Perceived Constraints on Sport Participation among Young Koreans in Australia
The purpose of this study was to examine a broader range of sport constraints perceived by young Koreans in Australia who may need to adjust to changing behavioral expectations due to the socio-cultural transitions. Regardless of gender, in terms of quantitative findings, the most important participation constraints within the seven categories were resources, access, interpersonal, affective, religious, socio-cultural, and physical in that order. The most important constraining items were a lack of time, access, information, adaptive skills, and parental and family support in that order. Qualitative research found young Korean’s participation constraints among three categories (time, parental control and interpersonal constraints). It is possible that different ethnic groups would be constrained by different factors; however, this is outside the scope of this study.
[1] G. Ellis, and C. Radmacher, A Literature Review of the President’s Commission of Americans Outdoor, Motivation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986.
[2] S. S. Tcha, and F. Lobo, Analysis of Constraints to Sport and Leisure Participation: The Case Korean Immigrants in Western Australia. Korea-Australasia Research Centre, Sydney: University of New South Wales, 2002.
[3] D. Crawford, and G. Godbey, "Reconceptulizing Barriers to Family Leisure”, Leisure Science, vol. 9, pp. 119-127, 1987.
[4] N. Cortis, P. Sawrikar, and K. Muir, Participation in Sport and Recreation by Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Women. Social Policy Research Centre Report, 4/07, University of New South Wales, 2007.
[5] E. Tsai, and D. Coleman, "Leisure Constraints of Chinese Immigrants: An Exploratory Study,” Society and Leisure, vol. 22, pp. 243-261, 1999.
[6] S. R. Phillip, "Race and Leisure Constraints,” Leisure Science, vol. 17, pp. 109-120, 1995.
[7] M. Stodolska, "Assimilation and Leisure Constraints: Dynamics of Constraints on Leisure in Immigrant Population,” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 30, pp. 521-551, 1998.
[8] T. Taylor, "Issues of Cultural Diversity in Women’s Sport,” Journal of the International Council for Health, Physical Education, Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance, vol. 39, pp. 28-33, 2003.
[9] P. Chung, "Sport Patterns and Perceived Constraints of the Muslim Female in Hong Kong (Unpublished Work Style),” Unpublished.
[10] P. Yu, and D. L. Berryman, "The Relationships among Self-Esteem, Acculturation, and Recreation Participation of Recently Arrived Chinese Immigrant Adolescents,” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 28, pp. 211-223, 1996.
[11] Centre for Multicultural Youth Issues, Becoming Inclusive of People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Background. Melbourne: CMYI, 2005.
[12] G. Golembski, B. Holderna-Mielcarek, A. Niezgoda, and P. Szmatula, "Model of Tourist Behavior of Polish Students in the Leisure Time. (Published Conference Proceedings style),” in Proceeding from the Leisure Future Congress, Innsbruck, pp. 37-48, 2002.
[13] M. Stodolsk, and F. I. Jackson, "Discrimination in Leisure and Work Experienced by a White Ethnic Minority Groups’” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 30, pp. 23-46, 1998.
[14] C. Kennet, Sport, Immigration and Multiculturality: A Conceptual Analysis. Barcelona: Centred’Estudis Olimpics, UBA.
[15] M. T. Allison, and S. Smith, "Leisure and the Quality of Life: Issues Facing Racial and Ethnic Minority Elderly,” Therapeutic Recreation Journal, vol. 24, pp. 50-63, 1990.
[16] D. Crawford, E. Jackson, and G. Godbey, "A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints,” Leisure Sciences, vol. 13, pp. 309-320, 1991.
[17] E. Jackson, and E. Dunn, "Is Constrained Leisure and Internally Homogeneous Concept?” Leisure Science, vol. 13, pp. 167-184, 1991.
[18] L. Raymore, G. Godbey, and D. Crawford, "Self-esteem, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status: Their Relation to Perceptions of Constraint on Leisure among Adolescents,” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 26, pp. 99-118, 1994.
[19] K. Henderson, D. Stalnaker, and G. Taylor, "The Relationships between Barriers to Recreation and Gender-Role Personality Traits for Women,” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 20, pp. 69-80, 1988.
[20] T. Taylor, and K. Toohey, "Behind the veil: Exploring the Recreation Needs of Muslim Women,” Leisure/Loisir, vol. 26, pp. 85-105, 2002.
[21] C. Foster, M. Hillsdon, N, Cavill, S, Allender, and G. Cowburn, Understanding Participation in Sport: A Systematic Review. London: Sport England, 2005.
[22] T. Taylor, "The Rhetoric of Exclusion: Perspectives of Cultural Diversity in Australian Netball,” Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 28, pp. 453-476, 2004
[23] V. Keogh, Multicultural Sport: Sustaining a Level Playing Field. Retrieved 10 Oct. 2008 from www.cmyi.net.au/pdf_files/ sport_sustaining.pdf
[24] P. Sawrikar, and K. Muir, "The Myth of a ‘Fair Go’: Barriers to Sport and Recreational Participation among Indian and Other Ethnic Minority Women in Australia”, Sport Management Review, 2010
[25] J. W. Berry, and U. Kim, "Acculturation and Mental Health,” in Health and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Toward application, P. R. Dasen, J. W. Berry, and N. Sartorius, Eds. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1988
[26] R. Redfield, R. Linton, and M Herskovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation,” American Anthropologist, vol. 38, pp. 149-152, 1936
[27] R. F. Washburne, "Black Under-Participation in Wildland Recreation: Alternative Explanations,” Leisure Science, vol. 1, pp. 175-189, 1978
[28] D. T. Barry, "Development of a New Scale for Measuring Acculturation: The East Asian Acculturation Measure,” Journal of Immigrant Health, vol. 3, pp. 193-197, 2001.
[29] J. W. Berry, "Acculturation as Varieties of Adaptation,” in Acculturation, Theory, Models and Some New Findings, A. M. Padilla, Ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980, pp. 9-25.
[30] R. M. Malina, "Tracking of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness across the Lifespan,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vol. 67, pp. 48-57, 996.
[31] I. Pelemis, "Acculturation Differences in Family Units from Former Yugoslavia (Unpublished Work Style),” Unpublished.
[32] M. S. Ahn, "Masculinity in Korean Traditional Sport Culture,” Korean Society for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 8, pp. 177-185, 1997.
[33] K. Walseth, "Young Muslim Women and Sport: The Impact of Identity Work,” Leisure Studies, vol. 25, pp. 75-94, 2006.
[34] J. Horton, "Multiculturalism, Identity and Rights,” in Liberalism and Multiculturalism: Once More unto the Breach, B. Haddock and P. Sutch, Eds. New York: Routledge, 2003, pp. 25-41.
[35] B. Cope, S, Castles, and M. Kalantzis, Immigration, Ethnic Conflicts and Social Cohesion. Bureau of Immigration Research: AGPS, 1991.
[1] G. Ellis, and C. Radmacher, A Literature Review of the President’s Commission of Americans Outdoor, Motivation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986.
[2] S. S. Tcha, and F. Lobo, Analysis of Constraints to Sport and Leisure Participation: The Case Korean Immigrants in Western Australia. Korea-Australasia Research Centre, Sydney: University of New South Wales, 2002.
[3] D. Crawford, and G. Godbey, "Reconceptulizing Barriers to Family Leisure”, Leisure Science, vol. 9, pp. 119-127, 1987.
[4] N. Cortis, P. Sawrikar, and K. Muir, Participation in Sport and Recreation by Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Women. Social Policy Research Centre Report, 4/07, University of New South Wales, 2007.
[5] E. Tsai, and D. Coleman, "Leisure Constraints of Chinese Immigrants: An Exploratory Study,” Society and Leisure, vol. 22, pp. 243-261, 1999.
[6] S. R. Phillip, "Race and Leisure Constraints,” Leisure Science, vol. 17, pp. 109-120, 1995.
[7] M. Stodolska, "Assimilation and Leisure Constraints: Dynamics of Constraints on Leisure in Immigrant Population,” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 30, pp. 521-551, 1998.
[8] T. Taylor, "Issues of Cultural Diversity in Women’s Sport,” Journal of the International Council for Health, Physical Education, Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance, vol. 39, pp. 28-33, 2003.
[9] P. Chung, "Sport Patterns and Perceived Constraints of the Muslim Female in Hong Kong (Unpublished Work Style),” Unpublished.
[10] P. Yu, and D. L. Berryman, "The Relationships among Self-Esteem, Acculturation, and Recreation Participation of Recently Arrived Chinese Immigrant Adolescents,” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 28, pp. 211-223, 1996.
[11] Centre for Multicultural Youth Issues, Becoming Inclusive of People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Background. Melbourne: CMYI, 2005.
[12] G. Golembski, B. Holderna-Mielcarek, A. Niezgoda, and P. Szmatula, "Model of Tourist Behavior of Polish Students in the Leisure Time. (Published Conference Proceedings style),” in Proceeding from the Leisure Future Congress, Innsbruck, pp. 37-48, 2002.
[13] M. Stodolsk, and F. I. Jackson, "Discrimination in Leisure and Work Experienced by a White Ethnic Minority Groups’” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 30, pp. 23-46, 1998.
[14] C. Kennet, Sport, Immigration and Multiculturality: A Conceptual Analysis. Barcelona: Centred’Estudis Olimpics, UBA.
[15] M. T. Allison, and S. Smith, "Leisure and the Quality of Life: Issues Facing Racial and Ethnic Minority Elderly,” Therapeutic Recreation Journal, vol. 24, pp. 50-63, 1990.
[16] D. Crawford, E. Jackson, and G. Godbey, "A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints,” Leisure Sciences, vol. 13, pp. 309-320, 1991.
[17] E. Jackson, and E. Dunn, "Is Constrained Leisure and Internally Homogeneous Concept?” Leisure Science, vol. 13, pp. 167-184, 1991.
[18] L. Raymore, G. Godbey, and D. Crawford, "Self-esteem, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status: Their Relation to Perceptions of Constraint on Leisure among Adolescents,” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 26, pp. 99-118, 1994.
[19] K. Henderson, D. Stalnaker, and G. Taylor, "The Relationships between Barriers to Recreation and Gender-Role Personality Traits for Women,” Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 20, pp. 69-80, 1988.
[20] T. Taylor, and K. Toohey, "Behind the veil: Exploring the Recreation Needs of Muslim Women,” Leisure/Loisir, vol. 26, pp. 85-105, 2002.
[21] C. Foster, M. Hillsdon, N, Cavill, S, Allender, and G. Cowburn, Understanding Participation in Sport: A Systematic Review. London: Sport England, 2005.
[22] T. Taylor, "The Rhetoric of Exclusion: Perspectives of Cultural Diversity in Australian Netball,” Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 28, pp. 453-476, 2004
[23] V. Keogh, Multicultural Sport: Sustaining a Level Playing Field. Retrieved 10 Oct. 2008 from www.cmyi.net.au/pdf_files/ sport_sustaining.pdf
[24] P. Sawrikar, and K. Muir, "The Myth of a ‘Fair Go’: Barriers to Sport and Recreational Participation among Indian and Other Ethnic Minority Women in Australia”, Sport Management Review, 2010
[25] J. W. Berry, and U. Kim, "Acculturation and Mental Health,” in Health and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Toward application, P. R. Dasen, J. W. Berry, and N. Sartorius, Eds. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1988
[26] R. Redfield, R. Linton, and M Herskovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation,” American Anthropologist, vol. 38, pp. 149-152, 1936
[27] R. F. Washburne, "Black Under-Participation in Wildland Recreation: Alternative Explanations,” Leisure Science, vol. 1, pp. 175-189, 1978
[28] D. T. Barry, "Development of a New Scale for Measuring Acculturation: The East Asian Acculturation Measure,” Journal of Immigrant Health, vol. 3, pp. 193-197, 2001.
[29] J. W. Berry, "Acculturation as Varieties of Adaptation,” in Acculturation, Theory, Models and Some New Findings, A. M. Padilla, Ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980, pp. 9-25.
[30] R. M. Malina, "Tracking of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness across the Lifespan,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vol. 67, pp. 48-57, 996.
[31] I. Pelemis, "Acculturation Differences in Family Units from Former Yugoslavia (Unpublished Work Style),” Unpublished.
[32] M. S. Ahn, "Masculinity in Korean Traditional Sport Culture,” Korean Society for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 8, pp. 177-185, 1997.
[33] K. Walseth, "Young Muslim Women and Sport: The Impact of Identity Work,” Leisure Studies, vol. 25, pp. 75-94, 2006.
[34] J. Horton, "Multiculturalism, Identity and Rights,” in Liberalism and Multiculturalism: Once More unto the Breach, B. Haddock and P. Sutch, Eds. New York: Routledge, 2003, pp. 25-41.
[35] B. Cope, S, Castles, and M. Kalantzis, Immigration, Ethnic Conflicts and Social Cohesion. Bureau of Immigration Research: AGPS, 1991.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:57114", author = "Jae Won Kang", title = "Perceived Constraints on Sport Participation among Young Koreans in Australia ", abstract = "The purpose of this study was to examine a broader range of sport constraints perceived by young Koreans in Australia who may need to adjust to changing behavioral expectations due to the socio-cultural transitions. Regardless of gender, in terms of quantitative findings, the most important participation constraints within the seven categories were resources, access, interpersonal, affective, religious, socio-cultural, and physical in that order. The most important constraining items were a lack of time, access, information, adaptive skills, and parental and family support in that order. Qualitative research found young Korean’s participation constraints among three categories (time, parental control and interpersonal constraints). It is possible that different ethnic groups would be constrained by different factors; however, this is outside the scope of this study.
", keywords = "Constraints, cultural adjustment, Sport, Young Koreans in Australia.", volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "1184-7", }
