yang, J. H. Sun, and Z. G. Wang, “Effect of Heavy
Metal Stress on the Amylase Activity in Germination Rice Seeds,” J.
Northwest Sci. Tech. Univ., vol. 30(3), pp. 47-52, 2002.
[18] F. Y. Siao, J. F. Lu, J. S. Wang, B. S. Inbaraj, and B. H. Chen, “In vitro
Binding of Heavy Metals by an Edible Biopolymer Poly (γ-glutamic
acid) ,” J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 57, pp. 777-784, 2009.
[19] G. H. Ho, T. I. Ho, K. H. Hsieh, Y.C. Su, P.Y. Lin, and J. Yang, “γ-
Polyglutamic Acid Produced by Bacillus subtilis (natto): Structural
Characteristics, Chemical Properties and Biological Functionalities,” J.
Chinese Chem. Society, vol. 53, pp. 1363-1384, 2006.
[20] B. P. Shaw, S. K. Sahu, and R. K. Mishra, “Heavy Metal Induced
Oxidative Damage in Terrestrial Plants. In Heavy Metal Stress in Plants
from Biomolecules to Ecosystems”, edited by Prasad, M.N.V. New
Delhi: Narosa publishing house. pp. 84-126, 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:70807", author = "N. Kotabin and Y. Tahara and K. Issakul and O. Chunhachart", title = "Potential of γ-Polyglutamic Acid for Cadmium Toxicity Alleviation in Rice", abstract = "Cadmium (II) (Cd) is one of the major toxic elemental
pollutants, which is hazardous for humans, animals and plants. γ-
Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an extracellular biopolymer produced
by several species of Bacillus which has been reported to be an
effective biosorbent for metal ions. The effect of γ-PGA on growth of
rice grown under laboratory conditions was investigated. Rice seeds
were germinated and then grown at 30±1°C on filter paper soaked
with Cd solution and γ-PGA for 7 days. The result showed that Cd
significantly inhibited the growth of roots, shoots by reducing root,
and shoot lengths. Fresh and dry weights also decreased compared
with control; however, the addition of 500 mg·L-1 γ-PGA alleviated
rice seedlings from the adverse effects of Cd. The analysis of
physiological traits revealed that Cd caused a decrease in the total
chlorophyll and soluble protein contents and amylase activities in all
treatments. The Cd content in seedling tissues increased for the Cd
250 μM treatment (P", keywords = "Polyglutamic acid, Cadmium, Rice, Bacillus subtilis.", volume = "9", number = "9", pages = "994-5", }
