NaCl Erosion-Corrosion of Mild Steel under Submerged Impingement Jet
The presence of sand in production lines in the oil and gas industries causes material degradation due to erosion-corrosion. The material degradation caused by erosion-corrosion in pipelines can result in a high cost of monitoring and maintenance and in major accidents. The process of erosion-corrosion consists of erosion, corrosion, and their interactions. Investigating and understanding how the erosion-corrosion process affects the degradation process in certain materials will allow for a reduction in economic loss and help prevent accidents. In this study, material loss due to erosion-corrosion of mild steel under impingement of sand-laden water at 90˚ impingement angle is investigated using a submerged impingement jet (SIJ) test. In particular, effects of jet velocity and sand loading on TWL due to erosion-corrosion, weight loss due to pure erosion and erosion-corrosion interactions, at a temperature of 29-33 °C in sea water environment (3.5% NaCl), are analyzed. The results show that the velocity and sand loading have a great influence on the removal of materials, and erosion is more dominant under all conditions studied. Changes in the surface characteristics of the specimen after impingement test are also discussed.
[1] H. Meng, X. Hu, and A. Neville, "A systematic erosion–corrosion study of two stainless steels in marine conditions via experimental design," Wear, vol. 263, pp. 355-362, 2007.
[2] F. Mohammadi and J. Luo, "Effects of particle angular velocity and friction force on erosion enhanced corrosion of 304 stainless steel," Corrosion Science, vol. 52, pp. 2994-3001, 2010.
[3] A. Neville, M. Reyes, and H. Xu, "Examining corrosion effects and corrosion/erosion interactions on metallic materials in aqueous slurries," Tribology International, vol. 35, pp. 643-650, 2002.
[4] X. Hu and A. Neville, "The electrochemical response of stainless steels in liquid–solid impingement," Wear, vol. 258, pp. 641-648, 2005.
[5] B. Jana and M. Stack, "Modelling impact angle effects on erosion–corrosion of pure metals: construction of materials performance maps," Wear, vol. 259, pp. 243-255, 2005.
[6] X. Hu and A. Neville, "CO 2 erosion–corrosion of pipeline steel (API X65) in oil and gas conditions—a systematic approach," Wear, vol. 267, pp. 2027-2032, 2009.
[7] X. Hu and A. Neville, "An examination of the electrochemical characteristics of two stainless steels (UNS S32654 and UNS S31603) under liquid–solid impingement," Wear, vol. 256, pp. 537-544, 2004.
[8] A. Neville and X. Hu, "Mechanical and electrochemical interactions during liquid–solid impingement on high-alloy stainless steels," Wear, vol. 251, pp. 1284-1294, 2001.
[9] X. Hu, R. Barker, A. Neville, and A. Gnanavelu, "Case study on erosion–corrosion degradation of pipework located on an offshore oil and gas facility," Wear, vol. 271, pp. 1295-1301, 2011.
[10] V. Souza and A. Neville, "Corrosion and synergy in a WC Co Cr HVOF thermal spray coating—understanding their role in erosion–corrosion degradation," Wear, vol. 259, pp. 171-180, 2005.
[11] A. Neville and T. Hodgkiess, "Characterisation of high-grade alloy behaviour in severe erosion–corrosion conditions," Wear, vol. 233, pp. 596-607, 1999.
[12] A. Neville, T. Hodgkiess, and J. Dallas, "A study of the erosion-corrosion behaviour of engineering steels for marine pumping applications," Wear, vol. 186, pp. 497-507, 1995.
[13] M. Naz, N. Ismail, S. Sulaiman, and S. Shukrullah, "Electrochemical and Dry Sand Impact Erosion Studies on Carbon Steel," Scientific reports, vol. 5, 2015.
[14] N. Smart, R. Bhardwaj, and J. O. M. Bockris, "Kinetic, solution, and interfacial aspects of iron corrosion in heavy brine solutions," Corrosion, vol. 48, pp. 764-779, 1992.
[15] J. Guiñón, J. García-Antón, V. Pérez-Herranz, and G. Lacoste, "Corrosion of carbon steels, stainless steels, and titanium in aqueous lithium bromide solution," Corrosion, vol. 50, pp. 240-246, 1994.
[16] A. N. S. Shrestha, T. Hodgkiess, "Electrochemical and mechanical during erosion–corrosion of high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) coatings," Wear, vol. 235, pp. 623-634, 1999.
[17] M. Parsi, K. Najmi, F. Najafifard, S. Hassani, B. S. McLaury, and S. A. Shirazi, "A comprehensive review of solid particle erosion modeling for oil and gas wells and pipelines applications," Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol. 21, pp. 850-873, 2014.
[18] A. V. Levy, Solid particle erosion and erosion-corrosion of materials: Asm International, 1995.
[19] R. Malka, S. Nešić, and D. A. Gulino, "Erosion–corrosion and synergistic effects in disturbed liquid-particle flow," Wear, vol. 262, pp. 791-799, 2007.
[1] H. Meng, X. Hu, and A. Neville, "A systematic erosion–corrosion study of two stainless steels in marine conditions via experimental design," Wear, vol. 263, pp. 355-362, 2007.
[2] F. Mohammadi and J. Luo, "Effects of particle angular velocity and friction force on erosion enhanced corrosion of 304 stainless steel," Corrosion Science, vol. 52, pp. 2994-3001, 2010.
[3] A. Neville, M. Reyes, and H. Xu, "Examining corrosion effects and corrosion/erosion interactions on metallic materials in aqueous slurries," Tribology International, vol. 35, pp. 643-650, 2002.
[4] X. Hu and A. Neville, "The electrochemical response of stainless steels in liquid–solid impingement," Wear, vol. 258, pp. 641-648, 2005.
[5] B. Jana and M. Stack, "Modelling impact angle effects on erosion–corrosion of pure metals: construction of materials performance maps," Wear, vol. 259, pp. 243-255, 2005.
[6] X. Hu and A. Neville, "CO 2 erosion–corrosion of pipeline steel (API X65) in oil and gas conditions—a systematic approach," Wear, vol. 267, pp. 2027-2032, 2009.
[7] X. Hu and A. Neville, "An examination of the electrochemical characteristics of two stainless steels (UNS S32654 and UNS S31603) under liquid–solid impingement," Wear, vol. 256, pp. 537-544, 2004.
[8] A. Neville and X. Hu, "Mechanical and electrochemical interactions during liquid–solid impingement on high-alloy stainless steels," Wear, vol. 251, pp. 1284-1294, 2001.
[9] X. Hu, R. Barker, A. Neville, and A. Gnanavelu, "Case study on erosion–corrosion degradation of pipework located on an offshore oil and gas facility," Wear, vol. 271, pp. 1295-1301, 2011.
[10] V. Souza and A. Neville, "Corrosion and synergy in a WC Co Cr HVOF thermal spray coating—understanding their role in erosion–corrosion degradation," Wear, vol. 259, pp. 171-180, 2005.
[11] A. Neville and T. Hodgkiess, "Characterisation of high-grade alloy behaviour in severe erosion–corrosion conditions," Wear, vol. 233, pp. 596-607, 1999.
[12] A. Neville, T. Hodgkiess, and J. Dallas, "A study of the erosion-corrosion behaviour of engineering steels for marine pumping applications," Wear, vol. 186, pp. 497-507, 1995.
[13] M. Naz, N. Ismail, S. Sulaiman, and S. Shukrullah, "Electrochemical and Dry Sand Impact Erosion Studies on Carbon Steel," Scientific reports, vol. 5, 2015.
[14] N. Smart, R. Bhardwaj, and J. O. M. Bockris, "Kinetic, solution, and interfacial aspects of iron corrosion in heavy brine solutions," Corrosion, vol. 48, pp. 764-779, 1992.
[15] J. Guiñón, J. García-Antón, V. Pérez-Herranz, and G. Lacoste, "Corrosion of carbon steels, stainless steels, and titanium in aqueous lithium bromide solution," Corrosion, vol. 50, pp. 240-246, 1994.
[16] A. N. S. Shrestha, T. Hodgkiess, "Electrochemical and mechanical during erosion–corrosion of high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) coatings," Wear, vol. 235, pp. 623-634, 1999.
[17] M. Parsi, K. Najmi, F. Najafifard, S. Hassani, B. S. McLaury, and S. A. Shirazi, "A comprehensive review of solid particle erosion modeling for oil and gas wells and pipelines applications," Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol. 21, pp. 850-873, 2014.
[18] A. V. Levy, Solid particle erosion and erosion-corrosion of materials: Asm International, 1995.
[19] R. Malka, S. Nešić, and D. A. Gulino, "Erosion–corrosion and synergistic effects in disturbed liquid-particle flow," Wear, vol. 262, pp. 791-799, 2007.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:74877", author = "M. Sadique and S. Ainane and Y. F. Yap and P. Rostron and E. Al Hajri", title = "NaCl Erosion-Corrosion of Mild Steel under Submerged Impingement Jet", abstract = "The presence of sand in production lines in the oil and gas industries causes material degradation due to erosion-corrosion. The material degradation caused by erosion-corrosion in pipelines can result in a high cost of monitoring and maintenance and in major accidents. The process of erosion-corrosion consists of erosion, corrosion, and their interactions. Investigating and understanding how the erosion-corrosion process affects the degradation process in certain materials will allow for a reduction in economic loss and help prevent accidents. In this study, material loss due to erosion-corrosion of mild steel under impingement of sand-laden water at 90˚ impingement angle is investigated using a submerged impingement jet (SIJ) test. In particular, effects of jet velocity and sand loading on TWL due to erosion-corrosion, weight loss due to pure erosion and erosion-corrosion interactions, at a temperature of 29-33 °C in sea water environment (3.5% NaCl), are analyzed. The results show that the velocity and sand loading have a great influence on the removal of materials, and erosion is more dominant under all conditions studied. Changes in the surface characteristics of the specimen after impingement test are also discussed.
", keywords = "Erosion-corrosion, flow velocity, jet impingement, sand loading.", volume = "11", number = "2", pages = "368-6", }
