Multi-Enterprise Tie and Co-Operation Mechanism in Mexican Agro Industry SME's
The aim of this paper is to explain what a multienterprise tie is, what evidence its analysis provides and how does the cooperation mechanism influence the establishment of a multienterprise tie. The study focuses on businesses of smaller dimension, geographically dispersed and whose businessmen are learning to cooperate in an international environment. The empirical evidence obtained at this moment permits to conclude the following: The tie is not long-lasting, it has an end; opportunism is an opportunity to learn; the multi-enterprise tie is a space to learn about the cooperation mechanism; the local tie permits a businessman to alternate between competition and cooperation strategies; the disappearance of a tie is an experience of learning for a businessman, diminishing the possibility of failure in the next tie; the cooperation mechanism tends to eliminate hierarchical relations; the multienterprise tie diminishes the asymmetries and permits SME-s to have a better position when they negotiate with large companies; the multi-enterprise tie impacts positively on the local system. The collection of empirical evidence was done trough the following instruments: direct observation in a business encounter to which the businesses attended in 2003 (202 Mexican agro industry SME-s), a survey applied in 2004 (129), a questionnaire applied in 2005 (86 businesses), field visits to the businesses during the period 2006-2008 and; a survey applied by telephone in 2008 (55 Mexican agro industry SME-s).
[1] Casanueva, C. et al. (2003). "Relaciones estratégicas entre Pymes:
contraste de hip├│tesis empresariales mediante ARS". Revista Hispana
para el análisis de redes sociales, Barcelona, vol. 4, n. 4, june
[2] De Martino, R. et al. (2006). "Balancing localization and globalization:
exploring the impact of firm internationalization on a regional cluster".
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 18, n. 1 pp. 1-14
[3] Dini Marco & Giovanni Stumpo (coord.) (2004), Peque├▒as y medianas
empresas y eficiencia colectiva. Estudios de caso en América Latina,
México, Siglo XXI, 286 pp.
[4] Escribá Esteve et al. [s.a.], Influencia de las características de las
empresas sobre el uso de la cooperación, Spain, Facultad de Economía,
Universidad de Valencia, [s.p.]
[5] Fujita Masahisa, Paul Krugman & Anthony Venables (2000), The
Spatial Economy, Spain, Ariel, 363 pp.
[6] García, M. et al, (1998): Descentralización e iniciativas locales de
desarrollo, Mexico, Juan Pablos Editor, 238 pp.
[7] González, B. (2005). "Modelo de red de cooperación en los parques
tecnol├│gicos: un estudio comparado". Papeles de trabajo del Instituto de
Estudios Fiscales, P. T. N. 17/06
[8] González, T. (2003). "Las redes de cooperación empresarial
internacionales. Un camino hacia el mercado asiático para la PYME
mexicana", Memoria del VIII Foro, FCA, UNAM
[9] Grabher, G & Ibert, O (2005). "Bad company? The ambiguity of
personal knowledge networks". Journal of Economic Geography,
Oxford University, N. pp. 1-21
[10] Granovetter, M. (1973). The strengh of weak ties. American Journal of
Sociology, 78, pp. 1360-1380
[11] Hirschman, A. (1996): Tendencias autosubersivas, México, Fondo de
Cultura Econ├│mica, 282 pp. (A propensity to Self Subversion)
[12] Instituto Espa├▒ol de Comercio Exterior, (2007) Consorcios de
exportaci├│n, Espa├▒a, ICEX, 9 pp.
[13] Iglesias, E. (1992): Reflexiones sobre el desarrollo econ├│mico, NY,
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 172 pp.
[14] Koschatzky, (2002). "Fundamentos de la economía de redes. Especial
enfoque a la innovación". Economía industrial, n. 346. pp. 15-26
[15] Krugman, P. (1996). La organización espontánea de la economía, Spain,
Antoni Bosch, 168 pp. (The Self-Organizing Economy)
[16] Lax & Sebenius, (1991). El directivo como negociador, Madrid, Instituto
de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda, [s.p.]
[17] Le Bars, et al. (1998). "Innovation in SME-Ss: The Missing Link".
High-Technology Small Firms Conference, Vol. 1 pp. 307-324
[18] López Navarro Miguel Ángel, (2001) "Caracterización de los consorcios
de exportaci├│n en el sector agroalimentario espa├▒ol", Estudios
agrosociales y pesqueros, n. 193, 146-168 pp.
[19] Montes Romero et al, [s.a.]. "Selecci├│n de socios en la fase inicial del
proceso de cooperaci├│n. Propuesta metodol├│gica y contrastaci├│n en una
red de cooperaci├│n", Spain, Depto. de Organizaci├│n de Empresas y
Finanzas, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Universidad de Murcia,
[s.p.]
[20] Peres Wilson & Giovanni Stumpo (coord.) (2002), Peque├▒as y medianas
empresas industriales en América Latina y el Caribe, México, Comisi├│n
Econ├│mica para América Latina y el Caribe-Siglo XXI, 550 pp.
[21] Pérez, J. et. al (2004). Teor├¡a de Juegos, Spain, Pearson educaci├│n, 528
pp.
[22] Sarason, S. et al. (1978). Resources, Community and Exchange
Networks, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
[23] Ramos Stolle, et al, [s.a.], Formas de cooperaci├│n y sus implicaciones
contables en un contexto internacional. Una referencia a la PYME
Gallega, Spain, Depto. de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Facultad
de Ciencias Econ├│micas y empresariales, Universidad de Vigo, [s.p.]
[24] Renart Cava Lluís (1999), "Consorcios de exportación y otros tipos de
alianzas estratégicas entre empresas", Bolet├¡n Econ├│mico de ICE, n.
2627, September, 1999, Spain, I-XVI pp.
[25] Rialp Alex , Piedad Martínez & Joseph Rialp (2005) "El desarrollo
exportador de las pymes industriales espa├▒olas participantes en un
consorcio de exportaci├│n: un estudio de caso" Cuadernos de Gesti├│n,
Vol. 5, No. 2, 2005, pp. 95-116
[26] Schmitz, H. (1999). "Global competition and local co-operation: success
and failures in the Sinos Valley, Brasil". World Development Studies, N.
27, pp. 1627-1650
[27] Vázquez, A. (1999). Desarrollo, redes e innovación, lecciones sobre
desarrollo endógeno, Spain, Pirámide, 268 pp.
[28] WASSERMAN, S. & FAUST, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis:
methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[29] Waxell, A. & Malmberg, A. (2007). "What is global and what is local in
Knowledge-creating interaction? The case of the biotech cluster in
Uppsala, Sweden". Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19, pp.
137-159
[30] Williamson, O. & Winter W. (1996). La naturaleza de la empresa.
Or├¡genes, evoluci├│n y desarrollo, New York, 1991, México, Fondo de
Cultura Econ├│mica, 326 pp.
[1] Casanueva, C. et al. (2003). "Relaciones estratégicas entre Pymes:
contraste de hip├│tesis empresariales mediante ARS". Revista Hispana
para el análisis de redes sociales, Barcelona, vol. 4, n. 4, june
[2] De Martino, R. et al. (2006). "Balancing localization and globalization:
exploring the impact of firm internationalization on a regional cluster".
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 18, n. 1 pp. 1-14
[3] Dini Marco & Giovanni Stumpo (coord.) (2004), Peque├▒as y medianas
empresas y eficiencia colectiva. Estudios de caso en América Latina,
México, Siglo XXI, 286 pp.
[4] Escribá Esteve et al. [s.a.], Influencia de las características de las
empresas sobre el uso de la cooperación, Spain, Facultad de Economía,
Universidad de Valencia, [s.p.]
[5] Fujita Masahisa, Paul Krugman & Anthony Venables (2000), The
Spatial Economy, Spain, Ariel, 363 pp.
[6] García, M. et al, (1998): Descentralización e iniciativas locales de
desarrollo, Mexico, Juan Pablos Editor, 238 pp.
[7] González, B. (2005). "Modelo de red de cooperación en los parques
tecnol├│gicos: un estudio comparado". Papeles de trabajo del Instituto de
Estudios Fiscales, P. T. N. 17/06
[8] González, T. (2003). "Las redes de cooperación empresarial
internacionales. Un camino hacia el mercado asiático para la PYME
mexicana", Memoria del VIII Foro, FCA, UNAM
[9] Grabher, G & Ibert, O (2005). "Bad company? The ambiguity of
personal knowledge networks". Journal of Economic Geography,
Oxford University, N. pp. 1-21
[10] Granovetter, M. (1973). The strengh of weak ties. American Journal of
Sociology, 78, pp. 1360-1380
[11] Hirschman, A. (1996): Tendencias autosubersivas, México, Fondo de
Cultura Econ├│mica, 282 pp. (A propensity to Self Subversion)
[12] Instituto Espa├▒ol de Comercio Exterior, (2007) Consorcios de
exportaci├│n, Espa├▒a, ICEX, 9 pp.
[13] Iglesias, E. (1992): Reflexiones sobre el desarrollo econ├│mico, NY,
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 172 pp.
[14] Koschatzky, (2002). "Fundamentos de la economía de redes. Especial
enfoque a la innovación". Economía industrial, n. 346. pp. 15-26
[15] Krugman, P. (1996). La organización espontánea de la economía, Spain,
Antoni Bosch, 168 pp. (The Self-Organizing Economy)
[16] Lax & Sebenius, (1991). El directivo como negociador, Madrid, Instituto
de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda, [s.p.]
[17] Le Bars, et al. (1998). "Innovation in SME-Ss: The Missing Link".
High-Technology Small Firms Conference, Vol. 1 pp. 307-324
[18] López Navarro Miguel Ángel, (2001) "Caracterización de los consorcios
de exportaci├│n en el sector agroalimentario espa├▒ol", Estudios
agrosociales y pesqueros, n. 193, 146-168 pp.
[19] Montes Romero et al, [s.a.]. "Selecci├│n de socios en la fase inicial del
proceso de cooperaci├│n. Propuesta metodol├│gica y contrastaci├│n en una
red de cooperaci├│n", Spain, Depto. de Organizaci├│n de Empresas y
Finanzas, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Universidad de Murcia,
[s.p.]
[20] Peres Wilson & Giovanni Stumpo (coord.) (2002), Peque├▒as y medianas
empresas industriales en América Latina y el Caribe, México, Comisi├│n
Econ├│mica para América Latina y el Caribe-Siglo XXI, 550 pp.
[21] Pérez, J. et. al (2004). Teor├¡a de Juegos, Spain, Pearson educaci├│n, 528
pp.
[22] Sarason, S. et al. (1978). Resources, Community and Exchange
Networks, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
[23] Ramos Stolle, et al, [s.a.], Formas de cooperaci├│n y sus implicaciones
contables en un contexto internacional. Una referencia a la PYME
Gallega, Spain, Depto. de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Facultad
de Ciencias Econ├│micas y empresariales, Universidad de Vigo, [s.p.]
[24] Renart Cava Lluís (1999), "Consorcios de exportación y otros tipos de
alianzas estratégicas entre empresas", Bolet├¡n Econ├│mico de ICE, n.
2627, September, 1999, Spain, I-XVI pp.
[25] Rialp Alex , Piedad Martínez & Joseph Rialp (2005) "El desarrollo
exportador de las pymes industriales espa├▒olas participantes en un
consorcio de exportaci├│n: un estudio de caso" Cuadernos de Gesti├│n,
Vol. 5, No. 2, 2005, pp. 95-116
[26] Schmitz, H. (1999). "Global competition and local co-operation: success
and failures in the Sinos Valley, Brasil". World Development Studies, N.
27, pp. 1627-1650
[27] Vázquez, A. (1999). Desarrollo, redes e innovación, lecciones sobre
desarrollo endógeno, Spain, Pirámide, 268 pp.
[28] WASSERMAN, S. & FAUST, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis:
methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[29] Waxell, A. & Malmberg, A. (2007). "What is global and what is local in
Knowledge-creating interaction? The case of the biotech cluster in
Uppsala, Sweden". Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19, pp.
137-159
[30] Williamson, O. & Winter W. (1996). La naturaleza de la empresa.
Or├¡genes, evoluci├│n y desarrollo, New York, 1991, México, Fondo de
Cultura Econ├│mica, 326 pp.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:61736", author = "Tania Elena González Alvarado and Ma. Antonieta Martín Granados", title = "Multi-Enterprise Tie and Co-Operation Mechanism in Mexican Agro Industry SME's", abstract = "The aim of this paper is to explain what a multienterprise tie is, what evidence its analysis provides and how does the cooperation mechanism influence the establishment of a multienterprise tie. The study focuses on businesses of smaller dimension, geographically dispersed and whose businessmen are learning to cooperate in an international environment. The empirical evidence obtained at this moment permits to conclude the following: The tie is not long-lasting, it has an end; opportunism is an opportunity to learn; the multi-enterprise tie is a space to learn about the cooperation mechanism; the local tie permits a businessman to alternate between competition and cooperation strategies; the disappearance of a tie is an experience of learning for a businessman, diminishing the possibility of failure in the next tie; the cooperation mechanism tends to eliminate hierarchical relations; the multienterprise tie diminishes the asymmetries and permits SME-s to have a better position when they negotiate with large companies; the multi-enterprise tie impacts positively on the local system. The collection of empirical evidence was done trough the following instruments: direct observation in a business encounter to which the businesses attended in 2003 (202 Mexican agro industry SME-s), a survey applied in 2004 (129), a questionnaire applied in 2005 (86 businesses), field visits to the businesses during the period 2006-2008 and; a survey applied by telephone in 2008 (55 Mexican agro industry SME-s).
", keywords = "Cooperation, multi-enterprise tie, links, networks.", volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "123-6", }
