Investigating Crime Hotspot Places and their Implication to Urban Environmental Design: A Geographic Visualization and Data Mining Approach
Information is power. Geographical information is an
emerging science that is advancing the development of knowledge to
further help in the understanding of the relationship of “place" with
other disciplines such as crime. The researchers used crime data for
the years 2004 to 2007 from the Baguio City Police Office to
determine the incidence and actual locations of crime hotspots.
Combined qualitative and quantitative research methodology was
employed through extensive fieldwork and observation, geographic
visualization with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global
Positioning Systems (GPS), and data mining. The paper discusses
emerging geographic visualization and data mining tools and
methodologies that can be used to generate baseline data for
environmental initiatives such as urban renewal and rejuvenation.
The study was able to demonstrate that crime hotspots can be
computed and were seen to be occurring to some select places in the
Central Business District (CBD) of Baguio City. It was observed that
some characteristics of the hotspot places- physical design and milieu
may play an important role in creating opportunities for crime. A list
of these environmental attributes was generated. This derived
information may be used to guide the design or redesign of the urban
environment of the City to be able to reduce crime and at the same
time improve it physically.
[1] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 1.
[2] R. E. Park and E. W. Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1921, pp. 51.
[3] C. R. Shaw and H. D. McKay, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban areas.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
[4] O. Newman, Defensible Space. New York: Macmillan, 1972, pp. 3.
[5] P.L. Brantingham and P. J. Brantingham, Environmental Criminology.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1981, pp. 27-54.
[6] P. Wikstrom, "Preventing city-center crimes," in Building a safer
society: strategic approaches to crime prevention, M. Tonry and D.
Farrington, Ed. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995, pp. 429-468.
[7] S. Lawrence, P. Gartin, and M. Buerger, "Hotspots of predatory crime:
routine activities and the criminology of place," Criminology, vol. 27,
1989, pp. 27-55.
[8] J. Eck and D. Weisburd, "Crime places in crime theory," in Crime and
place, vol. 4, J. Eck and D. Weisburd, Eds. Monsey NY: Criminal
Justice Press, 1995, pp. 1-33.
[9] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of geographic information systems, 3rd
ed. NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2005, pp. 114.
[10] P. L. Brantingham and P. J. Brantingham, "Criminality of place: crime
generators and crime attractors," European Journal of Criminal Policy
and Research, vol. 3, 1995, pp. 5-26.
[11] A. E. Bottoms and P. Wiles, "Environmental criminology," in The
Oxford handbook of criminology, M. Maguire, R. Morgan, and R.
Reiner, Ed. London: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 620-656.
[12] D. B. Cornish and R. V. Clarke, The reasoning criminal. New York:
Springer-Verlag, 1986.
[13] R. Boba, Crime analysis and crime mapping. California: Sage
Publications Inc., 2005, pp. 59.
[14] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 81.
[15] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 85.
[16] C. R. Jeffery, Crime prevention through environmental design. Beverly
Hills: Sage, 1971.
[17] O. Newman, Defensible space. New York: Macmillan, 1972, pp. 15.
[18] R. V. Clarke and P. Mayhew, "Preventing crime in parking lots: what we
know and what we need to know," in Reducing crime through real estate
development and management, M. Felson and R.B. Peiser, Eds.
Washington DC: Urban Land Institute, 1998.
[19] P. J. Brantingham and P. L. Brantingham, "Notes on the geometry of
crime," in Environmental Criminology, P.J. Brantingham and P.L.
Brantingham, Eds. London: Sage, 1981, pp. 27-54.
[20] S. Greenburg and W. Rohe, "Neighborhood design and crime," Journal
of the American Planning Association, vol. 50, 1984, pp. 48-61.
[21] C. R. Shaw and H. D. McKay, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban areas.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
[22] J. Q. Wilson and G. Kelling, "Broken windows: the police and
neighborhood safety," Atlantic Monthly, March 1982, pp. 29-38.
[23] P.J. Brantingham and P. L. Brantingham, Patterns in Crime. New York:
Macmillan, 1984, pp. 358.
[24] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of geographic information systems, 3rd
ed. NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2005, pp. 117.
[25] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 116.
[26] W. Tobler, "A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit
region," in Proceedings of the International Geographical Union,
Commission on Quantitative Methods, Economic Geography, vol. 46,
1970, pp. 234-240.
[27] N. Levine, CrimeStat: a spatial statistics program for the analysis of
crime incident locations (v 3.1), Houston TX: Ned Levine and
Associates and Washington DC: National Institute of Justice, 2007.
[28] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 122.
[29] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 123.
[30] K. Harries, Mapping crime: principles and practice. Washington DC:
United States Department of Justice, 1999, pp. 35.
[31] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 123.
[32] T. H. Grubesic and A. T. Murray, "Detecting hotspots using cluster
analysis and GIS," a research paper for the Center for Urban and
Regional Analysis and Department of Geography, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, 2000, pp. 1-5.
[33] J.H. Ratcliffe and M.J. McCullagh, "Hotbeds of crime and the search for
spatial accuracy," Geographical Systems, vol. 1, 1999, pp. 385-398.
[34] J. Eck, S.P. Chainey, J. Cameron, and R. Wilson, Mapping crime:
understanding hotspots. Washington DC: National Institute of Justice,
2005., pp. 43.
[35] S. J. Sheather and M. C. Jones, "A reliable data-based bandwidth
selection method for kernel density estimation," in Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society (Series B), vol. 53, 1991, pp. 683-690.
[36] D. Williamson, S. McLafferty, V. Goldsmith, J. Mallenkopf and P.
McGuire, "A betther method to smooth crime incident data," in ESRI
ArcUser Magazine, 1999, pp. 1-5.
[37] T. H. Grubesic and A. T. Murray, "Detecting hotspots using cluster
analysis and GIS," a research paper for the Center for Urban and
Regional Analysis and Department of Geography, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, 2000, pp. 1-5.
[38] O. Omitaomu, "Decision trees," a research paper for the Department of
Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, 2000, pp. 39.
[39] H. J. Miller and J. Han, Geographic data mining and knowledge
discovery, New York: CRC Press, 2001,.
[40] J. Magidson, Jay, "The use of the new ordinal algorithm in CHAID to
target profitable segments," in The Journal of Database Marketing, vol.
1, 1993, pp. 29-48.
[41] O. Newman, Defensible space. New York: Macmillan, 1972, pp. 5.
[42] J. Jacobs, The life and death of great American cities. New York:
Vintage Books, 1961, pp. 6.
[43] S. Greenburg and W. Rohe, "Neighborhood design and crime," Journal
of the American Planning Association, vol. 50, 1984.
[44] M. Felson, D. Glenn, L. Kelly, G. Lambard, L. Maher, L. Nelson-
Greene, C. Ortega, T. Preiser, A. Rajendran, T. Ross, L. Tous, and J.
Veil, "Preventing crime at Newark subway stations," in Security
Journal, vol. 1, 1990, pp. 137-142.
[45] J. Q. Wilson and G. Kelling, "Broken windows: the police and
neighborhood safety," Atlantic Monthly, March 1982, pp. 29-38.
[1] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 1.
[2] R. E. Park and E. W. Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1921, pp. 51.
[3] C. R. Shaw and H. D. McKay, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban areas.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
[4] O. Newman, Defensible Space. New York: Macmillan, 1972, pp. 3.
[5] P.L. Brantingham and P. J. Brantingham, Environmental Criminology.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1981, pp. 27-54.
[6] P. Wikstrom, "Preventing city-center crimes," in Building a safer
society: strategic approaches to crime prevention, M. Tonry and D.
Farrington, Ed. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995, pp. 429-468.
[7] S. Lawrence, P. Gartin, and M. Buerger, "Hotspots of predatory crime:
routine activities and the criminology of place," Criminology, vol. 27,
1989, pp. 27-55.
[8] J. Eck and D. Weisburd, "Crime places in crime theory," in Crime and
place, vol. 4, J. Eck and D. Weisburd, Eds. Monsey NY: Criminal
Justice Press, 1995, pp. 1-33.
[9] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of geographic information systems, 3rd
ed. NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2005, pp. 114.
[10] P. L. Brantingham and P. J. Brantingham, "Criminality of place: crime
generators and crime attractors," European Journal of Criminal Policy
and Research, vol. 3, 1995, pp. 5-26.
[11] A. E. Bottoms and P. Wiles, "Environmental criminology," in The
Oxford handbook of criminology, M. Maguire, R. Morgan, and R.
Reiner, Ed. London: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 620-656.
[12] D. B. Cornish and R. V. Clarke, The reasoning criminal. New York:
Springer-Verlag, 1986.
[13] R. Boba, Crime analysis and crime mapping. California: Sage
Publications Inc., 2005, pp. 59.
[14] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 81.
[15] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 85.
[16] C. R. Jeffery, Crime prevention through environmental design. Beverly
Hills: Sage, 1971.
[17] O. Newman, Defensible space. New York: Macmillan, 1972, pp. 15.
[18] R. V. Clarke and P. Mayhew, "Preventing crime in parking lots: what we
know and what we need to know," in Reducing crime through real estate
development and management, M. Felson and R.B. Peiser, Eds.
Washington DC: Urban Land Institute, 1998.
[19] P. J. Brantingham and P. L. Brantingham, "Notes on the geometry of
crime," in Environmental Criminology, P.J. Brantingham and P.L.
Brantingham, Eds. London: Sage, 1981, pp. 27-54.
[20] S. Greenburg and W. Rohe, "Neighborhood design and crime," Journal
of the American Planning Association, vol. 50, 1984, pp. 48-61.
[21] C. R. Shaw and H. D. McKay, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban areas.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
[22] J. Q. Wilson and G. Kelling, "Broken windows: the police and
neighborhood safety," Atlantic Monthly, March 1982, pp. 29-38.
[23] P.J. Brantingham and P. L. Brantingham, Patterns in Crime. New York:
Macmillan, 1984, pp. 358.
[24] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of geographic information systems, 3rd
ed. NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2005, pp. 117.
[25] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 116.
[26] W. Tobler, "A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit
region," in Proceedings of the International Geographical Union,
Commission on Quantitative Methods, Economic Geography, vol. 46,
1970, pp. 234-240.
[27] N. Levine, CrimeStat: a spatial statistics program for the analysis of
crime incident locations (v 3.1), Houston TX: Ned Levine and
Associates and Washington DC: National Institute of Justice, 2007.
[28] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 122.
[29] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 123.
[30] K. Harries, Mapping crime: principles and practice. Washington DC:
United States Department of Justice, 1999, pp. 35.
[31] S. Chainey and J. Ratcliffe, GIS and crime mapping. West Sussex,
England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2005, pp. 123.
[32] T. H. Grubesic and A. T. Murray, "Detecting hotspots using cluster
analysis and GIS," a research paper for the Center for Urban and
Regional Analysis and Department of Geography, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, 2000, pp. 1-5.
[33] J.H. Ratcliffe and M.J. McCullagh, "Hotbeds of crime and the search for
spatial accuracy," Geographical Systems, vol. 1, 1999, pp. 385-398.
[34] J. Eck, S.P. Chainey, J. Cameron, and R. Wilson, Mapping crime:
understanding hotspots. Washington DC: National Institute of Justice,
2005., pp. 43.
[35] S. J. Sheather and M. C. Jones, "A reliable data-based bandwidth
selection method for kernel density estimation," in Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society (Series B), vol. 53, 1991, pp. 683-690.
[36] D. Williamson, S. McLafferty, V. Goldsmith, J. Mallenkopf and P.
McGuire, "A betther method to smooth crime incident data," in ESRI
ArcUser Magazine, 1999, pp. 1-5.
[37] T. H. Grubesic and A. T. Murray, "Detecting hotspots using cluster
analysis and GIS," a research paper for the Center for Urban and
Regional Analysis and Department of Geography, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, 2000, pp. 1-5.
[38] O. Omitaomu, "Decision trees," a research paper for the Department of
Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, 2000, pp. 39.
[39] H. J. Miller and J. Han, Geographic data mining and knowledge
discovery, New York: CRC Press, 2001,.
[40] J. Magidson, Jay, "The use of the new ordinal algorithm in CHAID to
target profitable segments," in The Journal of Database Marketing, vol.
1, 1993, pp. 29-48.
[41] O. Newman, Defensible space. New York: Macmillan, 1972, pp. 5.
[42] J. Jacobs, The life and death of great American cities. New York:
Vintage Books, 1961, pp. 6.
[43] S. Greenburg and W. Rohe, "Neighborhood design and crime," Journal
of the American Planning Association, vol. 50, 1984.
[44] M. Felson, D. Glenn, L. Kelly, G. Lambard, L. Maher, L. Nelson-
Greene, C. Ortega, T. Preiser, A. Rajendran, T. Ross, L. Tous, and J.
Veil, "Preventing crime at Newark subway stations," in Security
Journal, vol. 1, 1990, pp. 137-142.
[45] J. Q. Wilson and G. Kelling, "Broken windows: the police and
neighborhood safety," Atlantic Monthly, March 1982, pp. 29-38.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:52730", author = "Donna R. Tabangin and Jacqueline C. Flores and Nelson F. Emperador", title = "Investigating Crime Hotspot Places and their Implication to Urban Environmental Design: A Geographic Visualization and Data Mining Approach", abstract = "Information is power. Geographical information is an
emerging science that is advancing the development of knowledge to
further help in the understanding of the relationship of “place" with
other disciplines such as crime. The researchers used crime data for
the years 2004 to 2007 from the Baguio City Police Office to
determine the incidence and actual locations of crime hotspots.
Combined qualitative and quantitative research methodology was
employed through extensive fieldwork and observation, geographic
visualization with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global
Positioning Systems (GPS), and data mining. The paper discusses
emerging geographic visualization and data mining tools and
methodologies that can be used to generate baseline data for
environmental initiatives such as urban renewal and rejuvenation.
The study was able to demonstrate that crime hotspots can be
computed and were seen to be occurring to some select places in the
Central Business District (CBD) of Baguio City. It was observed that
some characteristics of the hotspot places- physical design and milieu
may play an important role in creating opportunities for crime. A list
of these environmental attributes was generated. This derived
information may be used to guide the design or redesign of the urban
environment of the City to be able to reduce crime and at the same
time improve it physically.", keywords = "Crime mapping, data mining, environmental design,geographic visualization, GIS.", volume = "2", number = "12", pages = "4046-9", }
