Interactions between Cells and Nanoscale Surfaces of Oxidized Silicon Substrates
The importance for manipulating an incorporated
scaffold and directing cell behaviors is well appreciated for tissue
engineering. Here, we developed newly nano-topographic oxidized
silicon nanosponges capable of being various chemical modifications
to provide much insight into the fundamental biology of how cells
interact with their surrounding environment in vitro. A wet etching
technique is exerted to allow us fabricated the silicon nanosponges in a
high-throughput manner. Furthermore, various organo-silane
chemicals enabled self-assembled on the surfaces by vapor deposition.
We have found that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells displayed
certain distinguishable morphogenesis, adherent responses, and
biochemical properties while cultured on these chemical modified
nano-topographic structures in compared with the planar oxidized
silicon counterparts, indicating that cell behaviors can be influenced
by certain physical characteristic derived from nano-topography in
addition to the hydrophobicity of contact surfaces crucial for cell
adhesion and spreading. Of particular, there were predominant
nano-actin punches and slender protrusions formed while cells were
cultured on the nano-topographic structures. This study shed potential
applications of these nano-topographic biomaterials for controlling
cell development in tissue engineering or basic cell biology research.
[1] R. Langer and J. P. Vacanti, "Tissue engineering," Science, vol. 260,
May. 1993, pp. 920-926.
[2] R. Singhvi, A. Kumar, G. Lopez, G. N. Stephanopoulos, D. I. C. Wang,
and G. M. Whitesides, "Engineering cell shape and function," Science,
vol. 264, Apr. 1994, pp. 696-698.
[3] S. K. W. Dertinger, X. Jiang, Z. Li, V. N. Murthy, and G. M. Whitesides,
"Gradients of substrate-bound laminin orient axonal specification of
neurons," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 99, Oct. 2002, pp.
12542-12547.
[4] J. A. Burdick, A. Khademhosseini, and R. Langer, "Fabrication of
gradient hydrogels using a microfluidics/photopolymerization process,"
Langmuir, vol. 20, May. 2004, pp. 5153-5156.
[5] K. C. Dee, D. C. Rueger, T. T. Andersen, and R. Bizios, "Conditions
which promote mineralization at the bone-implant interface: a model in
vitro study," Biomaterials, vol. 17, Jan. 1996, pp. 209-215.
[6] A. Rezania, C. H. Thomas, A. B. Branger, C. M. Waters, and K. E. Healy,
"The detachment strength and morphology of bone cells contacting
materials modified with a peptide sequence found within bone sialo
protein," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 37, Oct. 1997, pp. 9-19.
[7] J. A. Neff, K. D. Caldwell, and P. A. Tresco, "A novel method for surface
modification to promote cell attachment to hydrophobic substrates," J.
Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 40, Dec. 1998, pp. 511-519.
[8] E. V. Romanova, S. P. Oxley, S. S. Rubakhin, P. W. Bohn, and J. V.
Sweedler, "Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols on gold modulate
electrophysiological parameters and cellular morphology of cultured
neurons," Biomaterials, vol. 27, Mar. 2006, pp. 1665-1669.
[9] D. Pesen and D. B. Haviland, "Modulation of Cell Adhesion Complexes
by Surface Protein Patterns," Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 1, Jan. 2009,
pp. 543-548.
[10] L. Chou, J. D. Firth, V. J. Uitto, and D. M. Brunette, "Substratum surface
topography alters cell shape and regulates fibronectin mRNA level,
mRNA stability, secretion and assembly in human fibroblasts," J. Cell
Sci., vol. 108, Apr. 1995, pp. 1563-1573.
[11] B. G. Keselowsky, D. M. Collard, and A. J. García, "Surface chemistry
modulates focal adhesion composition and signaling through changes in
integrin binding," Biomaterials, vol. 25, Dec. 2004, pp. 5947-5954.
[12] M. J. Dalby, S. Childs, S. J. Yarwood, M. O. Riehle, H. J. H. Johnstone, S.
Affrossman, and A. S. G. Curtis, "Fibroblast reaction to island
topography: changes in cytoskeleton and morphology with time,"
Biomaterials, vol. 24, Mar. 2003, pp. 927-935.
[13] M. J. Dalby, D. Giannaras, M. O. Riehle, N. Gadegaard, S. Affrossman,
and A. S. G. Curtis, "Rapid fibroblast adhesion to 27 nm high polymer
demixed nano-topography," Biomaterials, vol. 25, Jan. 2004, pp. 77-83.
[14] N. H. Kwon, M. F. Beaux, C. Ebert, L. D. Wang, B. E. Lassiter, Y. H.
Park, D. N. Mcllroy, C. J. Hovde, and G. A. Bohach, "Nanowire-based
delivery of Escherichia coli O157 shiga toxin 1 A subunit into human and
bovine cells," Nano Lett., vol. 7, Jul. 2007, pp. 2718-2723.
[15] S. Qi, C. Yi, S. Ji, C. C. Fong, and M. Yang, " Cell Adhesion and
Spreading Behavior on Vertically Aligned Silicon Nanowire Arrays,"
Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 1, Jan. 2009, pp. 30-34.
[16] S. P. Low, N. H. Voelcker, L. T. Canham, and K. A. Williams, "The
biocompatibility of porous silicon in tissues of the eye," Biomaterials,
vol. 30, Feb. 2009, pp.2873-2880.
[17] B. Kobrin, V. Fuentes, S. Dasaraadhi, R. Yi, R. Nowak, and J. Chinn,
"An improved vapor-phase deposition technique for molecular coatings
for MEMS devices," Semicon West 2004.
[18] B. Kobrin, J. Chinn, R. W. Ashurst, and R. Maboudian, "Molecular vapor
deposition (MVD) for improved SAM coatings," Proc. of SPIE, vol.
5716, Jan. 2005, pp. 152-157.
[19] K. Peng, J. Hu, Y. Yan, Y. Wu, H. Fang, Y. Xu, S. T. Lee, and J. Zhu,
"Fabrication of single-crystalline silicon nanowires by scratching a
silicon surface with catalytic metal particles," Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 16,
Feb. 2006, pp. 387-394.
[20] C. M. Hsieh, J. Y. Chyan, W. C. Hsu, and J. A. Yeh, "Fabrication of
Wafer-level Antireflective Structures in Optoelectronic Applications," in
IEEE Optical MEMS, Taiwan, 2007, pp. 185-186.
[21] J. Y. Chyan, W. C. Hsu, and J. A. Yeh, "Broadband antireflective poly-Si
nanosponge for thin film solar cells," Opt. Express, vol. 17, Mar. 2009,
pp. 4646-4651.
[22] T. L. Shen, A. Y. Park, A. Alcaraz, X. Peng, I. Jang, P. Koni, R. A. Flavell,
H. Gu, and J. L. Guan, "Conditional knockout of focal adhesion kinase in
endothelial cells reveals its role in angiogenesis and vascular development
in late embryogenesis," J Cell Biol., vol. 169, Jun. 2005, pp. 941-952.
[23] R. N. Wenzel, "Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water," Ind.
Eng. Chem., vol. 28, Apr. 1936, pp. 988-994.
[24] A. B. D. Cassie and S. Baxter, "Wettability of porous surfaces," Trans.
Faraday Soc., vol. 40, Jul. 1944, pp. 546-550.
[25] Z. H. Yang, C. Y. Chiu, J. T. Yang, and J. A. Yeh, "Investigation and
application of an ultrahydrophobic hybrid-structured surface with
anti-sticking character," J. Micromech. Microeng., vol. 19, Jul. 2009, pp.
085022.
[26] R. D. Mullins, J. A. Heuser, and T. D. Pollard, "The interaction of Arp2/3
complex with actin: Nucleation, high affinity pointed end capping, and
formation of branching networks of filaments," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, vol. 95, May. 1998, pp. 6181-6186.
[27] L. Blanchoin, K. J. Amann, H. N. Higgs, J. B. Marchand, D. A. Kaiser, T.
D. Pollard, "Direct observation of dendritic actin filament networks
nucleated by Arp2/3 complex and WASP/Scar proteins," Nature, vol.
404, Apr. 2000, pp. 1007-1077.
[28] M. A. Schwartz, M. D. Schaller, and M. H. Ginsberg, "Integrins:
emerging paradigms of signal transduction," Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.,
vol. 11, Nov. 1995, pp. 549-599.
[29] L. A. Cary and J. L. Guan, "Focal adhesion kinase in integrin-mediated
signaling," Front Biosci., vol. 4, Jan. 1999, pp. D102-113.
[30] D. D. Schlaepfer, C. R. Hauck, and D. J. Sieg, "Signaling from focal
adhesion kinase," Prog Biophys. Mol. Biol., vol. 71, Mar. 1999, pp.
435-478.
[31] P. Y. Chan, S. B. Kanner, G. Whitney, and A. Aruffo, "A
transmembrane-anchored chimeric focal adhesion kinase is constitutively
activated and phosphorylated at tyrosine residues identical to
pp125FAK," J. Biol. Chem., vol. 269, Aug. 1994, pp. 20567-20574.
[32] B. S. Cobb, M. D. Schaller, T. H. Leu, and J. T. Parsons, "Stable
association of pp60src and pp59fyn with the focal adhesion-associated
protein tyrosine kinase, pp125FAK," Mol. Cell Biol., vol. 14, Jan. 1994,
pp. 147-155.
[33] M. D. Schaller, J. D. Hildebrand, J. D. Shannon, J. W. Fox, R. R. Vines,
and J. T. Parsons, "Autophosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase,
pp125FAK, directs SH2-dependent binding of pp60src," Mol. Cell Biol.,
vol. 14, Aug. 1994, pp. 1680-1688.
[34] Z. Xing, H. C. Chen, J. K. Nowlen, S. J. Taylor, D. Shalloway, and J. L.
Guan, "Direct interaction of v-Src with the focal adhesion kinase
mediated by the Src SH2 domain," Mol. Cell Biol., vol. 5, Apr. 1994, pp.
413-421.
[35] H. C. Chen and J. L. Guan, "Association of focal adhesion kinase with its
potential substrate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, vol. 91, Oct. 1994, pp. 10148-10152.
[36] X. Zhang, A. Chattopadhyay, Q. S. Ji, J. D. Owen, P. J. Ruest, G.
Carpenter, and S. K. Hanks, "Focal adhesion kinase promotes
phospholipase C-╬│1 activity," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 96, Aug.
1999, pp. 9021-9026.
[37] D. C. Han and J. L. Guan, "Association of focal adhesion kinase with
Grb7 and its role in cell migration," J. Biol. Chem., vol. 274, Aug. 1999,
pp. 24425-24430.
[38] P. van der Valk, A. W. J. van Pelt, H. J. Busscher, H. P. de Jong, Ch. R. H.
Wildevuur, and J. Arends, "Interaction of fibroblasts and polymer
surfaces: relationship between surface free energy and fibroblast
spreading," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 17, Sep. 1983, pp. 807-817.
[39] K. Webb, V. Hlady, and P. A. Tresco," Relative importance of surface
wettability and charged functional groups on NIH 3T3 fibroblast
attachment, spreading, and cytoskeleton organization," J. Biomed. Mater.
Res., vol. 41, Sep. 1998, pp. 422-430.
[40] Y. Arima and H. Iwata, "Effect of wettability and surface functional
groups on protein adsorption and cell adhesion using well-defined mixed
self-assembled monolayers," Biomaterials, vol. 28, Jul. 2007, pp.
3074-3082.
[41] R. G. Flemming, C. J. Murphy, G. A. Abrams, S. L. Goodman, and P. F.
Nealey, "Effects of synthetic micro- and nano-structured surfaces on cell
behavior, "Biomaterials, vol. 20, Mar. 1999, pp. 573-588.
[42] B. A. Bromberek, P. A. J. Enever, D. I. Shreiber, M. D. Caldwell, and R.
T. Tranquillo, "Macrophages influence a competition of contact guidance
and chemotaxis for fibroblast alignment in a fibrin gel coculture assay,"
Exp. Cell Res., vol. 275, May. 2002, pp. 230-242.
[43] A. I. Teixeira, G. A. Abrams, P. J. Bertics, C. J. Murphy, and P. F. Nealey,
"Epithelial contact guidance on well-defined micro- and nanostructured
substrates," J. Cell Sci., vol. 116, May. 2003, pp. 1881-1892.
[44] E. T. den Braber, J. E. de Ruijter, H. T. J. Smits, L. A. Ginsel, A. F. von
Recum, and J. A. Jansen, "Effect of parallel surface microgrooves and
surface energy on cell growth," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 29, Apr.
1995, pp. 511-518.
[45] G. A. Dunn and J. P. Health, "A new hypothesis of contact guidance in
tissue cells," Exp. Cell Res., vol. 101, Aug. 1976, pp. 1-14.
[46] P. Clark, P. Connolly, A. S. G. Curtis, J. A. T. Dow, and C. D. W.
Wilkinson, "Topographical control of cell behaviour. I. Simple step
cues," Development, vol. 99, Mar. 1987, pp. 439-448.
[1] R. Langer and J. P. Vacanti, "Tissue engineering," Science, vol. 260,
May. 1993, pp. 920-926.
[2] R. Singhvi, A. Kumar, G. Lopez, G. N. Stephanopoulos, D. I. C. Wang,
and G. M. Whitesides, "Engineering cell shape and function," Science,
vol. 264, Apr. 1994, pp. 696-698.
[3] S. K. W. Dertinger, X. Jiang, Z. Li, V. N. Murthy, and G. M. Whitesides,
"Gradients of substrate-bound laminin orient axonal specification of
neurons," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 99, Oct. 2002, pp.
12542-12547.
[4] J. A. Burdick, A. Khademhosseini, and R. Langer, "Fabrication of
gradient hydrogels using a microfluidics/photopolymerization process,"
Langmuir, vol. 20, May. 2004, pp. 5153-5156.
[5] K. C. Dee, D. C. Rueger, T. T. Andersen, and R. Bizios, "Conditions
which promote mineralization at the bone-implant interface: a model in
vitro study," Biomaterials, vol. 17, Jan. 1996, pp. 209-215.
[6] A. Rezania, C. H. Thomas, A. B. Branger, C. M. Waters, and K. E. Healy,
"The detachment strength and morphology of bone cells contacting
materials modified with a peptide sequence found within bone sialo
protein," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 37, Oct. 1997, pp. 9-19.
[7] J. A. Neff, K. D. Caldwell, and P. A. Tresco, "A novel method for surface
modification to promote cell attachment to hydrophobic substrates," J.
Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 40, Dec. 1998, pp. 511-519.
[8] E. V. Romanova, S. P. Oxley, S. S. Rubakhin, P. W. Bohn, and J. V.
Sweedler, "Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols on gold modulate
electrophysiological parameters and cellular morphology of cultured
neurons," Biomaterials, vol. 27, Mar. 2006, pp. 1665-1669.
[9] D. Pesen and D. B. Haviland, "Modulation of Cell Adhesion Complexes
by Surface Protein Patterns," Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 1, Jan. 2009,
pp. 543-548.
[10] L. Chou, J. D. Firth, V. J. Uitto, and D. M. Brunette, "Substratum surface
topography alters cell shape and regulates fibronectin mRNA level,
mRNA stability, secretion and assembly in human fibroblasts," J. Cell
Sci., vol. 108, Apr. 1995, pp. 1563-1573.
[11] B. G. Keselowsky, D. M. Collard, and A. J. García, "Surface chemistry
modulates focal adhesion composition and signaling through changes in
integrin binding," Biomaterials, vol. 25, Dec. 2004, pp. 5947-5954.
[12] M. J. Dalby, S. Childs, S. J. Yarwood, M. O. Riehle, H. J. H. Johnstone, S.
Affrossman, and A. S. G. Curtis, "Fibroblast reaction to island
topography: changes in cytoskeleton and morphology with time,"
Biomaterials, vol. 24, Mar. 2003, pp. 927-935.
[13] M. J. Dalby, D. Giannaras, M. O. Riehle, N. Gadegaard, S. Affrossman,
and A. S. G. Curtis, "Rapid fibroblast adhesion to 27 nm high polymer
demixed nano-topography," Biomaterials, vol. 25, Jan. 2004, pp. 77-83.
[14] N. H. Kwon, M. F. Beaux, C. Ebert, L. D. Wang, B. E. Lassiter, Y. H.
Park, D. N. Mcllroy, C. J. Hovde, and G. A. Bohach, "Nanowire-based
delivery of Escherichia coli O157 shiga toxin 1 A subunit into human and
bovine cells," Nano Lett., vol. 7, Jul. 2007, pp. 2718-2723.
[15] S. Qi, C. Yi, S. Ji, C. C. Fong, and M. Yang, " Cell Adhesion and
Spreading Behavior on Vertically Aligned Silicon Nanowire Arrays,"
Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 1, Jan. 2009, pp. 30-34.
[16] S. P. Low, N. H. Voelcker, L. T. Canham, and K. A. Williams, "The
biocompatibility of porous silicon in tissues of the eye," Biomaterials,
vol. 30, Feb. 2009, pp.2873-2880.
[17] B. Kobrin, V. Fuentes, S. Dasaraadhi, R. Yi, R. Nowak, and J. Chinn,
"An improved vapor-phase deposition technique for molecular coatings
for MEMS devices," Semicon West 2004.
[18] B. Kobrin, J. Chinn, R. W. Ashurst, and R. Maboudian, "Molecular vapor
deposition (MVD) for improved SAM coatings," Proc. of SPIE, vol.
5716, Jan. 2005, pp. 152-157.
[19] K. Peng, J. Hu, Y. Yan, Y. Wu, H. Fang, Y. Xu, S. T. Lee, and J. Zhu,
"Fabrication of single-crystalline silicon nanowires by scratching a
silicon surface with catalytic metal particles," Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 16,
Feb. 2006, pp. 387-394.
[20] C. M. Hsieh, J. Y. Chyan, W. C. Hsu, and J. A. Yeh, "Fabrication of
Wafer-level Antireflective Structures in Optoelectronic Applications," in
IEEE Optical MEMS, Taiwan, 2007, pp. 185-186.
[21] J. Y. Chyan, W. C. Hsu, and J. A. Yeh, "Broadband antireflective poly-Si
nanosponge for thin film solar cells," Opt. Express, vol. 17, Mar. 2009,
pp. 4646-4651.
[22] T. L. Shen, A. Y. Park, A. Alcaraz, X. Peng, I. Jang, P. Koni, R. A. Flavell,
H. Gu, and J. L. Guan, "Conditional knockout of focal adhesion kinase in
endothelial cells reveals its role in angiogenesis and vascular development
in late embryogenesis," J Cell Biol., vol. 169, Jun. 2005, pp. 941-952.
[23] R. N. Wenzel, "Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water," Ind.
Eng. Chem., vol. 28, Apr. 1936, pp. 988-994.
[24] A. B. D. Cassie and S. Baxter, "Wettability of porous surfaces," Trans.
Faraday Soc., vol. 40, Jul. 1944, pp. 546-550.
[25] Z. H. Yang, C. Y. Chiu, J. T. Yang, and J. A. Yeh, "Investigation and
application of an ultrahydrophobic hybrid-structured surface with
anti-sticking character," J. Micromech. Microeng., vol. 19, Jul. 2009, pp.
085022.
[26] R. D. Mullins, J. A. Heuser, and T. D. Pollard, "The interaction of Arp2/3
complex with actin: Nucleation, high affinity pointed end capping, and
formation of branching networks of filaments," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, vol. 95, May. 1998, pp. 6181-6186.
[27] L. Blanchoin, K. J. Amann, H. N. Higgs, J. B. Marchand, D. A. Kaiser, T.
D. Pollard, "Direct observation of dendritic actin filament networks
nucleated by Arp2/3 complex and WASP/Scar proteins," Nature, vol.
404, Apr. 2000, pp. 1007-1077.
[28] M. A. Schwartz, M. D. Schaller, and M. H. Ginsberg, "Integrins:
emerging paradigms of signal transduction," Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.,
vol. 11, Nov. 1995, pp. 549-599.
[29] L. A. Cary and J. L. Guan, "Focal adhesion kinase in integrin-mediated
signaling," Front Biosci., vol. 4, Jan. 1999, pp. D102-113.
[30] D. D. Schlaepfer, C. R. Hauck, and D. J. Sieg, "Signaling from focal
adhesion kinase," Prog Biophys. Mol. Biol., vol. 71, Mar. 1999, pp.
435-478.
[31] P. Y. Chan, S. B. Kanner, G. Whitney, and A. Aruffo, "A
transmembrane-anchored chimeric focal adhesion kinase is constitutively
activated and phosphorylated at tyrosine residues identical to
pp125FAK," J. Biol. Chem., vol. 269, Aug. 1994, pp. 20567-20574.
[32] B. S. Cobb, M. D. Schaller, T. H. Leu, and J. T. Parsons, "Stable
association of pp60src and pp59fyn with the focal adhesion-associated
protein tyrosine kinase, pp125FAK," Mol. Cell Biol., vol. 14, Jan. 1994,
pp. 147-155.
[33] M. D. Schaller, J. D. Hildebrand, J. D. Shannon, J. W. Fox, R. R. Vines,
and J. T. Parsons, "Autophosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase,
pp125FAK, directs SH2-dependent binding of pp60src," Mol. Cell Biol.,
vol. 14, Aug. 1994, pp. 1680-1688.
[34] Z. Xing, H. C. Chen, J. K. Nowlen, S. J. Taylor, D. Shalloway, and J. L.
Guan, "Direct interaction of v-Src with the focal adhesion kinase
mediated by the Src SH2 domain," Mol. Cell Biol., vol. 5, Apr. 1994, pp.
413-421.
[35] H. C. Chen and J. L. Guan, "Association of focal adhesion kinase with its
potential substrate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, vol. 91, Oct. 1994, pp. 10148-10152.
[36] X. Zhang, A. Chattopadhyay, Q. S. Ji, J. D. Owen, P. J. Ruest, G.
Carpenter, and S. K. Hanks, "Focal adhesion kinase promotes
phospholipase C-╬│1 activity," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 96, Aug.
1999, pp. 9021-9026.
[37] D. C. Han and J. L. Guan, "Association of focal adhesion kinase with
Grb7 and its role in cell migration," J. Biol. Chem., vol. 274, Aug. 1999,
pp. 24425-24430.
[38] P. van der Valk, A. W. J. van Pelt, H. J. Busscher, H. P. de Jong, Ch. R. H.
Wildevuur, and J. Arends, "Interaction of fibroblasts and polymer
surfaces: relationship between surface free energy and fibroblast
spreading," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 17, Sep. 1983, pp. 807-817.
[39] K. Webb, V. Hlady, and P. A. Tresco," Relative importance of surface
wettability and charged functional groups on NIH 3T3 fibroblast
attachment, spreading, and cytoskeleton organization," J. Biomed. Mater.
Res., vol. 41, Sep. 1998, pp. 422-430.
[40] Y. Arima and H. Iwata, "Effect of wettability and surface functional
groups on protein adsorption and cell adhesion using well-defined mixed
self-assembled monolayers," Biomaterials, vol. 28, Jul. 2007, pp.
3074-3082.
[41] R. G. Flemming, C. J. Murphy, G. A. Abrams, S. L. Goodman, and P. F.
Nealey, "Effects of synthetic micro- and nano-structured surfaces on cell
behavior, "Biomaterials, vol. 20, Mar. 1999, pp. 573-588.
[42] B. A. Bromberek, P. A. J. Enever, D. I. Shreiber, M. D. Caldwell, and R.
T. Tranquillo, "Macrophages influence a competition of contact guidance
and chemotaxis for fibroblast alignment in a fibrin gel coculture assay,"
Exp. Cell Res., vol. 275, May. 2002, pp. 230-242.
[43] A. I. Teixeira, G. A. Abrams, P. J. Bertics, C. J. Murphy, and P. F. Nealey,
"Epithelial contact guidance on well-defined micro- and nanostructured
substrates," J. Cell Sci., vol. 116, May. 2003, pp. 1881-1892.
[44] E. T. den Braber, J. E. de Ruijter, H. T. J. Smits, L. A. Ginsel, A. F. von
Recum, and J. A. Jansen, "Effect of parallel surface microgrooves and
surface energy on cell growth," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 29, Apr.
1995, pp. 511-518.
[45] G. A. Dunn and J. P. Health, "A new hypothesis of contact guidance in
tissue cells," Exp. Cell Res., vol. 101, Aug. 1976, pp. 1-14.
[46] P. Clark, P. Connolly, A. S. G. Curtis, J. A. T. Dow, and C. D. W.
Wilkinson, "Topographical control of cell behaviour. I. Simple step
cues," Development, vol. 99, Mar. 1987, pp. 439-448.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:57370", author = "Chung-Yao Yang and Lin-Ya Huang and Tang-Long Shen and J. Andrew Yeh", title = "Interactions between Cells and Nanoscale Surfaces of Oxidized Silicon Substrates", abstract = "The importance for manipulating an incorporated
scaffold and directing cell behaviors is well appreciated for tissue
engineering. Here, we developed newly nano-topographic oxidized
silicon nanosponges capable of being various chemical modifications
to provide much insight into the fundamental biology of how cells
interact with their surrounding environment in vitro. A wet etching
technique is exerted to allow us fabricated the silicon nanosponges in a
high-throughput manner. Furthermore, various organo-silane
chemicals enabled self-assembled on the surfaces by vapor deposition.
We have found that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells displayed
certain distinguishable morphogenesis, adherent responses, and
biochemical properties while cultured on these chemical modified
nano-topographic structures in compared with the planar oxidized
silicon counterparts, indicating that cell behaviors can be influenced
by certain physical characteristic derived from nano-topography in
addition to the hydrophobicity of contact surfaces crucial for cell
adhesion and spreading. Of particular, there were predominant
nano-actin punches and slender protrusions formed while cells were
cultured on the nano-topographic structures. This study shed potential
applications of these nano-topographic biomaterials for controlling
cell development in tissue engineering or basic cell biology research.", keywords = "Nanosponge, Cell adhesion, Cell morphology", volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "230-7", }
