Mechanisms of Organic Contaminants Uptake and Degradation in Plants
As a result of urbanization, the unpredictable growth of industry and transport, production of chemicals, military activities, etc. the concentration of anthropogenic toxicants spread in nature exceeds all the permissible standards. Most dangerous among these contaminants are organic compounds having great persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity along with our awareness of their prominent occurrence in the environment and food chain. Among natural ecological tools, plants still occupying above 40% of the world land, until recently, were considered as organisms having only a limited ecological potential, accumulating in plant biomass and partially volatilizing contaminants of different structure. However, analysis of experimental data of the last two decades revealed the essential role of plants in environment remediation due to ability to carry out intracellular degradation processes leading to partial or complete decomposition of carbon skeleton of different structure contaminants. Though, phytoremediation technologies still are in research and development, their various applications have been successfully used. The paper aims to analyze mechanisms of organic contaminants uptake and detoxification in plants, being the less studied issue in evaluation and exploration of plants potential for environment remediation.
[1] Graham C, Ramsden JJ (2008) Introduction to global warming.
Complexity and Security. IOS press, 147-184.
[2] Tkhelidze P (1969) Oxidative transformation of benzene and
toluene in vine grapes (in Russian). Bull Georg Acad Sci 56: 697-
700.
[3] Kvesitadze G, Khatisashvili G, Sadunishvili T, Ramsden JJ (2006)
Mechanisms of detoxification: the basis of phytoremediation.
Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, 262p.
[4] Schönherr J, Bukovac MJ (1972) Penetration of stomata by liquids.
Dependence on surface tension, wettability, and stomatal
morphology. Plant Physiol 49: 813-823.
[5] Ugrekhelidze D, Durmishidze S (1980) The biosphere chemical
pollution and plant (in Georgian). Metsniereba, Tbilisi.
[6] Sandermann H (1994) Higher plant metabolism of xenobiotics: the
"green liver" concept. Pharmacogenetics 4: 225-241
[7] Sharma MP, Vanden Born WH (1970) Foliar penetration of
picloram and 2,4-D in aspen and balsam poplar. Weed Sci 18: 57-
65.
[8] Ugrekhelidze D (1976) Metabolism of exogenous alkanes and
aromatic hydrocarbons in plants (in Russian). Metsnieraba, Tbilisi
[9] Korte F, Kvesitadze G, Ugrekhelidze D, Gordeziani M,
Khatisashvili G, Buadze O, Zaalishvili G, Coulston F (2000)
Review: Organic toxicants and plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 47:
1-26.
[10] Ugrekhelidze D, Korte F, Kvesitadze G (1997) Uptake and
transformation of benzene and toluene by plant leaves. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 37: 24-28.
[11] Martinova E (1993) An ATP-dependent glutathione-S-conjugate
"export" pump in the vacuolar membrane of plants. Nature 364:
247-249.
[12] Coleman JOD, Mechteld MA, Kalff B, Davies TGE (1997)
Detoxification of xenobiotics in plants: chemical modification and
vacuolar compartmentalization. Trends Plant Sci 2: 144-151
[13] Sandermann H (1987) Pestizid-Rückstände in Nahrungspflanzen.
Die Rolle des pflanzlichen Metabolismus. Naturwissenschaften 74:
573-578.
[14] Eckardt NA (2001) Move it on out with MATEs. Plant Cell 13:
1477-1480.
[15] Betsiashvili M., Sadunishvili T., Amashukeli N., Tsulukidze N.,
Shapovalova N., Dzamukashvili N., Nutsubidze N. Effect of
aromatic hydrocarbons on main metabolic and energetic enzymes
in maize, ryegrass and kidney bean seedlings. Bull. Georgian
Acad. Sci, 2004, vol. 170, No 1, 172-174.
[16] Chrikishvili D, Sadunishvili T, Zaalishvili G (2006) Benzoic acid
transformation via conjugation with peptides and final fate of
conjugates in higher plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 64, 3, 390-399.
[17] Robineau T, Batard Y, Nedelkina S, Cabello-Hurtado F, LeRet M,
Sorokine O, Didierjean L, Werck-Reichhart D (1998) The
chemically inducible plant cytochrome P450 CYP76B1 actively
metabolizes phenylureas and other xenobiotics. Plant Physiol 118:
1049-1056
[18] Hansikova H, Frei E, Anzenbacher P, Stiborova M (1994) Isolation
of plant cytochrome P450 and NADPH:cytochrome P450-
reductase from tulip bulbs (Tulipa fosteriana). Gen Physiol
Biophys, 13: 149-169
[19] Schuler MA (1996) Plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Crit
Rev Plant Sci 15: 235-284.
[20] Morant M, Bak S, Moller BL, Werck-Reichhart D (2003) Plant
cytochromes P450: tools for pharmacology, plant protection and
phytoremediation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2: 151-162.
[21] Fonné-Pfister R, Kreuz K (1990) Ring-methyl hydroxylation of
chlortoluron by an inducible cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme
from maize. Phytochemistry 9: 2793-2804.
[22] Mougin C, Cabanne F, Canivenc M-C, Scalla R (1990)
Hydroxylation and N-demethylation of chlortoluron by wheat
microsomal enzymes. Plant Sci 66: 195-203.
[23] Didierjean L, Gondet L, Perkins R, Lau S-MC, Schaller
H, O'Keefe DP, Werck-Reichhart D (2002) Engineering herbicide
metabolism in tobacco and Arabidopsis with CYP76B1, a
cytochrome P450 enzyme from Jerusalem artichoke. Plant Physiol
130: 179-189.
[24] Stiborova M, Anzenbacher P (1991) What are the principal
enzymes oxidizing the xenobiotics in plants: cytochrome P-450 or
peroxidase? Gen Physiol 10: 209-216.
[25] Shinohara A, Kamataki T, Ichimura Y, Opochi H, Okuda K, Kato
R (1984) Drug oxidation activities of horse-redish peroxidase,
myoglobin and cytochrome P-450cam reconstituted with synthetic
hemes. Jap J Pharmacol 45: 107-114.
[26] Wilson L. Williamson T. Gronowski J, Gentile GI, Gentile JM
(1994) Characterization of 4-nitro-o-phenylendiamine activities by
plant systems. Mutation Res 307: 185-193.
[27] Laurent FMG (1994) Chloroaniline peroxidation by soybean
peroxidases. Pestic Sci 40: 25- 30.
[28] Adamia G, Ghoghoberidze M, Graves D, Khatisashvili G,
Kvesitadze G, Lomidze E, Ugrekhelidze D, Zaalishvili G (2006)
Absorption, distribution and transformation of TNT in higher
plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 64, 136-145.
[29] Sánches-Ferrer A, Rodrígez-López JN, García-Cánovas F, García-
Carmona F (1994) Tyrosinase: a comprehensive review of its
mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1247: 1-11.
[30] Rodrígez-López JN, Tudela J, Varón R, Fenoll LG, García-
Carmona F, García-Cánovas F (1992) Analysis of a kinetic model
for melanin biosynthesis pathway. J Biol Chem 267: 3801-3810.
[31] Guillén F, Mart├¢nez MJ, Mu├▒oz C, Mart├¢nez AT (1997) Quinone
redox cycling in the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii leading
to extracellular production of superoxide anion radical. Arch
Biochem Biophys 339: 190-199.
[32] Guillén F, G├│mez-Toribio V, Mart├¢nez MJ, Mart├¢nez AT (2000)
Production of hydroxyl radical by the synergistic action of fungal
laccase and aryl alcohol oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 382: 142-
147.
[33] Ugrekhelidze D, Phiriashvili V, Mithaishvili T (1986) Uptake of
salicylic acid and aniline by pea roots (in Russian). Fiziol Rast
(Moscow) 33: 165-170.
[34] Colombo JC, Cabello MN, Arambarri AM (1996) Biodegradation
of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by natural soil microflora
and pure culture of imperfect and ligninolytic fungi. Environ Pollut
94: 355-362.
[35] Niku-Paavola ML, Viikari L (2000) Enzymatic oxidation of
alkenes. J Mol Cat 10: 435-444.
[36] Collins PJ, Dobson ADW (1997) Regulation of laccase gene
transcription in Trametes versicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:
3444-3450.
[37] Johannes C, Majcherczyk A (2000) Natural mediators in the
oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by laccase mediator
systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 524-528.
[38] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D (1968) Absorption and conversion
of butane by higher plants (in Russian). Dokladi Akademii Nauk
SSSR 182: 214-216
[39] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D (1968). Oxidation of ethane,
propane and pentane by higher plants (in Russian). Bull Georg
Acad Sci 50: 661-666
[40] Cassagne C, Lessire R (1975) Studies on alkane biosynthesis in
epidermis of Allium porrum L. leaves. 4. Wax movement into and
out of the epidermal cells. Plant Sci Lett S5: 261-266
[41] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D, Djikiya A (1974) Absorption and
transformation of benzene by higher plants (in Russian).
Fiziologiya i Biochimiya Kulturnikh Rastenii 6: 217-221.
[42] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D, Djikiya A (1974) Absorption and
transformation of toluene by higher plants (in Russian). Appl
Biochem Microbiol 10: 673-676.
[43] Jansen EF, Olson AC (1969) Metabolism of carbon-14-labelled
benzene and toluene in avocado fruit. Plant Physiol 44: 786-791.
[44] Mithaishvili T, Scalla R, Ugrekhelidze D, Tsereteli B, Sadunishvili
T, Kvesitadze G (2005) Transformation of aromatic compounds in
plants grown in aseptic conditions. Z Naturforsch, 60, 97-102.
[45] Ugrekhelidze D, Kavtaradze L (1970) The question of metabolism
of ╬▒-naphthol in higher plants (in Russian). Bull Georg Acad Sci
57: 465-469.
[46] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D, Djikiya A, Tsevelidze D (1969)
The intermediate products of enzymatic oxidation of benzene and
phenol (in Russian). Dokladi Akademii Nauk SSSR 184: 466-469
[47] Durmishidze S, Djikiya A, Lomidze E (1979) Uptake and
transformation of benzidine by plants in sterile conditions (in
Russian). Dokladi Akademii Nauk SSSR 247: 244-247.
[48] Tateoka TN (1970) Studies on the catabolic pathway of
protocatechuic acid in mung bean seedlings. Bot Mag (Tokyo) 83:
49-54.
[49] Hawf LR, Behrens R (1974) Selectivity factors in the response of
plants to 2,4-D. Weed Sci 22: 245-249.
[50] Buadze O, Sadunishvili T, Kvesitadze G (1998) The effect of 1,2-
benzanthracene and 3,4-benzpyrene on the ultrastructure on maize
cells. Int Biodeterior Biodergad 41: 119-125.
[51] Zaalishvili G, Lomidze E, Buadze O, Sadunishvili T, Tkhelidze P,
Kvesitadze G (2000) Electron microscopic investigation of
benzidine effect on maize root tip cell ultrastructure, DNA
synthesis and calcium homeostasis. Int Biodeterior Biodergad 46:
133-140.
[52] Sargent JA, Blackman GE (1972) Studies on foliar penetration. 9.
Patterns of penetration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid into the
leaves of different species. J Exp Bot 23: 830-839.
[53] Li ZS, Szczypka M, Lu YP, Thiele DJ, Rea PA (1996) The yeast
cadmum factor protein (YCF1) is a vacuolar glutathione Sconjugate
pump. J Biol Chem 271: 6509-6517.
[54] Lu YP, Li ZS, Rea PA (1997) AtMPR1 gene of Arabidopsis
encodes a glutathione S-conjugate pump: isolation and functional
definition of a plant ATP-binding cassette transporter gene. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 8243-8248.
[55] Song WY, Sohn EJ, Martinoia E, Lee YJ, Yang Y-Y, Jasinski M,
Forestier C, Hwang I, Lee Y (2003) Engineering tolerance and
accumulation of lead and cadmium in transgenic plants. Nat
Biotechnol 21: 914-919.
[56] Peuke AD, Kopriva S, Rennenberg H (2004) Phytoremediation
with the help of transgenic trees. In: Phytoremediation:
environmental and molecular biological aspects. OECD
workshop, Hungary, Abstr, p 33Phytoremediation: environmental
and molecular biological aspects. OECD workshop, Hungary,
Abstr, p 27.
[57] Ohkawa H, Tsujii H, Ohkawa Y (1999) The use of cytochrome
P450 genes to introduce herbicide tolerance in crops: a review.
Pestic Sci 55: 867- 874.
[58] Hannink N, Rosser SJ, French CE, Basran A, Murray JA, Nicklin
S, Bruce NC (2001) Phytodetoxification of TNT by transgenic
plants expressing a bacterial nitroreductase. Nat Biotechnol 19:
1168-1172.
[59] Hannink N, Rosser SJ, Bruce NC (2002) Phytoremediaition of
explosives. Crit Rev Plant Sci 21: 511-538
[60] Tsao DT (2003) Phytoremediation. Advances in biochemical
engineering and biotechnology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New
York.
[61] Macek T, Macková M, Pavlíková D, Száková J, Truska M, Singh-
Cundy A, Kotraba P, Yancey N, Scouten WH (2002)
Accumulation of cadmium by transgenic tobacco. Acta
Biotechnologica 22: 101-106 .
[1] Graham C, Ramsden JJ (2008) Introduction to global warming.
Complexity and Security. IOS press, 147-184.
[2] Tkhelidze P (1969) Oxidative transformation of benzene and
toluene in vine grapes (in Russian). Bull Georg Acad Sci 56: 697-
700.
[3] Kvesitadze G, Khatisashvili G, Sadunishvili T, Ramsden JJ (2006)
Mechanisms of detoxification: the basis of phytoremediation.
Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, 262p.
[4] Schönherr J, Bukovac MJ (1972) Penetration of stomata by liquids.
Dependence on surface tension, wettability, and stomatal
morphology. Plant Physiol 49: 813-823.
[5] Ugrekhelidze D, Durmishidze S (1980) The biosphere chemical
pollution and plant (in Georgian). Metsniereba, Tbilisi.
[6] Sandermann H (1994) Higher plant metabolism of xenobiotics: the
"green liver" concept. Pharmacogenetics 4: 225-241
[7] Sharma MP, Vanden Born WH (1970) Foliar penetration of
picloram and 2,4-D in aspen and balsam poplar. Weed Sci 18: 57-
65.
[8] Ugrekhelidze D (1976) Metabolism of exogenous alkanes and
aromatic hydrocarbons in plants (in Russian). Metsnieraba, Tbilisi
[9] Korte F, Kvesitadze G, Ugrekhelidze D, Gordeziani M,
Khatisashvili G, Buadze O, Zaalishvili G, Coulston F (2000)
Review: Organic toxicants and plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 47:
1-26.
[10] Ugrekhelidze D, Korte F, Kvesitadze G (1997) Uptake and
transformation of benzene and toluene by plant leaves. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 37: 24-28.
[11] Martinova E (1993) An ATP-dependent glutathione-S-conjugate
"export" pump in the vacuolar membrane of plants. Nature 364:
247-249.
[12] Coleman JOD, Mechteld MA, Kalff B, Davies TGE (1997)
Detoxification of xenobiotics in plants: chemical modification and
vacuolar compartmentalization. Trends Plant Sci 2: 144-151
[13] Sandermann H (1987) Pestizid-Rückstände in Nahrungspflanzen.
Die Rolle des pflanzlichen Metabolismus. Naturwissenschaften 74:
573-578.
[14] Eckardt NA (2001) Move it on out with MATEs. Plant Cell 13:
1477-1480.
[15] Betsiashvili M., Sadunishvili T., Amashukeli N., Tsulukidze N.,
Shapovalova N., Dzamukashvili N., Nutsubidze N. Effect of
aromatic hydrocarbons on main metabolic and energetic enzymes
in maize, ryegrass and kidney bean seedlings. Bull. Georgian
Acad. Sci, 2004, vol. 170, No 1, 172-174.
[16] Chrikishvili D, Sadunishvili T, Zaalishvili G (2006) Benzoic acid
transformation via conjugation with peptides and final fate of
conjugates in higher plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 64, 3, 390-399.
[17] Robineau T, Batard Y, Nedelkina S, Cabello-Hurtado F, LeRet M,
Sorokine O, Didierjean L, Werck-Reichhart D (1998) The
chemically inducible plant cytochrome P450 CYP76B1 actively
metabolizes phenylureas and other xenobiotics. Plant Physiol 118:
1049-1056
[18] Hansikova H, Frei E, Anzenbacher P, Stiborova M (1994) Isolation
of plant cytochrome P450 and NADPH:cytochrome P450-
reductase from tulip bulbs (Tulipa fosteriana). Gen Physiol
Biophys, 13: 149-169
[19] Schuler MA (1996) Plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Crit
Rev Plant Sci 15: 235-284.
[20] Morant M, Bak S, Moller BL, Werck-Reichhart D (2003) Plant
cytochromes P450: tools for pharmacology, plant protection and
phytoremediation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2: 151-162.
[21] Fonné-Pfister R, Kreuz K (1990) Ring-methyl hydroxylation of
chlortoluron by an inducible cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme
from maize. Phytochemistry 9: 2793-2804.
[22] Mougin C, Cabanne F, Canivenc M-C, Scalla R (1990)
Hydroxylation and N-demethylation of chlortoluron by wheat
microsomal enzymes. Plant Sci 66: 195-203.
[23] Didierjean L, Gondet L, Perkins R, Lau S-MC, Schaller
H, O'Keefe DP, Werck-Reichhart D (2002) Engineering herbicide
metabolism in tobacco and Arabidopsis with CYP76B1, a
cytochrome P450 enzyme from Jerusalem artichoke. Plant Physiol
130: 179-189.
[24] Stiborova M, Anzenbacher P (1991) What are the principal
enzymes oxidizing the xenobiotics in plants: cytochrome P-450 or
peroxidase? Gen Physiol 10: 209-216.
[25] Shinohara A, Kamataki T, Ichimura Y, Opochi H, Okuda K, Kato
R (1984) Drug oxidation activities of horse-redish peroxidase,
myoglobin and cytochrome P-450cam reconstituted with synthetic
hemes. Jap J Pharmacol 45: 107-114.
[26] Wilson L. Williamson T. Gronowski J, Gentile GI, Gentile JM
(1994) Characterization of 4-nitro-o-phenylendiamine activities by
plant systems. Mutation Res 307: 185-193.
[27] Laurent FMG (1994) Chloroaniline peroxidation by soybean
peroxidases. Pestic Sci 40: 25- 30.
[28] Adamia G, Ghoghoberidze M, Graves D, Khatisashvili G,
Kvesitadze G, Lomidze E, Ugrekhelidze D, Zaalishvili G (2006)
Absorption, distribution and transformation of TNT in higher
plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 64, 136-145.
[29] Sánches-Ferrer A, Rodrígez-López JN, García-Cánovas F, García-
Carmona F (1994) Tyrosinase: a comprehensive review of its
mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1247: 1-11.
[30] Rodrígez-López JN, Tudela J, Varón R, Fenoll LG, García-
Carmona F, García-Cánovas F (1992) Analysis of a kinetic model
for melanin biosynthesis pathway. J Biol Chem 267: 3801-3810.
[31] Guillén F, Mart├¢nez MJ, Mu├▒oz C, Mart├¢nez AT (1997) Quinone
redox cycling in the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii leading
to extracellular production of superoxide anion radical. Arch
Biochem Biophys 339: 190-199.
[32] Guillén F, G├│mez-Toribio V, Mart├¢nez MJ, Mart├¢nez AT (2000)
Production of hydroxyl radical by the synergistic action of fungal
laccase and aryl alcohol oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 382: 142-
147.
[33] Ugrekhelidze D, Phiriashvili V, Mithaishvili T (1986) Uptake of
salicylic acid and aniline by pea roots (in Russian). Fiziol Rast
(Moscow) 33: 165-170.
[34] Colombo JC, Cabello MN, Arambarri AM (1996) Biodegradation
of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by natural soil microflora
and pure culture of imperfect and ligninolytic fungi. Environ Pollut
94: 355-362.
[35] Niku-Paavola ML, Viikari L (2000) Enzymatic oxidation of
alkenes. J Mol Cat 10: 435-444.
[36] Collins PJ, Dobson ADW (1997) Regulation of laccase gene
transcription in Trametes versicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:
3444-3450.
[37] Johannes C, Majcherczyk A (2000) Natural mediators in the
oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by laccase mediator
systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 524-528.
[38] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D (1968) Absorption and conversion
of butane by higher plants (in Russian). Dokladi Akademii Nauk
SSSR 182: 214-216
[39] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D (1968). Oxidation of ethane,
propane and pentane by higher plants (in Russian). Bull Georg
Acad Sci 50: 661-666
[40] Cassagne C, Lessire R (1975) Studies on alkane biosynthesis in
epidermis of Allium porrum L. leaves. 4. Wax movement into and
out of the epidermal cells. Plant Sci Lett S5: 261-266
[41] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D, Djikiya A (1974) Absorption and
transformation of benzene by higher plants (in Russian).
Fiziologiya i Biochimiya Kulturnikh Rastenii 6: 217-221.
[42] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D, Djikiya A (1974) Absorption and
transformation of toluene by higher plants (in Russian). Appl
Biochem Microbiol 10: 673-676.
[43] Jansen EF, Olson AC (1969) Metabolism of carbon-14-labelled
benzene and toluene in avocado fruit. Plant Physiol 44: 786-791.
[44] Mithaishvili T, Scalla R, Ugrekhelidze D, Tsereteli B, Sadunishvili
T, Kvesitadze G (2005) Transformation of aromatic compounds in
plants grown in aseptic conditions. Z Naturforsch, 60, 97-102.
[45] Ugrekhelidze D, Kavtaradze L (1970) The question of metabolism
of ╬▒-naphthol in higher plants (in Russian). Bull Georg Acad Sci
57: 465-469.
[46] Durmishidze S, Ugrekhelidze D, Djikiya A, Tsevelidze D (1969)
The intermediate products of enzymatic oxidation of benzene and
phenol (in Russian). Dokladi Akademii Nauk SSSR 184: 466-469
[47] Durmishidze S, Djikiya A, Lomidze E (1979) Uptake and
transformation of benzidine by plants in sterile conditions (in
Russian). Dokladi Akademii Nauk SSSR 247: 244-247.
[48] Tateoka TN (1970) Studies on the catabolic pathway of
protocatechuic acid in mung bean seedlings. Bot Mag (Tokyo) 83:
49-54.
[49] Hawf LR, Behrens R (1974) Selectivity factors in the response of
plants to 2,4-D. Weed Sci 22: 245-249.
[50] Buadze O, Sadunishvili T, Kvesitadze G (1998) The effect of 1,2-
benzanthracene and 3,4-benzpyrene on the ultrastructure on maize
cells. Int Biodeterior Biodergad 41: 119-125.
[51] Zaalishvili G, Lomidze E, Buadze O, Sadunishvili T, Tkhelidze P,
Kvesitadze G (2000) Electron microscopic investigation of
benzidine effect on maize root tip cell ultrastructure, DNA
synthesis and calcium homeostasis. Int Biodeterior Biodergad 46:
133-140.
[52] Sargent JA, Blackman GE (1972) Studies on foliar penetration. 9.
Patterns of penetration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid into the
leaves of different species. J Exp Bot 23: 830-839.
[53] Li ZS, Szczypka M, Lu YP, Thiele DJ, Rea PA (1996) The yeast
cadmum factor protein (YCF1) is a vacuolar glutathione Sconjugate
pump. J Biol Chem 271: 6509-6517.
[54] Lu YP, Li ZS, Rea PA (1997) AtMPR1 gene of Arabidopsis
encodes a glutathione S-conjugate pump: isolation and functional
definition of a plant ATP-binding cassette transporter gene. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 8243-8248.
[55] Song WY, Sohn EJ, Martinoia E, Lee YJ, Yang Y-Y, Jasinski M,
Forestier C, Hwang I, Lee Y (2003) Engineering tolerance and
accumulation of lead and cadmium in transgenic plants. Nat
Biotechnol 21: 914-919.
[56] Peuke AD, Kopriva S, Rennenberg H (2004) Phytoremediation
with the help of transgenic trees. In: Phytoremediation:
environmental and molecular biological aspects. OECD
workshop, Hungary, Abstr, p 33Phytoremediation: environmental
and molecular biological aspects. OECD workshop, Hungary,
Abstr, p 27.
[57] Ohkawa H, Tsujii H, Ohkawa Y (1999) The use of cytochrome
P450 genes to introduce herbicide tolerance in crops: a review.
Pestic Sci 55: 867- 874.
[58] Hannink N, Rosser SJ, French CE, Basran A, Murray JA, Nicklin
S, Bruce NC (2001) Phytodetoxification of TNT by transgenic
plants expressing a bacterial nitroreductase. Nat Biotechnol 19:
1168-1172.
[59] Hannink N, Rosser SJ, Bruce NC (2002) Phytoremediaition of
explosives. Crit Rev Plant Sci 21: 511-538
[60] Tsao DT (2003) Phytoremediation. Advances in biochemical
engineering and biotechnology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New
York.
[61] Macek T, Macková M, Pavlíková D, Száková J, Truska M, Singh-
Cundy A, Kotraba P, Yancey N, Scouten WH (2002)
Accumulation of cadmium by transgenic tobacco. Acta
Biotechnologica 22: 101-106 .
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:54024", author = "E.Kvesitadze and T.Sadunishvili and G.Kvesitadze", title = "Mechanisms of Organic Contaminants Uptake and Degradation in Plants", abstract = "As a result of urbanization, the unpredictable growth of industry and transport, production of chemicals, military activities, etc. the concentration of anthropogenic toxicants spread in nature exceeds all the permissible standards. Most dangerous among these contaminants are organic compounds having great persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity along with our awareness of their prominent occurrence in the environment and food chain. Among natural ecological tools, plants still occupying above 40% of the world land, until recently, were considered as organisms having only a limited ecological potential, accumulating in plant biomass and partially volatilizing contaminants of different structure. However, analysis of experimental data of the last two decades revealed the essential role of plants in environment remediation due to ability to carry out intracellular degradation processes leading to partial or complete decomposition of carbon skeleton of different structure contaminants. Though, phytoremediation technologies still are in research and development, their various applications have been successfully used. The paper aims to analyze mechanisms of organic contaminants uptake and detoxification in plants, being the less studied issue in evaluation and exploration of plants potential for environment remediation.
", keywords = "organic contaminants, Detoxification,
metalloenzymes, plant ultrastructure.", volume = "3", number = "7", pages = "352-11", }
