Modeling of Pulsatile Blood Flow in a Weak Magnetic Field
Blood pulse is an important human physiological signal commonly used for the understanding of the individual physical health. Current methods of non-invasive blood pulse sensing require direct contact or access to the human skin. As such, the performances of these devices tend to vary with time and are subjective to human body fluids (e.g. blood, perspiration and skin-oil) and environmental contaminants (e.g. mud, water, etc). This paper proposes a simulation model for the novel method of non-invasive acquisition of blood pulse using the disturbance created by blood flowing through a localized magnetic field. The simulation model geometry represents a blood vessel, a permanent magnet, a magnetic sensor, surrounding tissues and air in 2-dimensional. In this model, the velocity and pressure fields in the blood stream are described based on Navier-Stroke equations and the walls of the blood vessel are assumed to have no-slip condition. The blood assumes a parabolic profile considering a laminar flow for blood in major artery near the skin. And the inlet velocity follows a sinusoidal equation. This will allow the computational software to compute the interactions between the magnetic vector potential generated by the permanent magnet and the magnetic nanoparticles in the blood. These interactions are simulated based on Maxwell equations at the location where the magnetic sensor is placed. The simulated magnetic field at the sensor location is found to assume similar sinusoidal waveform characteristics as the inlet velocity of the blood. The amplitude of the simulated waveforms at the sensor location are compared with physical measurements on human subjects and found to be highly correlated.
[1] Akinori Ueno, Yasunao Akabane, Tsuyoshi Kato, Hiroshi Hoshino,
Sachiyo Kataoka, Yoji Ishiyama (2007), "Capacitive Sensing of
Electrocardiographic Potential Through Cloth from the Dorsal Surface
of the Body in a Supine Position: A Preliminary Study", IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 54, No. 4, April
[2] S. Bowbrick, A. N. Borg. Edinburgh (2006), "ECG complete", New
York, Churchill Livingstone
[3] S. M. Burns (2006), "AACN protocols for practice: noninvasive
monitoring", Jones and Bartlett Publishers
[4] Shuhei Yamada, Mingqi Chen, Victor Lubecke (2006), "Sub-uW Signal
Power Doppler Radar Heart Rate Detection", Proceedings of Asia-
Pacific Microwave Conference
[5] G. Amit, N. Gavriely, J. Lessick, N. Intrator (2005), "Automatic
extraction of physiological features from vibro-acoustic heart signals :
correlation with echo-doppler", Computers in Cardiology, Issue
September 25-28, pp 299-302
[6] J.L. Jacobs, P. Embree, M. Glei, S. Christensen, P.K. Sullivan (2004),
"Characterization of a Novel Heart and Respiratory Rate Sensor",
Proceedings of the 26th International Conference of the IEEE EMBS
[7] M.N. Ericson, E.L Ibey, G.L. Cote, J.S. Baba, J.B. Dixon (2002), "In
vivo application of a minimally invasive oximetry based perfusion
sensor", Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference
[8] Luis Torres-Pereira, Cala Torres-Pereira, Carlos Couto (1997), "A Noninvasive
Telemetric Heart Rate Monitoring System based on
Phonocadiography", ISIE-97
[9] J. Kerola, V. Kontra, R. Sepponen (1996), "Non-invasive blood pressure
data acquisition employing pulse transit time detection", Engineering in
Medicine and Biology, Vol 3, Issue 31 Oct-3 Nov, pp 1308 - 1309
[10] J.Malmivuo, R. Plonsey (1995), "Bioelectromagnetism - Principles and
Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields", New-York, Oxford
University Press
[11] Yasuaki Noguchi, Hideyuki Mamune, Suguru sugimoto, Jun Yoshida,
Hidenori Sasa, Hisaaki Kobayashi, Mitsunao Kobayashi (1994),
"Measurement characteristics of the ultrasound heart rate monitor",
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Engineering Advances:
New Opportunities for Biomedical Engineers. Proceedings of the 16th
International Conference of the IEEE Vol. 1, Issue 3-6 Nov Pg 670 - 671
[12] J.R. Singer (1980), "Blood Flow Measurements by NMR of the intact
body", IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-27, No. 3
[13] Hiroshi Kanai, Eiki Yamano, Kiyoshi Nakayama, Naoshige Kawamura,
Hiroshi Furuhata (1974), "Transcutaneous Blood Flow Measurement by
Electromagnetic Induction", IEEE Transaction on Biomedical
Engineering, Vol. BME-21, No. 2
[14] Khalil M. Khanafer, Prateek Gadhoke, Ramon Berguer and Joseph L.
Bull (2006), "Modeling pulsatile flow in aortic aneurysms: Effect of
non-Newtonian properties of blood", Biorheology, 43(5): 661-679
[15] Chee Teck Phua, Gaëlle Lissorgues, Bruno Mercier (2008), "Noninvasive
acquisition of Blood Pulse using magnetic disturbance
technique", International Conference on BioMedical Engineering
(ICBME2008)
[16] Y. Haik, V. Pai, and C. J. Chen (1999), ÔÇÿÔÇÿBiomagnetic fluid dynamics,--
in Fluid Dynamics at Interfaces, edited by W. Shyy and R. Narayanan
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 439-452
[17] T. Higashi, A. Yamagishi, T. Takeuchi, N. Kawaguchi, S. Sagawa, S.
Onishi, and M. Date (1993), "Orientation of erythrocytes in a strong
static magnetic field," J. Blood 82, 1328
[18] L. Pauling, and C. D. Coryell (1936), "The magnetic properties and
structure of hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and carbonmonoxy
hemoglobin," in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 22, 210
[19] M. Motta, Y. Haik, A. Gandhari, and C. J. Chen (1998), "High magnetic
field effects on human deoxygenated hemoglobin light absorption,"
Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 47, 297
[20] P.A. Voltairas, D.I. Fotiadis, and L.K. Michalis (2002), "Hydrodynamics
of Magnetic Drug Targeting," J. Biomech., vol. 35, pp. 813-821.
[1] Akinori Ueno, Yasunao Akabane, Tsuyoshi Kato, Hiroshi Hoshino,
Sachiyo Kataoka, Yoji Ishiyama (2007), "Capacitive Sensing of
Electrocardiographic Potential Through Cloth from the Dorsal Surface
of the Body in a Supine Position: A Preliminary Study", IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 54, No. 4, April
[2] S. Bowbrick, A. N. Borg. Edinburgh (2006), "ECG complete", New
York, Churchill Livingstone
[3] S. M. Burns (2006), "AACN protocols for practice: noninvasive
monitoring", Jones and Bartlett Publishers
[4] Shuhei Yamada, Mingqi Chen, Victor Lubecke (2006), "Sub-uW Signal
Power Doppler Radar Heart Rate Detection", Proceedings of Asia-
Pacific Microwave Conference
[5] G. Amit, N. Gavriely, J. Lessick, N. Intrator (2005), "Automatic
extraction of physiological features from vibro-acoustic heart signals :
correlation with echo-doppler", Computers in Cardiology, Issue
September 25-28, pp 299-302
[6] J.L. Jacobs, P. Embree, M. Glei, S. Christensen, P.K. Sullivan (2004),
"Characterization of a Novel Heart and Respiratory Rate Sensor",
Proceedings of the 26th International Conference of the IEEE EMBS
[7] M.N. Ericson, E.L Ibey, G.L. Cote, J.S. Baba, J.B. Dixon (2002), "In
vivo application of a minimally invasive oximetry based perfusion
sensor", Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference
[8] Luis Torres-Pereira, Cala Torres-Pereira, Carlos Couto (1997), "A Noninvasive
Telemetric Heart Rate Monitoring System based on
Phonocadiography", ISIE-97
[9] J. Kerola, V. Kontra, R. Sepponen (1996), "Non-invasive blood pressure
data acquisition employing pulse transit time detection", Engineering in
Medicine and Biology, Vol 3, Issue 31 Oct-3 Nov, pp 1308 - 1309
[10] J.Malmivuo, R. Plonsey (1995), "Bioelectromagnetism - Principles and
Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields", New-York, Oxford
University Press
[11] Yasuaki Noguchi, Hideyuki Mamune, Suguru sugimoto, Jun Yoshida,
Hidenori Sasa, Hisaaki Kobayashi, Mitsunao Kobayashi (1994),
"Measurement characteristics of the ultrasound heart rate monitor",
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Engineering Advances:
New Opportunities for Biomedical Engineers. Proceedings of the 16th
International Conference of the IEEE Vol. 1, Issue 3-6 Nov Pg 670 - 671
[12] J.R. Singer (1980), "Blood Flow Measurements by NMR of the intact
body", IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-27, No. 3
[13] Hiroshi Kanai, Eiki Yamano, Kiyoshi Nakayama, Naoshige Kawamura,
Hiroshi Furuhata (1974), "Transcutaneous Blood Flow Measurement by
Electromagnetic Induction", IEEE Transaction on Biomedical
Engineering, Vol. BME-21, No. 2
[14] Khalil M. Khanafer, Prateek Gadhoke, Ramon Berguer and Joseph L.
Bull (2006), "Modeling pulsatile flow in aortic aneurysms: Effect of
non-Newtonian properties of blood", Biorheology, 43(5): 661-679
[15] Chee Teck Phua, Gaëlle Lissorgues, Bruno Mercier (2008), "Noninvasive
acquisition of Blood Pulse using magnetic disturbance
technique", International Conference on BioMedical Engineering
(ICBME2008)
[16] Y. Haik, V. Pai, and C. J. Chen (1999), ÔÇÿÔÇÿBiomagnetic fluid dynamics,--
in Fluid Dynamics at Interfaces, edited by W. Shyy and R. Narayanan
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 439-452
[17] T. Higashi, A. Yamagishi, T. Takeuchi, N. Kawaguchi, S. Sagawa, S.
Onishi, and M. Date (1993), "Orientation of erythrocytes in a strong
static magnetic field," J. Blood 82, 1328
[18] L. Pauling, and C. D. Coryell (1936), "The magnetic properties and
structure of hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and carbonmonoxy
hemoglobin," in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 22, 210
[19] M. Motta, Y. Haik, A. Gandhari, and C. J. Chen (1998), "High magnetic
field effects on human deoxygenated hemoglobin light absorption,"
Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 47, 297
[20] P.A. Voltairas, D.I. Fotiadis, and L.K. Michalis (2002), "Hydrodynamics
of Magnetic Drug Targeting," J. Biomech., vol. 35, pp. 813-821.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:54832", author = "Chee Teck Phua and Gaëlle Lissorgues", title = "Modeling of Pulsatile Blood Flow in a Weak Magnetic Field", abstract = "Blood pulse is an important human physiological signal commonly used for the understanding of the individual physical health. Current methods of non-invasive blood pulse sensing require direct contact or access to the human skin. As such, the performances of these devices tend to vary with time and are subjective to human body fluids (e.g. blood, perspiration and skin-oil) and environmental contaminants (e.g. mud, water, etc). This paper proposes a simulation model for the novel method of non-invasive acquisition of blood pulse using the disturbance created by blood flowing through a localized magnetic field. The simulation model geometry represents a blood vessel, a permanent magnet, a magnetic sensor, surrounding tissues and air in 2-dimensional. In this model, the velocity and pressure fields in the blood stream are described based on Navier-Stroke equations and the walls of the blood vessel are assumed to have no-slip condition. The blood assumes a parabolic profile considering a laminar flow for blood in major artery near the skin. And the inlet velocity follows a sinusoidal equation. This will allow the computational software to compute the interactions between the magnetic vector potential generated by the permanent magnet and the magnetic nanoparticles in the blood. These interactions are simulated based on Maxwell equations at the location where the magnetic sensor is placed. The simulated magnetic field at the sensor location is found to assume similar sinusoidal waveform characteristics as the inlet velocity of the blood. The amplitude of the simulated waveforms at the sensor location are compared with physical measurements on human subjects and found to be highly correlated.
", keywords = "Blood pulse, magnetic sensing, non-invasive measurement, magnetic disturbance.", volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "68-4", }
