Integrating Bioremediation and Phytoremediation to Clean up Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contaminated Soils
This work involved the use of phytoremediation to
remediate an aged soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). At microcosm scale, tests were prepared using soil samples
that have been collected in an industrial area with a total PCBs
concentration of about 250 μg kg-1. Medicago sativa and Lolium
italicum were the species selected in this study that is used as
“feasibility test" for full scale remediation. The experiment was
carried out with the addition of a mixture of randomly methylatedbeta-
cyclodextrins (RAMEB). At the end of the experiment analysis
of soil samples showed that in general the presence of plants has led
to a higher degradation of most congeners with respect to not
vegetated soil. The two plant species efficiencies were comparable
and improved by RAMEB addition with a final reduction of total
PCBs near to 50%. With increasing the chlorination of the congeners
the removal percentage of PCBs progressively decreased.
[1] J. Wiegel, and W. Qingzhong, "Microbial reductive dehalogenation of
polychlorinated biphenyls," Fems Microbial Ecology, vol. 32, pp. 1-15,
2000.
[2] D. L. Bedard, "Polychlorinated biphenyls in aquatic sediments:
environmental fate and outlook for biological treatment",
dehalogenation: microbial processes and environmental applications,
M.M. Haggblom and I. Bossert, Eds., Kluwer Press, 2003, pp.443-465.
[3] J. U. Skaare, H. J. Larsen, E. Lie, A. Bernhoft, A. E. Derocher, and R.
Norstrom, "Ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in
the arctic," Toxicology, vol. 181-182, pp. 193-197, 2002.
[4] J. Petrik, B. Drobna, M. Pavuk, S. Jursa, S. Wimmerova, and J.
Chovancova, "Serum PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Slovakia:
age, gender, and residence as determinants of organochlorine
concentrations," Chemosphere, vol. 65, pp. 410-418, 2006.
[5] A. Chehregani, M. Noori, and H. L. Yazdi, "Phytoremediation of heavymetal-
polluted soils: Screening for new accumulator plants in Angouran
mine (Iran) and evaluation of removal ability," Ecotox. Environ. Saf.,
vol. 72, pp. 1349-1353, 2009.
[6] A. A. Juwarkar, and H. P. Jambhulkar, "Phytoremediation of coal mine
spoil dump through integrated biotechnological approach," Biores.
Technol., vol. 99, pp. 4732-4741, 2008.
[7] F. Pedron, G. Petruzzelli, M. Barbafieri, and E. Tassi, "Strategies to use
phytoextraction in very acidic soil contaminated by heavy metals,"
Chemosphere, vol. 75, pp. 808-814, 2009.
[8] E. Tassi, F. Pedron, M. Barbafieri, and G. Petruzzelli, "Phosphateassisted
phytoextraction in As-contaminated soil," Eng. Life Sci., vol. 4,
pp. 341-346, 2004.
[9] J. Rezek, C. Wiesche, M. Mackova, F. Zadrazil, and T. Macek, "The
effect of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on decrease of PAH content in long
term contaminated soil," Chemosphere, vol. 70, pp. 1603-1608, 2008.
[10] S. N. Golubev, A. V. Scheludko, A. Y. Muratova, O. E. Makarov, and
O. V. Turkovskaya, "Assessing the potential of Rhizobacteria to survive
under phenanthrene pollution," Water Air Soil Pollut., vol. 198, pp. 5-
16, 2009.
[11] Y H. Su, and X. Y. Yang, "Interactions between selected PAHs and the
microbial community in rhizosphere of a paddy soil," Sci. Tot. Environ.,
vol. 407, pp. 1027-1034, 2009.
[12] H. Liu, D. Weisman, Y. Ye, B. Cui, Y. Huang, A. Col├▓n-Carmona, and
Z. Wang, "An oxidative stress response to polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon exposure is rapid and complex in Arabidopsis thaliana,"
Plant Sci., vol. 176, pp. 375-382, 2009.
[13] F. Pedron, and G. Petruzzelli, "Green remediation strategies to improve
the quality of contaminated soils," Chem. Ecol., vol. 27, pp. 89-95,
2011.
[14] S. H. Lee, W. S. Lee, C. H. Lee, and J. G. Kim, "Degradation of
phenanthrene and pyrenein rhizosphere of grasses and legumes," J.
Hazard. Mater., vol. 153, pp. 892-898, 2008.
[15] Y. Wang, and H. Oyaizu, "Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential
of four plant species for dibenzofuran-contaminated soil," J. Hazard.
Mater., vol. 168, pp. 760-764, 2009.
[16] T. Chekol, L. R. Vough, and R.L. Chaney, "Phytoremediation of
polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soils: the rhizosphere effect,"
Environ. Int., vol. 30, pp. 799-804, 2004.
[17] C. Shena, X. Tang, S. A. Cheema, C. Zhang, M. I. Khan, F. Liang, X.
Chen, Y. Zhu, Q. Lin, and Y. Chen, "Enhanced phytoremediation
potential of polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated soil from e-waste
recycling area in the presence of randomly methylated-betacyclodextrins,"
J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 172, pp. 1671-1676, 2009.
[18] E. M. Martin del Valle, "Cyclodextrins and their uses: a review,"
Process Biochem., vol. 39, pp. 1033-1046, 2004.
[19] F. Fava, and F. Grassi, "Cyclodextrins enhance the aerobic degradation
and dechlorination of low-chlorinated biphenyls," Biotechnol. Technol.,
vol. 10, pp. 291-296, 1996.
[20] F. Fava, D. D. Gioia, L. Marchetti, E. Fenyvesi, and J. Szejtli,
"Randomly methylatedcyclodextrins (RAMEB) enhance the aerobic
biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyl in aged-contaminated soils,"
J. Incl. Phenom. Macro., vol. 44, pp. 417-421, 2002.
[21] F. Fava, and V. F. Ciccotosto, "Effects of randomly methylated-betacyclodextrins
(RAMEB) on the bioavailability and aerobic
biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in three pristine soils spiked
with a transformer oil," Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol., vol. 58, pp. 393-
399, 2002.
[22] SSSA (Soil Science Society of America). Methods of soil analysis,
Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America, 1996.
[23] United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), "Pressurized
fluid extraction (PFE)," Method 3545, USEPA SW-846, 1996.
[24] United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA),
"Semivolatile organic compounds by gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS)," Method 8270D, USEPA SW-846, 2007.
[25] L. Gianfreda, M. A. Rao, A. Piotrowska, G. Palumbo, and C. Colombo,
"Soil enzyme activities as affected by anthropogenic alterations:
intensive agriculture practices and organic pollution," Sci. Total
Environ., vol. 341, pp. 265-279, 2005.
[26] M. Singh, R. Sharma, and U. C. Banerjee, "Biotchnological application
of cyclodextrins," Biotech. Adv., vol. 20, pp. 341-359, 2002.
[1] J. Wiegel, and W. Qingzhong, "Microbial reductive dehalogenation of
polychlorinated biphenyls," Fems Microbial Ecology, vol. 32, pp. 1-15,
2000.
[2] D. L. Bedard, "Polychlorinated biphenyls in aquatic sediments:
environmental fate and outlook for biological treatment",
dehalogenation: microbial processes and environmental applications,
M.M. Haggblom and I. Bossert, Eds., Kluwer Press, 2003, pp.443-465.
[3] J. U. Skaare, H. J. Larsen, E. Lie, A. Bernhoft, A. E. Derocher, and R.
Norstrom, "Ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in
the arctic," Toxicology, vol. 181-182, pp. 193-197, 2002.
[4] J. Petrik, B. Drobna, M. Pavuk, S. Jursa, S. Wimmerova, and J.
Chovancova, "Serum PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Slovakia:
age, gender, and residence as determinants of organochlorine
concentrations," Chemosphere, vol. 65, pp. 410-418, 2006.
[5] A. Chehregani, M. Noori, and H. L. Yazdi, "Phytoremediation of heavymetal-
polluted soils: Screening for new accumulator plants in Angouran
mine (Iran) and evaluation of removal ability," Ecotox. Environ. Saf.,
vol. 72, pp. 1349-1353, 2009.
[6] A. A. Juwarkar, and H. P. Jambhulkar, "Phytoremediation of coal mine
spoil dump through integrated biotechnological approach," Biores.
Technol., vol. 99, pp. 4732-4741, 2008.
[7] F. Pedron, G. Petruzzelli, M. Barbafieri, and E. Tassi, "Strategies to use
phytoextraction in very acidic soil contaminated by heavy metals,"
Chemosphere, vol. 75, pp. 808-814, 2009.
[8] E. Tassi, F. Pedron, M. Barbafieri, and G. Petruzzelli, "Phosphateassisted
phytoextraction in As-contaminated soil," Eng. Life Sci., vol. 4,
pp. 341-346, 2004.
[9] J. Rezek, C. Wiesche, M. Mackova, F. Zadrazil, and T. Macek, "The
effect of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on decrease of PAH content in long
term contaminated soil," Chemosphere, vol. 70, pp. 1603-1608, 2008.
[10] S. N. Golubev, A. V. Scheludko, A. Y. Muratova, O. E. Makarov, and
O. V. Turkovskaya, "Assessing the potential of Rhizobacteria to survive
under phenanthrene pollution," Water Air Soil Pollut., vol. 198, pp. 5-
16, 2009.
[11] Y H. Su, and X. Y. Yang, "Interactions between selected PAHs and the
microbial community in rhizosphere of a paddy soil," Sci. Tot. Environ.,
vol. 407, pp. 1027-1034, 2009.
[12] H. Liu, D. Weisman, Y. Ye, B. Cui, Y. Huang, A. Col├▓n-Carmona, and
Z. Wang, "An oxidative stress response to polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon exposure is rapid and complex in Arabidopsis thaliana,"
Plant Sci., vol. 176, pp. 375-382, 2009.
[13] F. Pedron, and G. Petruzzelli, "Green remediation strategies to improve
the quality of contaminated soils," Chem. Ecol., vol. 27, pp. 89-95,
2011.
[14] S. H. Lee, W. S. Lee, C. H. Lee, and J. G. Kim, "Degradation of
phenanthrene and pyrenein rhizosphere of grasses and legumes," J.
Hazard. Mater., vol. 153, pp. 892-898, 2008.
[15] Y. Wang, and H. Oyaizu, "Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential
of four plant species for dibenzofuran-contaminated soil," J. Hazard.
Mater., vol. 168, pp. 760-764, 2009.
[16] T. Chekol, L. R. Vough, and R.L. Chaney, "Phytoremediation of
polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soils: the rhizosphere effect,"
Environ. Int., vol. 30, pp. 799-804, 2004.
[17] C. Shena, X. Tang, S. A. Cheema, C. Zhang, M. I. Khan, F. Liang, X.
Chen, Y. Zhu, Q. Lin, and Y. Chen, "Enhanced phytoremediation
potential of polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated soil from e-waste
recycling area in the presence of randomly methylated-betacyclodextrins,"
J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 172, pp. 1671-1676, 2009.
[18] E. M. Martin del Valle, "Cyclodextrins and their uses: a review,"
Process Biochem., vol. 39, pp. 1033-1046, 2004.
[19] F. Fava, and F. Grassi, "Cyclodextrins enhance the aerobic degradation
and dechlorination of low-chlorinated biphenyls," Biotechnol. Technol.,
vol. 10, pp. 291-296, 1996.
[20] F. Fava, D. D. Gioia, L. Marchetti, E. Fenyvesi, and J. Szejtli,
"Randomly methylatedcyclodextrins (RAMEB) enhance the aerobic
biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyl in aged-contaminated soils,"
J. Incl. Phenom. Macro., vol. 44, pp. 417-421, 2002.
[21] F. Fava, and V. F. Ciccotosto, "Effects of randomly methylated-betacyclodextrins
(RAMEB) on the bioavailability and aerobic
biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in three pristine soils spiked
with a transformer oil," Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol., vol. 58, pp. 393-
399, 2002.
[22] SSSA (Soil Science Society of America). Methods of soil analysis,
Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America, 1996.
[23] United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), "Pressurized
fluid extraction (PFE)," Method 3545, USEPA SW-846, 1996.
[24] United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA),
"Semivolatile organic compounds by gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS)," Method 8270D, USEPA SW-846, 2007.
[25] L. Gianfreda, M. A. Rao, A. Piotrowska, G. Palumbo, and C. Colombo,
"Soil enzyme activities as affected by anthropogenic alterations:
intensive agriculture practices and organic pollution," Sci. Total
Environ., vol. 341, pp. 265-279, 2005.
[26] M. Singh, R. Sharma, and U. C. Banerjee, "Biotchnological application
of cyclodextrins," Biotech. Adv., vol. 20, pp. 341-359, 2002.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:59002", author = "Petruzzelli G. and Pedron F. and Rosellini I. and Tassi E. and Gorini F. and Barbafieri M.", title = "Integrating Bioremediation and Phytoremediation to Clean up Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contaminated Soils", abstract = "This work involved the use of phytoremediation to
remediate an aged soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). At microcosm scale, tests were prepared using soil samples
that have been collected in an industrial area with a total PCBs
concentration of about 250 μg kg-1. Medicago sativa and Lolium
italicum were the species selected in this study that is used as
“feasibility test" for full scale remediation. The experiment was
carried out with the addition of a mixture of randomly methylatedbeta-
cyclodextrins (RAMEB). At the end of the experiment analysis
of soil samples showed that in general the presence of plants has led
to a higher degradation of most congeners with respect to not
vegetated soil. The two plant species efficiencies were comparable
and improved by RAMEB addition with a final reduction of total
PCBs near to 50%. With increasing the chlorination of the congeners
the removal percentage of PCBs progressively decreased.", keywords = "contaminated soil, feasibility test, phytoremediation,
polychlorinated biphenyls", volume = "6", number = "6", pages = "352-4", }
