Performance of Phytogreen Zone for BOD5 and SS Removal for Refurbishment Conventional Oxidation Pond in an Integrated Phytogreen System
In this study, the effectiveness of an integrated aquatic
plants in phytogreen zone was studied and statistical analysis for the
promotional integrated phytogreen system approached was discussed.
It was found that's the effectiveness of using aquatic plant such as
Typha angustifolia sp., Lepironia articulata sp., Limnocharis flava
sp., Monochoria vaginalis sp., Pistia stratiotes sp., and Eichhornia
crassipes sp., in the conventional oxidation pond process in order to
comply the standard A according to Malaysia Environmental Quality
Act 1974 (Act 127); Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation
2009 for effluent discharge into inland water near the residential area
was successfully shown. It was concluded that the integrated
phtogreen system developed in this study has great potential for
refurbishment wastewater in conventional oxidation pond.
[1] A.R. Abdul Syukor, A.W. Zularisam, Z. Ideris, M.I. Mohd. Said, S.
Sulaiman, "Treatment of Industrial Wastewater at Gebeng Area Using
Eichornia crassipes sp. (Water Hyacinth), Pistia stratiotes sp. (Water
Lettuce) and Salvinia molesta sp. (Giant Salvinia),” Adv. Environ. Biol.,
vol. 7, no. October Special Issue 2013, pp. 3802–3807, 2013.
[2] C.W.N. Anderson, R.R. Brooks, A. Chiarucci, C.J. LaCoste, M.
Leblanc, B.H. Robinson, R. Simcock, and R.B. Stewart. Phytomining
for Nickel, Thallium and Gold, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 67,
1-3, 407-415, ISSN: 0375-6742, 1999.
[3] F. Braceros Michelle. A Review Article on Phytoremediation and A
Citizen’s Guide to Bioremediation, April 1996, EPA 542-F-96-007,
2009.
[4] M.T. Cooke. Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Remediate Groundwater
Contaminated with Trichloroethylene (TCE). State College, PA:
Pennsylvania State University, 1999.
[5] A. Syukor, A. Wahid, M. Ismid, and S. Sulaiman, "Treatment of
Industrial Wastewater in Gebeng Area, Kuantan Pahang Using
Phytogreen System,” Energy Educ. Sci. Technol. Part A. Energy Sci.
Res., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 347–354, 2014.
[6] M. A. Rahman and H. Hasegawa, "Aquatic Arsenic: Phytoremediation
Using Floating Macrophytes,” Chemosphere, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 633–46,
Apr. 2011.
[7] P. C. Abhilash, S. Jamil, and N. Singh, "Transgenic Plants for Enhanced
Biodegradation and Phytoremediation of Organic Xenobiotics”
Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 474–88, 2009.
[8] A. Syukor, A. Wahid, I. Zakaria, M. Ismid, S. Sulaiman, A. Halim, and
D. L. Thomas, "Potential of Aquatic Plant as Phytoremediator for
Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater in Gebeng Area , Kuantan,”
Adv. Environ. Biol., vol. 7, pp. 3808–3814, 2013.
[9] A. Tewari, R. Singh, N.K. Rai. Amelioration of Municipal Sludge by
Pistia stratiotes L.: Role of Antioxidant Enzymes in Detoxification of
Metals. Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation, National Botanical Research
Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India, 2008.
[10] R.K. Trivedy. Use of Aquatic Plants in wastewater treatment. P.164-183
in: Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technologies. D publishers, Jaipur,
2001.
[11] J. L. Bankston, D. L. Sola, A. T. Komor, and D. F. Dwyer, "Degradation
of Trichloroethylene in Wetland Microcosms Containing Broad-Leaved
Cattail and Eastern Cottonwood.,” Water Res., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1539–
46, Mar. 2002.
[12] C. Mant, S. Costa, J. Williams, and E. Tambourgi, "Phytoremediation of
Chromium by Model Constructed Wetland,” Bioresour. Technol., vol.
97, no. 15, pp. 1767–72, Oct. 2006.
[13] S. Sulaiman, A.S. Abd.Razak, A. Nor-Anuar, S. Chelliapan, "A Study of
Using Allium cepa (Onion) as Natural Corrosion Inhibitor in Industrial
Chill Wastewater System,” Res. J. Chem. Sci., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1–7,
2012.
[14] D. Zhang, R. M. Gersberg, and T. S. Keat, "Constructed Wetlands in
China,” Ecol. Eng., vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1367–1378, Oct. 2009.
[15] A. K. Kivaisi, "The Potential for Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment and Reuse in Developing Countries: A Review,” Ecol. Eng.,
vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 545–560, Feb. 2001.
[16] M. G. Healy and C. J. O’ Flynn, "The Performance of Constructed
Wetlands Treating Primary, Secondary and Dairy Soiled Water in
Ireland (A Review),” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 2348–54,
Oct. 2011.
[17] A. Syukor and S. Sulaiman, "Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using
Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta in Phytogreen
System,” Energy Educ. Sci. Technol. Part A. Energy Sci. Res., vol. 32,
no. 1, pp. 339–346, 2014.
[18] Y. Zimmels, F. Kirzhner, and a Malkovskaja, "Application of
Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for Treatment of Urban
Sewage in Israel.,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 420–8, Dec.
2006.
[19] A. Nesterenko-Malkovskaya, F. Kirzhner, Y. Zimmels, and R. Armon,
"Eichhornia crassipes Capability to Remove Naphthalene from
Wastewater in the Absence of Bacteria,” Chemosphere, vol. 87, no. 10,
pp. 1186–91, Jun. 2012.
[20] N. Jafari. Ecological and Socio-Economic Utilization of Water Hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes Mart Solms). Department of Biology, Faculty of
Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran, 2010.
[21] K. Chunkao, C. Nimpee, and K. Duangmal, "The King’s Initiatives
Using Water Hyacinth to Remove Heavy Metals and Plant Nutrients
from Wastewater through Bueng Makkasan in Bangkok, Thailand,”
Ecol. Eng., vol. 39, pp. 40–52, Feb. 2012.
[22] J. S. Weis and P. Weis, "Metal Uptake, Transport and Release by
Wetland Plants: Implications for Phytoremediation and Restoration,”
Environ. Int., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 685–700, Jul. 2004.
[23] B. S. Smolyakov, "Uptake of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd by Water Hyacinth in
the Initial Stage of Water System Remediation,” Appl. Geochemistry,
vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1214–1219, Jun. 2012.
[24] A.D. Karathanasis, C.L. Potter, M.S. Coyne. Vegetation Effects on
Faecal Bacteria, BOD, and Suspended Solid Removal in Constructed
Wetlands Treating Domestic Wastewater. Ecol. Eng. 20:157-169, 2003.
[25] Y. Zimmels, F. Kirzhner, and A. Malkovskaja. "Application of
Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for Treatment of Urban
Sewage in Israel,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 81, no.
4, pp. 420–428, 2006.
[26] K.R. Reddy. "Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Waste-Water
Retention Reservoirant Containing Aquatic Macrophytes,” Journal of
Environmental Quality, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 137–141, 1993.
[27] D.M.M. Mbuligwe, D. A. Mashauri, and B. S. Abdulhussein.
"Constructed Wetland at the University of Dar es Salaam,” Water
Research, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1135–1144, 1997.
[28] M.A. Maine, N.L Sune, & S.C Lagger. Chromium Bioaccumulation:
Comparison of the Capacity of Two Floating Aquatic Macrophytes.
Water Research, 38(6), 1494-1501, 2004.
[29] C.P. Kaushik, S. Eapen, S. Singh, V. Thorat, K. Raj, and S. F. D’Souza.
Phytoremediation of Radiostrontium (90Sr) and Radiocesium (13 7Cs)
Using Giant Milky Weed (Calotropis gigantea R.Br.) Plants.
Chemosphere 65: 2071-2073, 2010.
[30] R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P. Cooper, and R.
Habert. Constructed Wetlands for Pollution Control: Processes,
Performance, Design and Operation. London, IWA Publishing, 156
P.ISBN 1900222051, 2000.
[31] L. Jacobs L and W.R. Berti, Chemistry and Phytotoxicity of Soil Trace
Elements from Repeated Sewage Sludge Applications. – J. Environ.
Qual. 25; 1025-1032, 1996.
[32] F.B. Green, I. Tadesse, and J. A. Puhakka, "Seasonal and Diurnal
Variations of Temperature, pH and Dissolved Oxygen in Advanced
Integrated Wastewater Pond System Treating Tannery Effluent,” Water
Research, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 645–654, 2004.
[33] C.P.L. Grady, and H.C. Lim. Biodegradation of Toxic Organic: Status
and Potential Biological Wastewater Treatment. Marcel Dekker, NY,
1980.
[34] R. Burk and H. Levander. In: Selenium in Modern Nutrition in Health
and Disease, pp. 242. (Shils M. E., Olson J. A., Shike M., Eds.). London,
Lea and Febiger Press, 1994.
[35] APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American
Water Works Association), and WPFC (Water Pollution Control
Federation). 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Waste Water, American Public Health Association, Wash, USA, 19th
edition.
[1] A.R. Abdul Syukor, A.W. Zularisam, Z. Ideris, M.I. Mohd. Said, S.
Sulaiman, "Treatment of Industrial Wastewater at Gebeng Area Using
Eichornia crassipes sp. (Water Hyacinth), Pistia stratiotes sp. (Water
Lettuce) and Salvinia molesta sp. (Giant Salvinia),” Adv. Environ. Biol.,
vol. 7, no. October Special Issue 2013, pp. 3802–3807, 2013.
[2] C.W.N. Anderson, R.R. Brooks, A. Chiarucci, C.J. LaCoste, M.
Leblanc, B.H. Robinson, R. Simcock, and R.B. Stewart. Phytomining
for Nickel, Thallium and Gold, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 67,
1-3, 407-415, ISSN: 0375-6742, 1999.
[3] F. Braceros Michelle. A Review Article on Phytoremediation and A
Citizen’s Guide to Bioremediation, April 1996, EPA 542-F-96-007,
2009.
[4] M.T. Cooke. Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Remediate Groundwater
Contaminated with Trichloroethylene (TCE). State College, PA:
Pennsylvania State University, 1999.
[5] A. Syukor, A. Wahid, M. Ismid, and S. Sulaiman, "Treatment of
Industrial Wastewater in Gebeng Area, Kuantan Pahang Using
Phytogreen System,” Energy Educ. Sci. Technol. Part A. Energy Sci.
Res., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 347–354, 2014.
[6] M. A. Rahman and H. Hasegawa, "Aquatic Arsenic: Phytoremediation
Using Floating Macrophytes,” Chemosphere, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 633–46,
Apr. 2011.
[7] P. C. Abhilash, S. Jamil, and N. Singh, "Transgenic Plants for Enhanced
Biodegradation and Phytoremediation of Organic Xenobiotics”
Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 474–88, 2009.
[8] A. Syukor, A. Wahid, I. Zakaria, M. Ismid, S. Sulaiman, A. Halim, and
D. L. Thomas, "Potential of Aquatic Plant as Phytoremediator for
Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater in Gebeng Area , Kuantan,”
Adv. Environ. Biol., vol. 7, pp. 3808–3814, 2013.
[9] A. Tewari, R. Singh, N.K. Rai. Amelioration of Municipal Sludge by
Pistia stratiotes L.: Role of Antioxidant Enzymes in Detoxification of
Metals. Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation, National Botanical Research
Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India, 2008.
[10] R.K. Trivedy. Use of Aquatic Plants in wastewater treatment. P.164-183
in: Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technologies. D publishers, Jaipur,
2001.
[11] J. L. Bankston, D. L. Sola, A. T. Komor, and D. F. Dwyer, "Degradation
of Trichloroethylene in Wetland Microcosms Containing Broad-Leaved
Cattail and Eastern Cottonwood.,” Water Res., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1539–
46, Mar. 2002.
[12] C. Mant, S. Costa, J. Williams, and E. Tambourgi, "Phytoremediation of
Chromium by Model Constructed Wetland,” Bioresour. Technol., vol.
97, no. 15, pp. 1767–72, Oct. 2006.
[13] S. Sulaiman, A.S. Abd.Razak, A. Nor-Anuar, S. Chelliapan, "A Study of
Using Allium cepa (Onion) as Natural Corrosion Inhibitor in Industrial
Chill Wastewater System,” Res. J. Chem. Sci., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1–7,
2012.
[14] D. Zhang, R. M. Gersberg, and T. S. Keat, "Constructed Wetlands in
China,” Ecol. Eng., vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1367–1378, Oct. 2009.
[15] A. K. Kivaisi, "The Potential for Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment and Reuse in Developing Countries: A Review,” Ecol. Eng.,
vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 545–560, Feb. 2001.
[16] M. G. Healy and C. J. O’ Flynn, "The Performance of Constructed
Wetlands Treating Primary, Secondary and Dairy Soiled Water in
Ireland (A Review),” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 2348–54,
Oct. 2011.
[17] A. Syukor and S. Sulaiman, "Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using
Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta in Phytogreen
System,” Energy Educ. Sci. Technol. Part A. Energy Sci. Res., vol. 32,
no. 1, pp. 339–346, 2014.
[18] Y. Zimmels, F. Kirzhner, and a Malkovskaja, "Application of
Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for Treatment of Urban
Sewage in Israel.,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 420–8, Dec.
2006.
[19] A. Nesterenko-Malkovskaya, F. Kirzhner, Y. Zimmels, and R. Armon,
"Eichhornia crassipes Capability to Remove Naphthalene from
Wastewater in the Absence of Bacteria,” Chemosphere, vol. 87, no. 10,
pp. 1186–91, Jun. 2012.
[20] N. Jafari. Ecological and Socio-Economic Utilization of Water Hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes Mart Solms). Department of Biology, Faculty of
Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran, 2010.
[21] K. Chunkao, C. Nimpee, and K. Duangmal, "The King’s Initiatives
Using Water Hyacinth to Remove Heavy Metals and Plant Nutrients
from Wastewater through Bueng Makkasan in Bangkok, Thailand,”
Ecol. Eng., vol. 39, pp. 40–52, Feb. 2012.
[22] J. S. Weis and P. Weis, "Metal Uptake, Transport and Release by
Wetland Plants: Implications for Phytoremediation and Restoration,”
Environ. Int., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 685–700, Jul. 2004.
[23] B. S. Smolyakov, "Uptake of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd by Water Hyacinth in
the Initial Stage of Water System Remediation,” Appl. Geochemistry,
vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1214–1219, Jun. 2012.
[24] A.D. Karathanasis, C.L. Potter, M.S. Coyne. Vegetation Effects on
Faecal Bacteria, BOD, and Suspended Solid Removal in Constructed
Wetlands Treating Domestic Wastewater. Ecol. Eng. 20:157-169, 2003.
[25] Y. Zimmels, F. Kirzhner, and A. Malkovskaja. "Application of
Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for Treatment of Urban
Sewage in Israel,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 81, no.
4, pp. 420–428, 2006.
[26] K.R. Reddy. "Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Waste-Water
Retention Reservoirant Containing Aquatic Macrophytes,” Journal of
Environmental Quality, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 137–141, 1993.
[27] D.M.M. Mbuligwe, D. A. Mashauri, and B. S. Abdulhussein.
"Constructed Wetland at the University of Dar es Salaam,” Water
Research, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1135–1144, 1997.
[28] M.A. Maine, N.L Sune, & S.C Lagger. Chromium Bioaccumulation:
Comparison of the Capacity of Two Floating Aquatic Macrophytes.
Water Research, 38(6), 1494-1501, 2004.
[29] C.P. Kaushik, S. Eapen, S. Singh, V. Thorat, K. Raj, and S. F. D’Souza.
Phytoremediation of Radiostrontium (90Sr) and Radiocesium (13 7Cs)
Using Giant Milky Weed (Calotropis gigantea R.Br.) Plants.
Chemosphere 65: 2071-2073, 2010.
[30] R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight, J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P. Cooper, and R.
Habert. Constructed Wetlands for Pollution Control: Processes,
Performance, Design and Operation. London, IWA Publishing, 156
P.ISBN 1900222051, 2000.
[31] L. Jacobs L and W.R. Berti, Chemistry and Phytotoxicity of Soil Trace
Elements from Repeated Sewage Sludge Applications. – J. Environ.
Qual. 25; 1025-1032, 1996.
[32] F.B. Green, I. Tadesse, and J. A. Puhakka, "Seasonal and Diurnal
Variations of Temperature, pH and Dissolved Oxygen in Advanced
Integrated Wastewater Pond System Treating Tannery Effluent,” Water
Research, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 645–654, 2004.
[33] C.P.L. Grady, and H.C. Lim. Biodegradation of Toxic Organic: Status
and Potential Biological Wastewater Treatment. Marcel Dekker, NY,
1980.
[34] R. Burk and H. Levander. In: Selenium in Modern Nutrition in Health
and Disease, pp. 242. (Shils M. E., Olson J. A., Shike M., Eds.). London,
Lea and Febiger Press, 1994.
[35] APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American
Water Works Association), and WPFC (Water Pollution Control
Federation). 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Waste Water, American Public Health Association, Wash, USA, 19th
edition.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:66707", author = "A. R. Abdul Syukor and A. W. Zularisam and Z. Ideris and M. S. Mohd Ismid and H. M. Nakmal and S. Sulaiman and A. H. Hasmanie and M. R. Siti Norsita and M. Nasrullah", title = "Performance of Phytogreen Zone for BOD5 and SS Removal for Refurbishment Conventional Oxidation Pond in an Integrated Phytogreen System", abstract = "In this study, the effectiveness of an integrated aquatic
plants in phytogreen zone was studied and statistical analysis for the
promotional integrated phytogreen system approached was discussed.
It was found that's the effectiveness of using aquatic plant such as
Typha angustifolia sp., Lepironia articulata sp., Limnocharis flava
sp., Monochoria vaginalis sp., Pistia stratiotes sp., and Eichhornia
crassipes sp., in the conventional oxidation pond process in order to
comply the standard A according to Malaysia Environmental Quality
Act 1974 (Act 127); Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation
2009 for effluent discharge into inland water near the residential area
was successfully shown. It was concluded that the integrated
phtogreen system developed in this study has great potential for
refurbishment wastewater in conventional oxidation pond.
", keywords = "Phytoremediation, integrated phytogreen system,
sewage treatment plant, oxidation pond, aquatic plants.", volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "173-6", }
