Multilayer Soft Tissue Continuum Model: Towards Realistic Simulation of Facial Expressions
A biophysically based multilayer continuum model of the facial soft tissue composite has been developed for simulating wrinkle formation. The deformed state of the soft tissue block was determined by solving large deformation mechanics equations using the Galerkin finite element method. The proposed soft tissue model is composed of four layers with distinct mechanical properties. These include stratum corneum, epidermal-dermal layer (living epidermis and dermis), subcutaneous tissue and the underlying muscle. All the layers were treated as non-linear, isotropic Mooney Rivlin materials. Contraction of muscle fibres was approximated using a steady-state relationship between the fibre extension ratio, intracellular calcium concentration and active stress in the fibre direction. Several variations of the model parameters (stiffness and thickness of epidermal-dermal layer, thickness of subcutaneous tissue layer) have been considered.
[1] Leveque, J. L. "Influence of ageing on the in vivo extensibility of human
skin at a low stress" Archives of Dermatological Research, 1980, 269,
pp. 127.
[2] Wood, E. J. and Bladon, P. T. "The Human Skin" Edward Arnold Ltd.,
1985. pp. 1-3, 6-10, 20-26.
[3] Lanir, Y. "Skin Mechanics" Chapter in: Handbook of Bioengineering,
McGraw-Hill, 1987. pp. 11.1-11.25
[4] Brown, I. A. "Scanning electron microscopy of human dermal fibrous
tissue." Journal of Anatomy, 1972, 113, pp. 159-68.
[5] Gray, H., Warren H. L. "Anatomy of the Human Body" Bartleby.com,
2000.
[6] Ruegg, J. C. "Calcium in Muscle Activation" Springer-Verlag, 1986. pp.
1-5.
[7] Hunter, P. J."Myocardial constitutive laws for continuum models of the
heart" Chapter in: Molecular and subcellular cardiology, Plenum Press,
New York, 1995. pp. 303-318
[8] Parke, F. I. ,. Keith W. "Computer Facial Animation" A K Peters, Ltd,
1996. pp. 187-196.
[9] Parke, F.I. "Parameterized models for facial animation" IEEE Computer
Graphics and Applications, 1982, 2, pp. 61.
[10] Keeve, E., Girod, S., Kikinis, R. and Girod, B. "Deformable modeling of
facial tissue for craniofacial surgery simulation" Computer Aided
Surgery, 1998, 3, pp. 228-238.
[11] Koch, R. M. et al. "Simulating facial surgery using finite element
models" Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer
graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH 96, 1996, pp. 421.
[12] Sifakis E., Neverov I., Fedkiw R. "Automatic determination of facial
muscle activations from sparse motion capture marker data" ACM
Transactions on Graphics, 2005, 24, pp. 417.
[13] Chabanas, M "Patient specific finite element model of the face soft
tissues for computer-assisted maxillofacial surgery" Medical Image
Analysis, 2003, 7, pp. 131.
[14] Zhang, Y., Sim, T. "Realistic and efficient wrinkle simulation using an
anatomy-based face model with adaptive refinement" International 2005
Computer Graphics, 2005, pp. 3.
[15] Li, M., Yin, B, K., D. "Modeling expressive wrinkles of face For
animation" Fourth International Conference on Image and Graphics
(ICIG 2007), 2007, pp. 874.
[16] Wu, Y., Beylot, P. and Thalmann, N. M. "Skin aging estimation by facial
simulation" Proceedings Computer Animation 1999 CA-99, 1999, pp.
210.
[17] Wu, Y., Thalmann, N. and Thalmann, D. "A plastic-visco-elastic model
for wrinkles in facial animation and skin aging" Proc. Pacific
Conference 94, 1994, pp. 201-213.
[18] Flynn, C. and McCormack, B. A. O. "Finite element modelling of
forearm skin wrinkling." Skin research and technology, 2008, 14, pp.
261-9.
[19] Magnenat-Thalmann, N. et al. "A computational skin model: fold and
wrinkle formation" IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in
Biomedicine, 2002, 6, pp. 317.
[20] Hendriks, F. M. et al. "A numerical-experimental method to characterize
the non-linear mechanical behaviour of human skin" Skin Research and
Technology, 2003, 9, pp. 274.
[21] Herzog, W. "Skeletal Muscle Mechanics: From Mechanism to Function"
John Wiley and Sons, 2000. pp. 209.
[22] CMISS (Online). Available: http://www.cmiss.org
[23] Ackerman, M.J. "The Visible Human Project" Proceedings of the IEEE,
1998, 86, pp. 504.
[24] Shuster, S., Black, M. and McVitie E. "The influence of age and sex on
skin thickness, skin collagen and density" British Journal of
Dermatology, 1975, 93, pp. 639.
[25] Lanir, Y. "Constitutive equations for fibrous connective tissues" Journal
of Biomechanics, 1983, 16, pp. 1-12.
[1] Leveque, J. L. "Influence of ageing on the in vivo extensibility of human
skin at a low stress" Archives of Dermatological Research, 1980, 269,
pp. 127.
[2] Wood, E. J. and Bladon, P. T. "The Human Skin" Edward Arnold Ltd.,
1985. pp. 1-3, 6-10, 20-26.
[3] Lanir, Y. "Skin Mechanics" Chapter in: Handbook of Bioengineering,
McGraw-Hill, 1987. pp. 11.1-11.25
[4] Brown, I. A. "Scanning electron microscopy of human dermal fibrous
tissue." Journal of Anatomy, 1972, 113, pp. 159-68.
[5] Gray, H., Warren H. L. "Anatomy of the Human Body" Bartleby.com,
2000.
[6] Ruegg, J. C. "Calcium in Muscle Activation" Springer-Verlag, 1986. pp.
1-5.
[7] Hunter, P. J."Myocardial constitutive laws for continuum models of the
heart" Chapter in: Molecular and subcellular cardiology, Plenum Press,
New York, 1995. pp. 303-318
[8] Parke, F. I. ,. Keith W. "Computer Facial Animation" A K Peters, Ltd,
1996. pp. 187-196.
[9] Parke, F.I. "Parameterized models for facial animation" IEEE Computer
Graphics and Applications, 1982, 2, pp. 61.
[10] Keeve, E., Girod, S., Kikinis, R. and Girod, B. "Deformable modeling of
facial tissue for craniofacial surgery simulation" Computer Aided
Surgery, 1998, 3, pp. 228-238.
[11] Koch, R. M. et al. "Simulating facial surgery using finite element
models" Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer
graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH 96, 1996, pp. 421.
[12] Sifakis E., Neverov I., Fedkiw R. "Automatic determination of facial
muscle activations from sparse motion capture marker data" ACM
Transactions on Graphics, 2005, 24, pp. 417.
[13] Chabanas, M "Patient specific finite element model of the face soft
tissues for computer-assisted maxillofacial surgery" Medical Image
Analysis, 2003, 7, pp. 131.
[14] Zhang, Y., Sim, T. "Realistic and efficient wrinkle simulation using an
anatomy-based face model with adaptive refinement" International 2005
Computer Graphics, 2005, pp. 3.
[15] Li, M., Yin, B, K., D. "Modeling expressive wrinkles of face For
animation" Fourth International Conference on Image and Graphics
(ICIG 2007), 2007, pp. 874.
[16] Wu, Y., Beylot, P. and Thalmann, N. M. "Skin aging estimation by facial
simulation" Proceedings Computer Animation 1999 CA-99, 1999, pp.
210.
[17] Wu, Y., Thalmann, N. and Thalmann, D. "A plastic-visco-elastic model
for wrinkles in facial animation and skin aging" Proc. Pacific
Conference 94, 1994, pp. 201-213.
[18] Flynn, C. and McCormack, B. A. O. "Finite element modelling of
forearm skin wrinkling." Skin research and technology, 2008, 14, pp.
261-9.
[19] Magnenat-Thalmann, N. et al. "A computational skin model: fold and
wrinkle formation" IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in
Biomedicine, 2002, 6, pp. 317.
[20] Hendriks, F. M. et al. "A numerical-experimental method to characterize
the non-linear mechanical behaviour of human skin" Skin Research and
Technology, 2003, 9, pp. 274.
[21] Herzog, W. "Skeletal Muscle Mechanics: From Mechanism to Function"
John Wiley and Sons, 2000. pp. 209.
[22] CMISS (Online). Available: http://www.cmiss.org
[23] Ackerman, M.J. "The Visible Human Project" Proceedings of the IEEE,
1998, 86, pp. 504.
[24] Shuster, S., Black, M. and McVitie E. "The influence of age and sex on
skin thickness, skin collagen and density" British Journal of
Dermatology, 1975, 93, pp. 639.
[25] Lanir, Y. "Constitutive equations for fibrous connective tissues" Journal
of Biomechanics, 1983, 16, pp. 1-12.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:58759", author = "A. Hung and K. Mithraratne and M. Sagar and P. Hunter", title = "Multilayer Soft Tissue Continuum Model: Towards Realistic Simulation of Facial Expressions", abstract = "A biophysically based multilayer continuum model of the facial soft tissue composite has been developed for simulating wrinkle formation. The deformed state of the soft tissue block was determined by solving large deformation mechanics equations using the Galerkin finite element method. The proposed soft tissue model is composed of four layers with distinct mechanical properties. These include stratum corneum, epidermal-dermal layer (living epidermis and dermis), subcutaneous tissue and the underlying muscle. All the layers were treated as non-linear, isotropic Mooney Rivlin materials. Contraction of muscle fibres was approximated using a steady-state relationship between the fibre extension ratio, intracellular calcium concentration and active stress in the fibre direction. Several variations of the model parameters (stiffness and thickness of epidermal-dermal layer, thickness of subcutaneous tissue layer) have been considered.
", keywords = "Bio-physically based, soft tissue mechanics, facialtissue composite, wrinkling.", volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "76-5", }
