Influence of Overfeeding on Productive Performance Traits, Foie Gras Production, Blood Parameters, Internal Organs, Carcass Traits, and Mortality Rate in Two Breeds of Ducks
A total of 60 male mule ducks and 60 male Muscovy ducks were allotted into three groups (n = 20) to estimate the effects of overfeeding (two and four meals) versus ad libitum feeding on productive performance traits, foie gras production, internal organs, and blood parameters.
The results show that force-feeding four meals significantly increased (P < 0.01) body weight, weight gain, and gain percentage compared to force-feeding two meals. Both force-feeding regimes (two or four meals) induced significantly higher body weight, weight gain, gain percentage, and absolute carcass weight than ad libitum feeding; however, carcass percentage was significantly higher in ad libitum feeding. Mule ducks had significantly higher weight gain and weight gain percentages than Muscovy ducks.
Feed consumption per kilogram of foie gras and per kilogram weight gain was lower for the four-meal than for the two-meal forced feeding regime. Force-feeding four meals induced significantly higher liver weight and percentage (488.96 ± 25.78g, 7.82 ± 0.40%) than force-feeding two meals (381.98 ± 13.60g, 6.42 ± 0.21%). Moreover, feed conversion was significantly higher under forced feeding than under ad libitum feeding (77.65 ± 3.41g, 1.72 ± 0.05%; P < 0.01).
Forced feeding (two or four meals) increased all organ weights (intestine, proventriculus, heart, spleen, and pancreas) over ad libitum feeding weights, except for the gizzard; however intestinal and abdominal fat values were higher for four-meal forced feeding than for two-meal forced feeding.
Overfeeding did not change blood parameters significantly compared to ad libitum feeding; however, four-meal forced feeding improved the quality of foie gras since it significantly increased the percentage of grade A foie gras (62.5%) at the expense of grades B (33.33%) and C (4.17%) compared with the two-meal forced feeding.
The mortality percentage among Muscovy ducks during the forced feeding period was 22.5%, compared to 0% in mule ducks. Liver weight was highly significantly correlated with life weight after overfeeding and certain blood plasma traits.
[1] André, J.M.; G. b. Guy; K. Gontier-Latonnelle; M.D. Bernadet; B.
Davail; R. Hoo-Paris and S. Davail (2007): Influence of lipoproteinlipase
activity on plasma triacylglycerol concentration and lipid storage
in three genotypes of ducks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,
Part A, 148: 899–902..
[2] Bogre, I. and J. Szabo (1989): Relationships between live weight,
growth rate and size of fatty liver in geese. Bulletin-of-the-Universityof-
Agricultural-Sciences,-Godollo., 1: 87-94.
[3] Chartrin, P.; M.D. Bernadet; G. Guy; J. Mourot; J.F. Hocquette; N.
Rideau; M.J. Duclos and E. Bae´za (2006 a): Does overfeeding enhance
genotype effects on liver ability for lipogenesis and lipid secretion in
ducks. Comp Biochem Physiol., 145: 390–396.
[4] Chartrin, P.; M.D. Bernadet; G. Guy; J. Mourot; J.F. Hocquette; N.
Rideau; M.J. Duclos and E. Baéza (2006 b): Does overfeeding enhance
genotype effects on energy metabolism and lipid deposition in breast
muscle of ducks? Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 145 : 413-418.
[5] Cheng, C.; L.C. Ching; P.C. Moo; L.S. Rong; H.Y. Hoo and C. Baoje
(1999): The foie gras production in mule ducks by forced feeding
treatment. Journal-of-Taiwan Livestock-Res., 32: 27-32.
[6] Davail, S.; G. Guy; J.M. Andre´; D. Hermier; R. Hoo-Paris (2000):
Metabolism in two breeds of geese with moderate or large overfeeding
induced liver steatosis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 126, 91–99.
[7] Davail, S.; N. Rideau; G. Guy; J.M. Andre´; D. Hermier and R. Hoo-
Paris (2003): Hormonal and metabolic responses to overfeeding in three
genotypes of ducks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 134: 707–715.
[8] Decree (1993): defining legal categories and terms for foie gras in Franc
EU Report PDF (277 KiB), section 7.1, p. 57 Decree 93-999 of August
9.
[9] El-Gendi, G.M. (1994): Productive and metabolic responses to force
feeding to improve meat quality of Pekin ducks of different ages and
sex. Animal Prod Dept, Fac of Agric, Zagazig Univ, Benha Branch,
Egypt.
[10] Fossati, P. and L. Prencipe (1982): Serum triglycerides determined
colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxyde. Clin.
Chem., 28: 2077–2080.
[11] Guy, G.; D. Hermier; S. Davail; M. Bely; J.M. Andre and R. Hoo-Paris
(1999): Meat production and force-feeding ability of different type of
ducks. 1st World Wuterjowl Symposium Taichung., Dec 1-4th: 462-468.
[12] Guy, G.; D. R. Pailley and D. Gourichon (1995): Comparison of geese,
mule duck and Muscovy duck after cramming. Annales-de-Zootechnie.,
44: 297-305.
[13] Henderson, R.J. and J. Sargent (1981): Lipid biosynthesis in rainbow
trout, salmo gairdnerii, fed diets differing in lipid content. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., 69: 31–37.
[14] Hermier, D.; D. R. Pailley; R. Peresson and N. Sellier (1994): Influence
of orotic acid and estrogen on hepatic lipid storage and secretion in the
goose susceptible to liver steatosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1211: 97–
106.
[15] Hermier, D.; G. Guy; S. Guillaumin; S. Davail; J.M. Andre and R. Hoo-
Paris (2003): Differential channelling of liver lipids in relation to
susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in two species of ducks. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., B 135: 663– 675.
[16] Kaplan, A. and L.L. Teng (1982): ”in Selected Methods of Clinical
Chemistry” Vol. 9, Ed. By W.R. Faulkner and S. Meites, AACC,
Washington, pp 357-363.
[17] Lambert, W.V.; N. R. Ellis; W. H. Block and H.W. Titus (1936): The
role of nutrition in genetics. Am. Res. Soc Animal prod., 29: 236.
[18] Larzul, C.; B. Imbert; M.D. Bernadet; G. Guy and H. Remignon (2006):
Meat quality in an intergeneric factorial crossbreeding between Muscovy
(Cairina moschata) and Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos) ducks. Anim-Res.,
55: 219-229.
[19] Lopes-Virella, M.F.; P.G. Stone; S. Ellis and J.A. Coldwell (1977):
Cholesterol determination in high density lipoprotein separated by three
different method. Clin. Chem., 23: 882-884.
[20] Molee, W.; M. Bouillier-Oudot; A. Auvergne and R. Babile (2005):
Changes in lipid composition of hepatocyte plasma membrane induced
by overfeeding in duck. Comp Bioch and Physiol., Part B, 141: 437 –
444.
[21] Nagy, B. and T. Fancsi (1985): The relationship between body weight
gain during force-feeding and foie gras weight and quality.
Baromfitenyesztes-es-Feldolgozas., 31: 166-169.
[22] NRC (1994): National Research Council: Nutrient requirement of Poult.,
9th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
[23] Reitman, S. and S. A. Frankel (1957): “Colorimetric method for tile
determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic
transaminases” A in. J. Clin. Path., 28: 56.
[24] Saadoun, A. and B. Leclercq (1987): In vivo lipogenesis of genetically
lean and fat chickens: effects of nutritional state and dietary treatment
Br. J. Nutr., 117: 428– 435.
[25] Salichon, M.R.; G. Guy; D. Rousselot and J.C. Blum (1994):
Composition des 3 types de foie gras: oie, canard mulard et canard de
Barbarie. Ann. Zootech., 43: 213–220.
[26] SAS (2002): User's Guide statistical Analysis system, version 6, 4th
Edition, SAS Institute, Cary, NC. USA.
[27] Scientific veterinary committee, animal welfare section (1998): Welfare
aspects of the production of foie gras in ducks and geese. CEC,
DGXXIV.
[28] Trinder (1969): Determination of Glucose in Blood Using Glucose
Oxidase with an Alternative Oxygen Acceptor, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 6:
24-25.
[29] Wieland, H. and D. Seidel (1983): A simple specific method for
precipitation of low density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res., 24:904-910.
[30] Zak, B.; R. C. Dickenman; E. G. White; H. Burnett and P. J. Cherney
(1954): “Rapid estimation of free and total cholesterol” Am J Clin
Pathol., 24: 1307-1315.
[1] André, J.M.; G. b. Guy; K. Gontier-Latonnelle; M.D. Bernadet; B.
Davail; R. Hoo-Paris and S. Davail (2007): Influence of lipoproteinlipase
activity on plasma triacylglycerol concentration and lipid storage
in three genotypes of ducks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,
Part A, 148: 899–902..
[2] Bogre, I. and J. Szabo (1989): Relationships between live weight,
growth rate and size of fatty liver in geese. Bulletin-of-the-Universityof-
Agricultural-Sciences,-Godollo., 1: 87-94.
[3] Chartrin, P.; M.D. Bernadet; G. Guy; J. Mourot; J.F. Hocquette; N.
Rideau; M.J. Duclos and E. Bae´za (2006 a): Does overfeeding enhance
genotype effects on liver ability for lipogenesis and lipid secretion in
ducks. Comp Biochem Physiol., 145: 390–396.
[4] Chartrin, P.; M.D. Bernadet; G. Guy; J. Mourot; J.F. Hocquette; N.
Rideau; M.J. Duclos and E. Baéza (2006 b): Does overfeeding enhance
genotype effects on energy metabolism and lipid deposition in breast
muscle of ducks? Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 145 : 413-418.
[5] Cheng, C.; L.C. Ching; P.C. Moo; L.S. Rong; H.Y. Hoo and C. Baoje
(1999): The foie gras production in mule ducks by forced feeding
treatment. Journal-of-Taiwan Livestock-Res., 32: 27-32.
[6] Davail, S.; G. Guy; J.M. Andre´; D. Hermier; R. Hoo-Paris (2000):
Metabolism in two breeds of geese with moderate or large overfeeding
induced liver steatosis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 126, 91–99.
[7] Davail, S.; N. Rideau; G. Guy; J.M. Andre´; D. Hermier and R. Hoo-
Paris (2003): Hormonal and metabolic responses to overfeeding in three
genotypes of ducks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 134: 707–715.
[8] Decree (1993): defining legal categories and terms for foie gras in Franc
EU Report PDF (277 KiB), section 7.1, p. 57 Decree 93-999 of August
9.
[9] El-Gendi, G.M. (1994): Productive and metabolic responses to force
feeding to improve meat quality of Pekin ducks of different ages and
sex. Animal Prod Dept, Fac of Agric, Zagazig Univ, Benha Branch,
Egypt.
[10] Fossati, P. and L. Prencipe (1982): Serum triglycerides determined
colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxyde. Clin.
Chem., 28: 2077–2080.
[11] Guy, G.; D. Hermier; S. Davail; M. Bely; J.M. Andre and R. Hoo-Paris
(1999): Meat production and force-feeding ability of different type of
ducks. 1st World Wuterjowl Symposium Taichung., Dec 1-4th: 462-468.
[12] Guy, G.; D. R. Pailley and D. Gourichon (1995): Comparison of geese,
mule duck and Muscovy duck after cramming. Annales-de-Zootechnie.,
44: 297-305.
[13] Henderson, R.J. and J. Sargent (1981): Lipid biosynthesis in rainbow
trout, salmo gairdnerii, fed diets differing in lipid content. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., 69: 31–37.
[14] Hermier, D.; D. R. Pailley; R. Peresson and N. Sellier (1994): Influence
of orotic acid and estrogen on hepatic lipid storage and secretion in the
goose susceptible to liver steatosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1211: 97–
106.
[15] Hermier, D.; G. Guy; S. Guillaumin; S. Davail; J.M. Andre and R. Hoo-
Paris (2003): Differential channelling of liver lipids in relation to
susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in two species of ducks. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., B 135: 663– 675.
[16] Kaplan, A. and L.L. Teng (1982): ”in Selected Methods of Clinical
Chemistry” Vol. 9, Ed. By W.R. Faulkner and S. Meites, AACC,
Washington, pp 357-363.
[17] Lambert, W.V.; N. R. Ellis; W. H. Block and H.W. Titus (1936): The
role of nutrition in genetics. Am. Res. Soc Animal prod., 29: 236.
[18] Larzul, C.; B. Imbert; M.D. Bernadet; G. Guy and H. Remignon (2006):
Meat quality in an intergeneric factorial crossbreeding between Muscovy
(Cairina moschata) and Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos) ducks. Anim-Res.,
55: 219-229.
[19] Lopes-Virella, M.F.; P.G. Stone; S. Ellis and J.A. Coldwell (1977):
Cholesterol determination in high density lipoprotein separated by three
different method. Clin. Chem., 23: 882-884.
[20] Molee, W.; M. Bouillier-Oudot; A. Auvergne and R. Babile (2005):
Changes in lipid composition of hepatocyte plasma membrane induced
by overfeeding in duck. Comp Bioch and Physiol., Part B, 141: 437 –
444.
[21] Nagy, B. and T. Fancsi (1985): The relationship between body weight
gain during force-feeding and foie gras weight and quality.
Baromfitenyesztes-es-Feldolgozas., 31: 166-169.
[22] NRC (1994): National Research Council: Nutrient requirement of Poult.,
9th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
[23] Reitman, S. and S. A. Frankel (1957): “Colorimetric method for tile
determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic
transaminases” A in. J. Clin. Path., 28: 56.
[24] Saadoun, A. and B. Leclercq (1987): In vivo lipogenesis of genetically
lean and fat chickens: effects of nutritional state and dietary treatment
Br. J. Nutr., 117: 428– 435.
[25] Salichon, M.R.; G. Guy; D. Rousselot and J.C. Blum (1994):
Composition des 3 types de foie gras: oie, canard mulard et canard de
Barbarie. Ann. Zootech., 43: 213–220.
[26] SAS (2002): User's Guide statistical Analysis system, version 6, 4th
Edition, SAS Institute, Cary, NC. USA.
[27] Scientific veterinary committee, animal welfare section (1998): Welfare
aspects of the production of foie gras in ducks and geese. CEC,
DGXXIV.
[28] Trinder (1969): Determination of Glucose in Blood Using Glucose
Oxidase with an Alternative Oxygen Acceptor, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 6:
24-25.
[29] Wieland, H. and D. Seidel (1983): A simple specific method for
precipitation of low density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res., 24:904-910.
[30] Zak, B.; R. C. Dickenman; E. G. White; H. Burnett and P. J. Cherney
(1954): “Rapid estimation of free and total cholesterol” Am J Clin
Pathol., 24: 1307-1315.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:65513", author = "El-Sayed and Mona and Y. and U. E. Mahrous", title = "Influence of Overfeeding on Productive Performance Traits, Foie Gras Production, Blood Parameters, Internal Organs, Carcass Traits, and Mortality Rate in Two Breeds of Ducks", abstract = "A total of 60 male mule ducks and 60 male Muscovy ducks were allotted into three groups (n = 20) to estimate the effects of overfeeding (two and four meals) versus ad libitum feeding on productive performance traits, foie gras production, internal organs, and blood parameters.
The results show that force-feeding four meals significantly increased (P < 0.01) body weight, weight gain, and gain percentage compared to force-feeding two meals. Both force-feeding regimes (two or four meals) induced significantly higher body weight, weight gain, gain percentage, and absolute carcass weight than ad libitum feeding; however, carcass percentage was significantly higher in ad libitum feeding. Mule ducks had significantly higher weight gain and weight gain percentages than Muscovy ducks.
Feed consumption per kilogram of foie gras and per kilogram weight gain was lower for the four-meal than for the two-meal forced feeding regime. Force-feeding four meals induced significantly higher liver weight and percentage (488.96 ± 25.78g, 7.82 ± 0.40%) than force-feeding two meals (381.98 ± 13.60g, 6.42 ± 0.21%). Moreover, feed conversion was significantly higher under forced feeding than under ad libitum feeding (77.65 ± 3.41g, 1.72 ± 0.05%; P < 0.01).
Forced feeding (two or four meals) increased all organ weights (intestine, proventriculus, heart, spleen, and pancreas) over ad libitum feeding weights, except for the gizzard; however intestinal and abdominal fat values were higher for four-meal forced feeding than for two-meal forced feeding.
Overfeeding did not change blood parameters significantly compared to ad libitum feeding; however, four-meal forced feeding improved the quality of foie gras since it significantly increased the percentage of grade A foie gras (62.5%) at the expense of grades B (33.33%) and C (4.17%) compared with the two-meal forced feeding.
The mortality percentage among Muscovy ducks during the forced feeding period was 22.5%, compared to 0% in mule ducks. Liver weight was highly significantly correlated with life weight after overfeeding and certain blood plasma traits.
", keywords = "Foie gras, overfeeding, ducks, productive performance. ", volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "242-7", }
