Microbiological Contamination of Outdoor Air in Marine Durres's Harbour, Albania
Microbial air contamination of the outdoor air in Marine Durres-s Harbour (Durres, Albania) was estimated by sedimentation technique in August-October 2008. The sampling areas were: Ferry Terminal (FT), Fishery Harbor (FH), East Zone (EZ), Fuel Quay (FQ) and Apollonian Beach (AB). The aim of this study was to measure the number of aerobic plate count (mesophilic aerobic bacteria) and fungi (yeasts and molds) in the outdoor air in these areas. The number of colonies that were formed determines the number of cells at the moment in the outdoor air; respectively the number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeasts and molds. The measure of bacteria and fungi used is CFU (Colony Forming Units) per Petri dish. It is said that marine harbours are very polluted areas. The aim of study was the definition of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeasts and molds number, and the comparison of microorganisms number in air sampling areas.
[1] Dowd S.C., Maier R. M. Aeromicrobiology. In: Environmental
Microbiology, R. M Maier., I. L Pepper., C.P Gerba. (ed.), Academic
Press, San Diego 1999
[2] Gutarowska B., Jakubowska A. The estimation of moulds air pollution
in university settings. In: Problems of indoor air quality in PolandÔÇÿ2001,
103-112, ed. T. J─Ödrzejewska-Ścibak, J. Sowa, Publishing House of
Warsaw University of Technology. Warsaw 2001, (In Polish);
[3] D-Amato G., Liccardi G., Russo M., D-Amato M. On the
interrelationship between outdoor air pollution and respiratory allergy.
Aerobiologia 16, 1, 2000
[4] Madigan, M.T., Martinko J. M., Parker, J., Brock, Biology of
Microorganism, Eighth Edition, U.S.A., 1996, ISBN 0-13-520875-0,
http:// prenhall.com; pp.911-12,930-31, 946, 982-84, 786-96
[5] Kurup V. P., Shen H. D., Vijah H. Immunobiology of Fungal Allergens.
Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 129, 181, 2002
[6] Wong G. W. K., Lai C.K.W. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Curr.
Opin. Pulm. Med. 10(1), 62, 2004.
[7] Corden J.M., Stepalska D., Stach A,. Milington W. M., Jackson F.A.,
Myszkowska D., Jozefiak M., . Sensational variation in Alternaria
spores concentration in three European cities, Derby, UK, Cracow and
Poznan, Pl (1995-2002). TESA Third European Symposium on
Aerobiology, Proceedings 19, 2003
[8] Akerman M., Valentine-Maher S., Rao M., Taningco G., Khan P.,
Tuysugoglu G., Joks R., Allergen Sensitivity and Asthma Severity at an
Inner City Asthma Center. J. Asthma 40(1), 55, 2003
[9] Mitakakis T., O-Meara T.J., Tovey E.R. The effect of sunlight on
allergen release from spores of the fungus Alternaria. Grana 42, 43,
2003
[10] Mitakakis T., Clift A., McGee P.A. The effect of local cropping
activities and weather on the airborne concentration of allergenic
Alternaria spores in rural Australia. Grana 40, 230, 2001
[11] Lin W. H., Li C.S. Association of Fungal Aerosols, Air Pollutants, and
Meteorological Factors. Aerosol Science and Technology 32, 359, 2000
[12] Flannigan B. Microbial Aerosols in Buildings: Origins, Health
Implications and Controls. Proceedings of the III International Scientific
Conference: Microbial Biodegradation and Biodeterioration of
Technical Materials, 11-27, Ł├│d┼║, Poland, 2001
[13] California Air Resources Board. Diesel Risk Reduction Plan, Oct 2000
[14] Pandya, R.J., Solomon, G.M., Kinner, A., Balmes, J.R.: "Diesel exhaust
and asthma: Hypotheses and molecular mechanisms of action." Environ
Health Perspect 110 (Suppl 1): 103-112, 2002
[15] Karwowska E. Microbiological Air Contamination in Some Educational
Settings. Polish J. Environ. Studies 12(2), 181, 2003
[16] Rojas T.I, Martinez E., Gomez Y., Alvarado Y. Airborne spores of
Aspergillus species in cultural institutions at Havana University. Grana
41, 190, 2002.
[17] www.apdurres.com.al Autoriteti Portual
[18] Sveum, W. H.; Moberg, L.J.; Rude, R.; Frank, J. F. Microbiological
monitoring of the food processing environment. In: Vanderzant, C.;
Splittstoeser , D.F. (eds). Compendium of Methods for the
Microbiological Examination of Foods. 3rd APHA, Chapter: 3, 1992, p.
51-75
[19] USP 23-NF 18. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.
Microbiological evaluation of clean rooms and other controlled
environments. Pharmacopeial Forum 1997; 23: 5269-5295
[20] Hysko M., Manual of Microbiology, SHBLU Publishing Company,
Tirana 2007, ISBN 99927-996-1-7; pp. 93-106; 240-241 (In Albanian)
[21] Whyte W. Sterility assurance and models for assessing bacterial
contamination. J Parenter Sc Technol 1995; 40: 188-197
[22] European Good Manufacturing Practices (EU GMP). Guide to
Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products, 1997.
[23] Ren, T., J.,; Frank, F., J., Measurement of airborne contamination in two
commercial ice cream plants, J. Food Protect., 55; 43-47; 1992b.
[24] Koni M.; Biostatistic, SHBLU Publishing Company, Tirana 2005;
ISBN: 99927-845-8-X, pp.36-50,155-200
[25] Strum, Robert D., and Donald E. Kirk, First Principles of Discrete
Systems and Digital Signal Processing, reading, Mass,: Addison-wesley
Publishing Company,1988
[26] Heldman, D.R. Factors influencing air-borne contamination of foods: A.
Review, J. Food Sci., 39: 962-969, 1974
[27] Koneman, E. W., Allen, S. D., Janda, W. M., Schreckenberger, P. C., &
Winn, W. C. (1997). Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic
microbiology (1395 pp., 5th edn.) Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott
[1] Dowd S.C., Maier R. M. Aeromicrobiology. In: Environmental
Microbiology, R. M Maier., I. L Pepper., C.P Gerba. (ed.), Academic
Press, San Diego 1999
[2] Gutarowska B., Jakubowska A. The estimation of moulds air pollution
in university settings. In: Problems of indoor air quality in PolandÔÇÿ2001,
103-112, ed. T. J─Ödrzejewska-Ścibak, J. Sowa, Publishing House of
Warsaw University of Technology. Warsaw 2001, (In Polish);
[3] D-Amato G., Liccardi G., Russo M., D-Amato M. On the
interrelationship between outdoor air pollution and respiratory allergy.
Aerobiologia 16, 1, 2000
[4] Madigan, M.T., Martinko J. M., Parker, J., Brock, Biology of
Microorganism, Eighth Edition, U.S.A., 1996, ISBN 0-13-520875-0,
http:// prenhall.com; pp.911-12,930-31, 946, 982-84, 786-96
[5] Kurup V. P., Shen H. D., Vijah H. Immunobiology of Fungal Allergens.
Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 129, 181, 2002
[6] Wong G. W. K., Lai C.K.W. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Curr.
Opin. Pulm. Med. 10(1), 62, 2004.
[7] Corden J.M., Stepalska D., Stach A,. Milington W. M., Jackson F.A.,
Myszkowska D., Jozefiak M., . Sensational variation in Alternaria
spores concentration in three European cities, Derby, UK, Cracow and
Poznan, Pl (1995-2002). TESA Third European Symposium on
Aerobiology, Proceedings 19, 2003
[8] Akerman M., Valentine-Maher S., Rao M., Taningco G., Khan P.,
Tuysugoglu G., Joks R., Allergen Sensitivity and Asthma Severity at an
Inner City Asthma Center. J. Asthma 40(1), 55, 2003
[9] Mitakakis T., O-Meara T.J., Tovey E.R. The effect of sunlight on
allergen release from spores of the fungus Alternaria. Grana 42, 43,
2003
[10] Mitakakis T., Clift A., McGee P.A. The effect of local cropping
activities and weather on the airborne concentration of allergenic
Alternaria spores in rural Australia. Grana 40, 230, 2001
[11] Lin W. H., Li C.S. Association of Fungal Aerosols, Air Pollutants, and
Meteorological Factors. Aerosol Science and Technology 32, 359, 2000
[12] Flannigan B. Microbial Aerosols in Buildings: Origins, Health
Implications and Controls. Proceedings of the III International Scientific
Conference: Microbial Biodegradation and Biodeterioration of
Technical Materials, 11-27, Ł├│d┼║, Poland, 2001
[13] California Air Resources Board. Diesel Risk Reduction Plan, Oct 2000
[14] Pandya, R.J., Solomon, G.M., Kinner, A., Balmes, J.R.: "Diesel exhaust
and asthma: Hypotheses and molecular mechanisms of action." Environ
Health Perspect 110 (Suppl 1): 103-112, 2002
[15] Karwowska E. Microbiological Air Contamination in Some Educational
Settings. Polish J. Environ. Studies 12(2), 181, 2003
[16] Rojas T.I, Martinez E., Gomez Y., Alvarado Y. Airborne spores of
Aspergillus species in cultural institutions at Havana University. Grana
41, 190, 2002.
[17] www.apdurres.com.al Autoriteti Portual
[18] Sveum, W. H.; Moberg, L.J.; Rude, R.; Frank, J. F. Microbiological
monitoring of the food processing environment. In: Vanderzant, C.;
Splittstoeser , D.F. (eds). Compendium of Methods for the
Microbiological Examination of Foods. 3rd APHA, Chapter: 3, 1992, p.
51-75
[19] USP 23-NF 18. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.
Microbiological evaluation of clean rooms and other controlled
environments. Pharmacopeial Forum 1997; 23: 5269-5295
[20] Hysko M., Manual of Microbiology, SHBLU Publishing Company,
Tirana 2007, ISBN 99927-996-1-7; pp. 93-106; 240-241 (In Albanian)
[21] Whyte W. Sterility assurance and models for assessing bacterial
contamination. J Parenter Sc Technol 1995; 40: 188-197
[22] European Good Manufacturing Practices (EU GMP). Guide to
Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products, 1997.
[23] Ren, T., J.,; Frank, F., J., Measurement of airborne contamination in two
commercial ice cream plants, J. Food Protect., 55; 43-47; 1992b.
[24] Koni M.; Biostatistic, SHBLU Publishing Company, Tirana 2005;
ISBN: 99927-845-8-X, pp.36-50,155-200
[25] Strum, Robert D., and Donald E. Kirk, First Principles of Discrete
Systems and Digital Signal Processing, reading, Mass,: Addison-wesley
Publishing Company,1988
[26] Heldman, D.R. Factors influencing air-borne contamination of foods: A.
Review, J. Food Sci., 39: 962-969, 1974
[27] Koneman, E. W., Allen, S. D., Janda, W. M., Schreckenberger, P. C., &
Winn, W. C. (1997). Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic
microbiology (1395 pp., 5th edn.) Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:64664", author = "Laura Gjyli and Pirro Prifti and Lindita Mukli and Silvana Gjyli and Irida Ikonomi and Jerina Kolitari", title = "Microbiological Contamination of Outdoor Air in Marine Durres's Harbour, Albania", abstract = "Microbial air contamination of the outdoor air in Marine Durres-s Harbour (Durres, Albania) was estimated by sedimentation technique in August-October 2008. The sampling areas were: Ferry Terminal (FT), Fishery Harbor (FH), East Zone (EZ), Fuel Quay (FQ) and Apollonian Beach (AB). The aim of this study was to measure the number of aerobic plate count (mesophilic aerobic bacteria) and fungi (yeasts and molds) in the outdoor air in these areas. The number of colonies that were formed determines the number of cells at the moment in the outdoor air; respectively the number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeasts and molds. The measure of bacteria and fungi used is CFU (Colony Forming Units) per Petri dish. It is said that marine harbours are very polluted areas. The aim of study was the definition of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeasts and molds number, and the comparison of microorganisms number in air sampling areas.
", keywords = "Air microbiology, colony forming units, Marine Durres's Harbour, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, outdoor air, yeasts and molds.", volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "283-6", }
