Modeling Cost Structure for Assessment Production Cost of Algal - Biofue
Algae-based fuel are considered a promising sources
of clean energy, and because it has many advantages over traditional
biofuel, research and business ventures have driven into developing
and producing Algal-biofuel. But its production stages create a cost
structure that it is not competitive with traditional fuels. Therefore,
cost becomes the main obstacle in commercial production purpose.
However, the present research which aims at using cost structure
model, and designed MS-Dose program, to investigate the a mount of
production cost and determined the parameter had great effect on it,
second to measured the amount of contribution rate of algae in
process the pollution by capturing Co2 from air . The result generated
from the model shows that the production cost of biomass is between
$0.137 /kg for 100 ha and $0.132 /kg for 500 ha which was less than
cost of other studies, while gallon costs between $3.4 - 3.5, more
than traditional sources of oil about $1 ,which regarded as a rate of
contribution of algal in capturing CO2 from air.
[1] International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook ,China and India
Insights. 1st Edn, International Energy Agency Publications; Paris,
France, ISBN-13:978-9264027305. ,2007.
[2] nternational Energy Agency " From 1st -2nd -Generation Biofuel
Technologies. An overview of current industry and RD&D activities"
OECD/IEA, November. 2008.
[3] Antoni, D., V.V. Zverlov and W.H. Schwarz" Biofuels from microbes"
Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol., 77: 23-35 , 2007.
[4] Tim Studt" Algae promises Biofuel Solution , Increasing investments
support microalgae research to solve biofuel process and productivity
issues "Laboratory Equipment, Chromatography Techniques
http://www. Laboratoryequipment .com /article-cov-Algae-promises -
Biofuel-Solutions-0310.aspx, 2010
[5] GBEP " Algal-based biofuels : A Review of Challenges and
Opportunities for Developing Countries" May 2009.
[6] NREL/TP-580-24190. U.S. Department of Energy-s Aquatic Species
Program: Biodiesel from Algae National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
NREL/TP-580-24190, U.S. Department of Energy-s, Office of Fuels
Development.1998.
[7] Ben-Amotz, A., T.G. Tornabene and W.H. Thomas " Chemical profile
of selected species of macroalgae with emphasis on lipids " J. Phycol.,
21: 72-81.Sheehan, J., T. Dunahay, J. 1985.
[8] Benemann, J., J. Sheehan, P. Roessler and T. Dunahay. A Look Back at
the U.S. Department of Energy-s Aquatic Species Program" Biodiesel
from Algae" National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, July,
p: 328.1998.
[9] Banerjee, A., R. Sharma, Y. Chisti and U.C. Banerjee, <I>Botryococcus
braunii</I> " A renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals"
Crit Rev Biotechnol, 22: 245-279, 2002.
[10] Metzger, P. and C. Largeau, <I>Botryococcus brauni i</I>" A rich
source for hydrocarbons and related ether lipids" Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., 66: 486-496, 2005.
[11] Xu, H. X. Miao and Q. Wu, " High quality biodiesel production from a
microalgae " <I>Chlorella protothecoides </I> by heterotrophic growth
in fermenters. J. Biotechnol., 126: 499-507. 2006
[12] Kishimoto, M., T. Okakura, H. Nagashima, T. Minowa, S. Yokoyama
and K. Yamaberi, " CO2 fixation and oil production using micro-algae"
J. Ferment. Bioeng.,78: 479-482, 1994
[13] Tsukahara, K. and S. Sawayama "Liquid fuel production using
microalgae " J. Japan Petrol. Inst., 48: 251-259,2005
[14] Valenzuela-Espinoza, E., R. Millan-Nunez and F. Nunez-Cebrero "
Protein, carbohydrate, lipid and chlorophyll alpha content in Isochrysis
aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) cultured with a low cost alternative to the f/2
medium " Aquacult. Eng., 25: 207-216,2002.
Negoro, M., N. Shioji, K. Miyamoto and Y. Miura," Growth of
microalgae in high CO2 gas and effects of sox and nox " Appl.
Biochem. Biotechnol., 28-29: 877-886.1991.
[15] Hu,Q., M. Sommerfeld, E. Jarvis, M. Ghirardi, M. Posewitz, M . Seibert
and A. Darzins, " Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel
production: perspectives and advances" Plant J., 54: 621-639. 2008.
[16] Kyle D.J., Gladue RM., "Eicosapentaenoic acids and methods for their
production. International patent application" patent cooperation treaty
publication WO 91/14427, 3 October,1991.
[17] Zittelli, G.C., Rodolfi,L., Biondi, N., and Tredici ,M,R., "
Productivity and photosynthetic efficiency of outdoor cultures of
Tetraselmis suecica in annular columns" Aquaculture 261, ,pp. 932-943.
2006.
[18] Christi, Y. ," Biodiesel from microalgae" Biotechnology Advance,
25:294-306. 2007.
[19] Brown, M.R., G.A. Dunstan, S.J. Norwood and K.A. Miller, "
Effects of harvested stage and light on the biochemical composition of
the diatom" <I>Thalassiosira pseudonana</I>. J. Phycol., 32: 64-
73.1996.
[20] Ramachandra T.V, Mahapatra D.M, Karthick B, Richard Gordon, "
Milking Diatoms for Sustainable Energy: Biochemical Engineering
versus Gasoline-Secreting Diatom Solar Panels " Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res.48, 8769-8788. 2009.
[21] Fisher, R.A., " The Design of Experiments " Oliver and Boyd,
Edinburgh and London, pp: 248. 1953.
[22] Fisher, A.W., " Engineering for Algae Culture" Solar Energy Research.
University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.1955.
[23] Benemann, J., B. Koopman, J.C. Weissman, D.M. Eiseberg and W.J.
Oswald, " Cultivation on sewage of microalgae harvestable by
microstrainers" ( contract Nos, W-74-05 EnG-48 and E-(04-3)-34).
Prepared for US Energy Research and Development
Administration.1977.
[24] Beneman, J., " Industrial Biotechnology and Bioprocessing" 5th Annual
World Congress on Industrial Biotechnology. Chicago, April 30, 2008.
[25] Mohn, F.H.," Harvesting of Micro-algal Biomass" Cambridge
University Press, Cambrige, pp: 357-394.1988
[26] Suzuki, T., T. Matsuo, K. Ohtaguchi and K. Koide," Gas-sparged
bioreactors for CO2 fixiation" by <I>Dunaliella tetiolecta</I>. J.
Chimica Technol. Biotechnol., 62: 351-358.1995.
[27] Moreno, J., M.A. Vargas, H. Rodriguez and M.G. Guerrero, " Outdoor
cultivation of a nitrogen-fixing marine cyan bacterium" Anabaena sp.
ATCC 33047. Biomol. Engin., 20: 191-197,2003.
[28] Benmann, J.R., R.P. Goebel, J.C. Weissman and D.C. Augenstein,
"Microalgae as asource of liquid fuels " Report to DOE office of energy
Research , 1-17.1982
[29] Moheimani, N.R., " The culture of coccolithophorid algae for carbon
dioxide bioremediation" Ph. D. Thesis, Murdoch University, Australia,
2005.
[30] Borowitzka, M.A., " Algal biotechnology products and processmatching
sciences and economics " J. Appl. Phycol., 4: 267-279. 1992.
[31] Van Harmelen, T. and H. Oonk, " Microalgae biofixation processes:
Applications and potential contributions to greenhouse gas mitigation
options microalgae biofixation processes: Applications and potential
mitigation options" International Network on Biofixation of
CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Abatement with Microalgae,
pp:1-47.2006.
[32] Brown , P., " Algal Biofuels Research, Development, and
Commercialization Priorities: A Commercial Economics Perspective"
,2009.http://www.epoverviews.com/oca/Algae%20Biofuel%20
Development %20Priorities%20.pdf.
[33] Backer, E.W. and L.V. Venkatamaran, " Production and Processing of
Algae in Pilot Plant Scale" Experiences of the Indo-German Project. In:
Algae Biomass: Production and Use, Schelef, G. and C.J. Soeder (Eds.),
Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical press, Amsterdam, pp: 35-50.1980.
[34] Richmond, A., "Phototrophic Microalgae" In : Biotechnolology, Rehm,
H.J., G. Reed and H. Dallweg (Eds.), Verlag Chemie, Weinheim,
pp:109-144.1983.
[35] Kawaguchi, K., " Microalgae Production Systems in Asia. In: Algae
Biomass Production and Use" Shelef, G. and C.J. Soeder (Eds.).
Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp: 25-33.1980.
[36] Jassby, A., "Spirulina: A Model for Microalgae as Human Food" In:
Algae and human Affairs, Lembi, C.A. and J.R. Waaland (Eds.).
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, pp: 149-179.1988.
[37] Regan, D.L. and G. Gartside, " Liquid Fuels from Micro-algae in
Australia" CSIRO, Publishing, Australia, pp: 55.1983
[38] Fulks, W. and K.L. Main, " Rotifer and microalgae culture systems"
Proceedings of the U.S.-Asia Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, Jan. 28-31,
Argent Laboratories, pp: 364.1991.
[1] International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook ,China and India
Insights. 1st Edn, International Energy Agency Publications; Paris,
France, ISBN-13:978-9264027305. ,2007.
[2] nternational Energy Agency " From 1st -2nd -Generation Biofuel
Technologies. An overview of current industry and RD&D activities"
OECD/IEA, November. 2008.
[3] Antoni, D., V.V. Zverlov and W.H. Schwarz" Biofuels from microbes"
Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol., 77: 23-35 , 2007.
[4] Tim Studt" Algae promises Biofuel Solution , Increasing investments
support microalgae research to solve biofuel process and productivity
issues "Laboratory Equipment, Chromatography Techniques
http://www. Laboratoryequipment .com /article-cov-Algae-promises -
Biofuel-Solutions-0310.aspx, 2010
[5] GBEP " Algal-based biofuels : A Review of Challenges and
Opportunities for Developing Countries" May 2009.
[6] NREL/TP-580-24190. U.S. Department of Energy-s Aquatic Species
Program: Biodiesel from Algae National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
NREL/TP-580-24190, U.S. Department of Energy-s, Office of Fuels
Development.1998.
[7] Ben-Amotz, A., T.G. Tornabene and W.H. Thomas " Chemical profile
of selected species of macroalgae with emphasis on lipids " J. Phycol.,
21: 72-81.Sheehan, J., T. Dunahay, J. 1985.
[8] Benemann, J., J. Sheehan, P. Roessler and T. Dunahay. A Look Back at
the U.S. Department of Energy-s Aquatic Species Program" Biodiesel
from Algae" National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, July,
p: 328.1998.
[9] Banerjee, A., R. Sharma, Y. Chisti and U.C. Banerjee, <I>Botryococcus
braunii</I> " A renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals"
Crit Rev Biotechnol, 22: 245-279, 2002.
[10] Metzger, P. and C. Largeau, <I>Botryococcus brauni i</I>" A rich
source for hydrocarbons and related ether lipids" Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., 66: 486-496, 2005.
[11] Xu, H. X. Miao and Q. Wu, " High quality biodiesel production from a
microalgae " <I>Chlorella protothecoides </I> by heterotrophic growth
in fermenters. J. Biotechnol., 126: 499-507. 2006
[12] Kishimoto, M., T. Okakura, H. Nagashima, T. Minowa, S. Yokoyama
and K. Yamaberi, " CO2 fixation and oil production using micro-algae"
J. Ferment. Bioeng.,78: 479-482, 1994
[13] Tsukahara, K. and S. Sawayama "Liquid fuel production using
microalgae " J. Japan Petrol. Inst., 48: 251-259,2005
[14] Valenzuela-Espinoza, E., R. Millan-Nunez and F. Nunez-Cebrero "
Protein, carbohydrate, lipid and chlorophyll alpha content in Isochrysis
aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) cultured with a low cost alternative to the f/2
medium " Aquacult. Eng., 25: 207-216,2002.
Negoro, M., N. Shioji, K. Miyamoto and Y. Miura," Growth of
microalgae in high CO2 gas and effects of sox and nox " Appl.
Biochem. Biotechnol., 28-29: 877-886.1991.
[15] Hu,Q., M. Sommerfeld, E. Jarvis, M. Ghirardi, M. Posewitz, M . Seibert
and A. Darzins, " Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel
production: perspectives and advances" Plant J., 54: 621-639. 2008.
[16] Kyle D.J., Gladue RM., "Eicosapentaenoic acids and methods for their
production. International patent application" patent cooperation treaty
publication WO 91/14427, 3 October,1991.
[17] Zittelli, G.C., Rodolfi,L., Biondi, N., and Tredici ,M,R., "
Productivity and photosynthetic efficiency of outdoor cultures of
Tetraselmis suecica in annular columns" Aquaculture 261, ,pp. 932-943.
2006.
[18] Christi, Y. ," Biodiesel from microalgae" Biotechnology Advance,
25:294-306. 2007.
[19] Brown, M.R., G.A. Dunstan, S.J. Norwood and K.A. Miller, "
Effects of harvested stage and light on the biochemical composition of
the diatom" <I>Thalassiosira pseudonana</I>. J. Phycol., 32: 64-
73.1996.
[20] Ramachandra T.V, Mahapatra D.M, Karthick B, Richard Gordon, "
Milking Diatoms for Sustainable Energy: Biochemical Engineering
versus Gasoline-Secreting Diatom Solar Panels " Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res.48, 8769-8788. 2009.
[21] Fisher, R.A., " The Design of Experiments " Oliver and Boyd,
Edinburgh and London, pp: 248. 1953.
[22] Fisher, A.W., " Engineering for Algae Culture" Solar Energy Research.
University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.1955.
[23] Benemann, J., B. Koopman, J.C. Weissman, D.M. Eiseberg and W.J.
Oswald, " Cultivation on sewage of microalgae harvestable by
microstrainers" ( contract Nos, W-74-05 EnG-48 and E-(04-3)-34).
Prepared for US Energy Research and Development
Administration.1977.
[24] Beneman, J., " Industrial Biotechnology and Bioprocessing" 5th Annual
World Congress on Industrial Biotechnology. Chicago, April 30, 2008.
[25] Mohn, F.H.," Harvesting of Micro-algal Biomass" Cambridge
University Press, Cambrige, pp: 357-394.1988
[26] Suzuki, T., T. Matsuo, K. Ohtaguchi and K. Koide," Gas-sparged
bioreactors for CO2 fixiation" by <I>Dunaliella tetiolecta</I>. J.
Chimica Technol. Biotechnol., 62: 351-358.1995.
[27] Moreno, J., M.A. Vargas, H. Rodriguez and M.G. Guerrero, " Outdoor
cultivation of a nitrogen-fixing marine cyan bacterium" Anabaena sp.
ATCC 33047. Biomol. Engin., 20: 191-197,2003.
[28] Benmann, J.R., R.P. Goebel, J.C. Weissman and D.C. Augenstein,
"Microalgae as asource of liquid fuels " Report to DOE office of energy
Research , 1-17.1982
[29] Moheimani, N.R., " The culture of coccolithophorid algae for carbon
dioxide bioremediation" Ph. D. Thesis, Murdoch University, Australia,
2005.
[30] Borowitzka, M.A., " Algal biotechnology products and processmatching
sciences and economics " J. Appl. Phycol., 4: 267-279. 1992.
[31] Van Harmelen, T. and H. Oonk, " Microalgae biofixation processes:
Applications and potential contributions to greenhouse gas mitigation
options microalgae biofixation processes: Applications and potential
mitigation options" International Network on Biofixation of
CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Abatement with Microalgae,
pp:1-47.2006.
[32] Brown , P., " Algal Biofuels Research, Development, and
Commercialization Priorities: A Commercial Economics Perspective"
,2009.http://www.epoverviews.com/oca/Algae%20Biofuel%20
Development %20Priorities%20.pdf.
[33] Backer, E.W. and L.V. Venkatamaran, " Production and Processing of
Algae in Pilot Plant Scale" Experiences of the Indo-German Project. In:
Algae Biomass: Production and Use, Schelef, G. and C.J. Soeder (Eds.),
Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical press, Amsterdam, pp: 35-50.1980.
[34] Richmond, A., "Phototrophic Microalgae" In : Biotechnolology, Rehm,
H.J., G. Reed and H. Dallweg (Eds.), Verlag Chemie, Weinheim,
pp:109-144.1983.
[35] Kawaguchi, K., " Microalgae Production Systems in Asia. In: Algae
Biomass Production and Use" Shelef, G. and C.J. Soeder (Eds.).
Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp: 25-33.1980.
[36] Jassby, A., "Spirulina: A Model for Microalgae as Human Food" In:
Algae and human Affairs, Lembi, C.A. and J.R. Waaland (Eds.).
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, pp: 149-179.1988.
[37] Regan, D.L. and G. Gartside, " Liquid Fuels from Micro-algae in
Australia" CSIRO, Publishing, Australia, pp: 55.1983
[38] Fulks, W. and K.L. Main, " Rotifer and microalgae culture systems"
Proceedings of the U.S.-Asia Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, Jan. 28-31,
Argent Laboratories, pp: 364.1991.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:49795", author = "A. Eman Mohammed", title = "Modeling Cost Structure for Assessment Production Cost of Algal - Biofue", abstract = "Algae-based fuel are considered a promising sources
of clean energy, and because it has many advantages over traditional
biofuel, research and business ventures have driven into developing
and producing Algal-biofuel. But its production stages create a cost
structure that it is not competitive with traditional fuels. Therefore,
cost becomes the main obstacle in commercial production purpose.
However, the present research which aims at using cost structure
model, and designed MS-Dose program, to investigate the a mount of
production cost and determined the parameter had great effect on it,
second to measured the amount of contribution rate of algae in
process the pollution by capturing Co2 from air . The result generated
from the model shows that the production cost of biomass is between
$0.137 /kg for 100 ha and $0.132 /kg for 500 ha which was less than
cost of other studies, while gallon costs between $3.4 - 3.5, more
than traditional sources of oil about $1 ,which regarded as a rate of
contribution of algal in capturing CO2 from air.", keywords = "Cost Structure Model, Operation Costs(Production
Cost), Capital Costs, Algae.", volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "548-8", }
