Manufacturing Process of S-Glass Fiber Reinforced PEKK Prepregs
The aim of this study is to investigate the fundamental
science/technology related to novel S-glass fiber reinforced polyether-
ketone-ketone (GF/PEKK) composites and to gain insight into
bonding strength and failure mechanisms. Different manufacturing
techniques to make this high-temperature pre-impregnated composite
(prepreg) were conducted i.e. mechanical deposition, electrostatic
powder deposition, and dry powder prepregging techniques.
Generally, the results of this investigation showed that it was difficult
to control the distribution of the resin powder evenly on the both sides
of the fibers within a specific percentage. Most successful approach
was by using a dry powder prepregging where the fibers were coated
evenly with an adhesive that served as a temporary binder to hold the
resin powder in place onto the glass fiber fabric.
[1] D. H. J. a Lukaszewicz, C. Ward, and K. D. Potter, “The engineering
aspects of automated prepreg layup: History, present and future,”
Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 997–1009, 2012.
[2] R. Stewart, “Thermoplastic composites - Recyclable and fast to process,”
Reinf. Plast., 2011.
[3] A. Gilliot, “From carbon fibre to carbon-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics,”
JEC Compos. Mag., no. 71, pp. 60–62, 2012.
[4] M. H. Salek, Effect of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical
Properties of Carbon/PEKK Thermoplastic Composite Materials. Master
diss., Concordia University, Canada, 2005.
[5] B. Choi, O. Diestel, and P. Offermann, “Commingled CF / PEEK Hybrid
Yarns for Use in Textile Reinforced High Performance Rotors,” 12th Int.
Conf. Compos. Mater. (ICCM), Paris, pp. 796–806, 1999.
[6] J. Heth, “From art to science: A prepreg overview,” High-Performance
Composites, vol. 8. pp. 32–36, 2000.
[7] K. J. Ahn and J. C. Seferis, “Prepreg processing science and engineering,”
Polym. Eng. Sci., vol. 33, no. 18, pp. 1177–1188, 1993.
[8] J. H. Hodgkin, G. P. Simon, and R. J. Varley, “Thermoplastic Toughening
of Epoxy Resins: a Critical Review,” Polym. Adv. Technol., vol. 9, no.
September 1996, pp. 3–10, 1998.
[9] M. G. Bader, “Selection of composite materials and manufacturing routes
for cost- effective performance,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol.
33, pp. 913–934, 2002.
[10] V. Babrauskas and R. D. Peacock, “Heat release rate: The single most
important variable in fire hazard,” Fire Safety Journal, vol. 18, no. 3. pp.
255–272, 1992.
[11] G. T. Linteris and I. P. Rafferty, “Flame size, heat release, and smoke
points in materials flammability,” Fire Saf. J., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 442–450,
2008.
[12] A. P. Mouritz, Z. Mathys, and A. G. Gibson, “Heat release of polymer
composites in fire,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 37, no. 7, pp.
1040–1054, 2006.
[13] P. Olivier, J. P. Cottu, and B. Ferret, “Effects of cure cycle pressure and
voids on some mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy laminates,”
Composites, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 509–515, 1995.
[14] A. Vlot, “Impact loading on fibre metal laminates,” Int. J. Impact Eng.,
vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 291–307, 1996.
[15] P. P. Parlevliet and C. Weimer, “Thermoplastic High Performance
Composites: Environmental Requirements on Future Helicopter
Airframes,” ICCM-18. 21 - 26 Aug 2011, Jeju Int. Conv. Center, Jeju
Island, South Korea.
[16] P. P. Parlevliet and C. Weimer, “Automated Joining Processes for High-
Performance Thermoplastic Composites,” SAMPE Spring Tech. Conf.
Exhib. - State Ind. Adv. Mater. Appl. Process. Technol., p. 650, 2011.
[17] A. J. Herrod-Taylor, The crystallisation of Poly (aryl ether etherketone)
(PEEK) and its carbon fibre composites. Master diss., University of
Birmingham.UK, 2011.
[18] I. Y. Chang and J. K. Lees, “Recent Development in Thermoplastic
Composites: A Review of Matrix Systems and Processing Methods,” J.
Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 1, pp. 277–296, 1988.
[19] T. E. Attwood et al, “Synthesis and Properties of Polyaryletherketones,”
Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 22, pp. 1096–1103, 1980.
[20] Y. S. Chun and R. a. Weiss, “Thermal behavior of poly(ether ketone
ketone)/thermoplastic polyimide blends,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 94,
no. 3, pp. 1227–1235, 2004.
[21] T. Sinmazçelik, E. Avcu, M. Ö. Bora, and O. Çoban, “A review: Fibre
metal laminates, background, bonding types and applied test methods,”
Mater. Des., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 3671–3685, 2011.
[22] P.-Y. B. Jar, R. Mulone, P. Davies, and H.-H. Kausch, “A study of the
effect of forming temperature on the mechanical behaviour of carbonfibre/
peek composites,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 7–19,
1993.
[23] H. E. N. Bersee, “Composite Aerospace Manufacturing Processes
Harald,” Encycl. Aerosp. Eng. JohnWiley Sons, Ltd., 2010.
[24] A. Texier, R. M. Davis, K. R. Lyon, a. Gungor, J. E. McGrath, H. Marand,
and J. S. Riffle, “Fabrication of PEEK/carbon fibre composites by
aqueous suspension prepregging,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 34, no. 4, pp.
896–906, 1993.
[25] K. E. Goodman and a. C. Loos, “Thermoplastic Prepreg Manufacture,” J.
Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 3, pp. 34–40, 1990.
[26] R. Marissen, L. T. Van Der Drift, and J. Sterk, “Technology for rapid
impregnation of fibre bundles with a molten thermoplastic polymer,”
Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 60, pp. 2029–2034, 2000.
[27] R. Ali, S. Iannace, and L. Nicolais, “Effects of processing conditions on
the impregnation of glass fibre mat in extrusion/calendering and film
stacking operations,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 63, pp. 2217–2222,
2003.
[28] Frederic Neil Cogswell, Thermoplastic aromatic polymer composites, a
study of the structure, processing and properties of carbon fibre reinforced
polyetheretherketone and related materials. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd,
1992.
[29] U. K. Vaidya and K. K. Chawla, “Processing of fibre reinforced
thermoplastic composites,” Int. Mater. Rev., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 185–218,
2008.
[30] T. Hartness, “Thermoplastic Powder Technology for Advanced
Composite Systems,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 1, pp. 210–
220, 1988.
[1] D. H. J. a Lukaszewicz, C. Ward, and K. D. Potter, “The engineering
aspects of automated prepreg layup: History, present and future,”
Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 997–1009, 2012.
[2] R. Stewart, “Thermoplastic composites - Recyclable and fast to process,”
Reinf. Plast., 2011.
[3] A. Gilliot, “From carbon fibre to carbon-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics,”
JEC Compos. Mag., no. 71, pp. 60–62, 2012.
[4] M. H. Salek, Effect of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical
Properties of Carbon/PEKK Thermoplastic Composite Materials. Master
diss., Concordia University, Canada, 2005.
[5] B. Choi, O. Diestel, and P. Offermann, “Commingled CF / PEEK Hybrid
Yarns for Use in Textile Reinforced High Performance Rotors,” 12th Int.
Conf. Compos. Mater. (ICCM), Paris, pp. 796–806, 1999.
[6] J. Heth, “From art to science: A prepreg overview,” High-Performance
Composites, vol. 8. pp. 32–36, 2000.
[7] K. J. Ahn and J. C. Seferis, “Prepreg processing science and engineering,”
Polym. Eng. Sci., vol. 33, no. 18, pp. 1177–1188, 1993.
[8] J. H. Hodgkin, G. P. Simon, and R. J. Varley, “Thermoplastic Toughening
of Epoxy Resins: a Critical Review,” Polym. Adv. Technol., vol. 9, no.
September 1996, pp. 3–10, 1998.
[9] M. G. Bader, “Selection of composite materials and manufacturing routes
for cost- effective performance,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol.
33, pp. 913–934, 2002.
[10] V. Babrauskas and R. D. Peacock, “Heat release rate: The single most
important variable in fire hazard,” Fire Safety Journal, vol. 18, no. 3. pp.
255–272, 1992.
[11] G. T. Linteris and I. P. Rafferty, “Flame size, heat release, and smoke
points in materials flammability,” Fire Saf. J., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 442–450,
2008.
[12] A. P. Mouritz, Z. Mathys, and A. G. Gibson, “Heat release of polymer
composites in fire,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 37, no. 7, pp.
1040–1054, 2006.
[13] P. Olivier, J. P. Cottu, and B. Ferret, “Effects of cure cycle pressure and
voids on some mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy laminates,”
Composites, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 509–515, 1995.
[14] A. Vlot, “Impact loading on fibre metal laminates,” Int. J. Impact Eng.,
vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 291–307, 1996.
[15] P. P. Parlevliet and C. Weimer, “Thermoplastic High Performance
Composites: Environmental Requirements on Future Helicopter
Airframes,” ICCM-18. 21 - 26 Aug 2011, Jeju Int. Conv. Center, Jeju
Island, South Korea.
[16] P. P. Parlevliet and C. Weimer, “Automated Joining Processes for High-
Performance Thermoplastic Composites,” SAMPE Spring Tech. Conf.
Exhib. - State Ind. Adv. Mater. Appl. Process. Technol., p. 650, 2011.
[17] A. J. Herrod-Taylor, The crystallisation of Poly (aryl ether etherketone)
(PEEK) and its carbon fibre composites. Master diss., University of
Birmingham.UK, 2011.
[18] I. Y. Chang and J. K. Lees, “Recent Development in Thermoplastic
Composites: A Review of Matrix Systems and Processing Methods,” J.
Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 1, pp. 277–296, 1988.
[19] T. E. Attwood et al, “Synthesis and Properties of Polyaryletherketones,”
Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 22, pp. 1096–1103, 1980.
[20] Y. S. Chun and R. a. Weiss, “Thermal behavior of poly(ether ketone
ketone)/thermoplastic polyimide blends,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 94,
no. 3, pp. 1227–1235, 2004.
[21] T. Sinmazçelik, E. Avcu, M. Ö. Bora, and O. Çoban, “A review: Fibre
metal laminates, background, bonding types and applied test methods,”
Mater. Des., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 3671–3685, 2011.
[22] P.-Y. B. Jar, R. Mulone, P. Davies, and H.-H. Kausch, “A study of the
effect of forming temperature on the mechanical behaviour of carbonfibre/
peek composites,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 7–19,
1993.
[23] H. E. N. Bersee, “Composite Aerospace Manufacturing Processes
Harald,” Encycl. Aerosp. Eng. JohnWiley Sons, Ltd., 2010.
[24] A. Texier, R. M. Davis, K. R. Lyon, a. Gungor, J. E. McGrath, H. Marand,
and J. S. Riffle, “Fabrication of PEEK/carbon fibre composites by
aqueous suspension prepregging,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 34, no. 4, pp.
896–906, 1993.
[25] K. E. Goodman and a. C. Loos, “Thermoplastic Prepreg Manufacture,” J.
Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 3, pp. 34–40, 1990.
[26] R. Marissen, L. T. Van Der Drift, and J. Sterk, “Technology for rapid
impregnation of fibre bundles with a molten thermoplastic polymer,”
Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 60, pp. 2029–2034, 2000.
[27] R. Ali, S. Iannace, and L. Nicolais, “Effects of processing conditions on
the impregnation of glass fibre mat in extrusion/calendering and film
stacking operations,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 63, pp. 2217–2222,
2003.
[28] Frederic Neil Cogswell, Thermoplastic aromatic polymer composites, a
study of the structure, processing and properties of carbon fibre reinforced
polyetheretherketone and related materials. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd,
1992.
[29] U. K. Vaidya and K. K. Chawla, “Processing of fibre reinforced
thermoplastic composites,” Int. Mater. Rev., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 185–218,
2008.
[30] T. Hartness, “Thermoplastic Powder Technology for Advanced
Composite Systems,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 1, pp. 210–
220, 1988.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:78003", author = "Nassier A. Nassir and Robert Birch and Zhongwei Guan", title = "Manufacturing Process of S-Glass Fiber Reinforced PEKK Prepregs", abstract = "The aim of this study is to investigate the fundamental
science/technology related to novel S-glass fiber reinforced polyether-
ketone-ketone (GF/PEKK) composites and to gain insight into
bonding strength and failure mechanisms. Different manufacturing
techniques to make this high-temperature pre-impregnated composite
(prepreg) were conducted i.e. mechanical deposition, electrostatic
powder deposition, and dry powder prepregging techniques.
Generally, the results of this investigation showed that it was difficult
to control the distribution of the resin powder evenly on the both sides
of the fibers within a specific percentage. Most successful approach
was by using a dry powder prepregging where the fibers were coated
evenly with an adhesive that served as a temporary binder to hold the
resin powder in place onto the glass fiber fabric.", keywords = "Dry powder technique, PEKK, S-glass, thermoplastic
prepreg.", volume = "12", number = "10", pages = "943-5", }
