Influence of Laminated Textile Structures on Mechanical Performance of NF-Epoxy Composites
Textile structures are engineered and fabricated to
meet worldwide structural applications. Nevertheless, research
varying textile structure on natural fibre as composite reinforcement
was found to be very limited. Most of the research is focusing on
short fibre and random discontinuous orientation of the reinforcement
structure. Realizing that natural fibre (NF) composite had been
widely developed to be used as synthetic fibre composite
replacement, this research attempted to examine the influence of
woven and cross-ply laminated structure towards its mechanical
performances. Laminated natural fibre composites were developed
using hand lay-up and vacuum bagging technique. Impact and
flexural strength were investigated as a function of fibre type (coir
and kenaf) and reinforcement structure (imbalanced plain woven,
0°/90° cross-ply and +45°/-45° cross-ply). Multi-level full factorial
design of experiment (DOE) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
employed to impart data as to how fibre type and reinforcement
structure parameters affect the mechanical properties of the
composites. This systematic experimentation has led to determination
of significant factors that predominant influences the impact and
flexural properties of the textile composites. It was proven that both
fibre type and reinforcement structure demonstrated significant
difference results. Overall results indicated that coir composite and
woven structure exhibited better impact and flexural strength. Yet,
cross-ply composite structure demonstrated better fracture resistance.
[1] A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, and G. Hinrichsen, "Biofibres, biodegradable
polymers and biocomposites: An overview", Macromolecular Materials
and Engineering, vol. 276/277, pp. 1-24, 2002.
[2] M. Jawaid, and H.P.S Abdul Khalil, "Cellulosic / synthetic fibre
reinforced polymer hybrid composites: A review", Carbohydrate
Polymers, vol. 86, pp. 1-18, 2011.
[3] S. Harish, D. Peter Michael, A. Bensely, D. Mohan Lal, and A.
Rajadurai, "Mechanical property evaluation of natural fiber coir
composite", Materials Characterization, vol. 60, pp. 44-49, 2009.
[4] http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/iynf/index.html.
[5] M. Zampaloni, F. Pourboghrat, S.A. Yankovich, B.N. Rodgers, J.
Moore, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty, and M. Misra, "Kenaf natural fiber
reinforced polypropylene composites: A discussion on manufacturing
problems and solutions", Composites: Part A, vol. 38, pp. 1569-1580,
2007.
[6] P. Wambua, J. Ivens, and I. Verpoest, "Natural fibres: can they replace
glass in fibre reinforced plastics?", Composites Science and Technology,
vol. 63, pp. 1259-1264, 2003.
[7] P. Wambua, B. Vangrimde, S. Lomov, and I. Verpoest, "The response of
natural fibre composites to ballistic impact by fragment simulating
projectiles", Composite Structures, vol. 77, pp. 232-240, 2007.
[8] W. Wei, and H. Gu, "Characterisation and utilization of natural coconut
fibres composites", Materials & Design, vol. 30, pp. 2741-2744, 2009.
[9] S.M. Sapuan, M.N.M. Zan, E.S. Zainudin, and P.R. Arora, "Tensile and
flexural strengths of coconut spathe-fibre reinforced epoxy composites",
Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 43, pp. 63-65, 2005.
[10] N.G. Justiz-Smith, G. Junior Virgo, and V.E. Buchanan, "Potential of
Jamaican banana, coconut coir and bagasse fibres as composite
materials", Materials Characterization, vol. 59, pp. 1273-1278, 2008.
[11] P.N. Khanam, G.R. Reddy, K. Raghu, and S.V. Naidu, "Tensile,
flexural, and compressive properties of coir/silk fiber-reinforced hybrid
composites", Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29,
pp. 2124-2127, 2009.
[12] J. Summerscales, N.P.J. Dissanayake, A.S. Virk, and W. Hall, "A review
of bast fibres and their composites . Part 1 - Fibres as reinforcements",
Composites: Part A, vol. 41, pp. 1329-1335, 2010.
[13] J. Summerscales, N. Dissanayake, A. Virk, and W. Hall, "A review of
bast fibres and their composites. Part 2 - Composites", Composites: Part
A, vol. 41, pp. 1336-1344, 2010.
[14] H.M. Akil, M.F. Omar, A.A.M. Mazuki, S. Safiee, Z.A.M. Ishak, A.
Abu Bakar, "Kenaf fiber reinforced compositesU: A review", Materials
and Design, vol. 32, pp. 4107-4121, 2011.
[15] J. Cao, R. Akkerman, P. Boisse, J. Chen, H.S. Cheng, E.F. de Graaf, J.L.
Gorczyca, P. Harrison, G. Hivet, J. Launay, W. Lee, L. Liu, S.V.
Lomov, A. Long, E. de Luycker, F. Morestin, J. Padvoiskis, X.Q. Peng,
J. Sherwood, Tz. Stoilova, X.M. Tao, I. Verpoest, A. Willems, J.
Wiggers, T.X. Yu, and B. Zhu, "Characterization of mechanical
behavior of woven fabrics: Experimental methods and benchmark
results", Composites: Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol.
39, pp. 1037-1053, 2008.
[16] G. Dorey, G.R. Sidey, and J. Hutchings, "Impact properties of carbon
fibre/Kevlar 49 fibre hydrid composites", Composites, vol. 9, pp. 25-32,
1978.
[17] M. Karahan, "Comparison of ballistic performance and energy
absorption capabilities of woven and unidirectional aramid fabrics",
Textile Research Journal, vol. 78, pp. 718-730, 2008.
[18] J-K. Kim, and M-L. Sham, "Impact and delamination failure of wovenfabric
composites", Composites Science and Technology, vol. 60, pp.
745-761, 2000.
[19] P.K. Kushwaha, and R. Kumar, "The studies on performance of epoxy
and polyester-based composites reinforced with bamboo and glass
fibers", Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, pp.
1952-1962, 2010.
[20] A.R. Othman, and M.H. Hassan, "Effect of different construction
designs of aramid fabric on the ballistic performances", Materials &
Design, vol. 44, pp. 407-413, 2013.
[21] D.C. Montgomery, "Design and analysis of experiments", 7th edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
[22] M. Mariatti, M. Nasir, and H. Ismail, "Determination of the influence of
stacking structure, float length and pressure time on the flexural
properties of satin laminated composite using a factorial design",
Polymer Testing, vol. 21, pp. 807-814, 2002.
[23] R. Park, and J. Jang, "Stacking sequence effect of aramid - UHMPE
hybrid composites by flexural test method", Polymer Testing, vol. 16,
pp. 549-562, 1997.
[24] W.J. Cantwell, and J. Morton, "The impact resistance of composite
materials-A review", Composites, vol. 22, pp. 347-362, 1991.
[25] K. McDaniels, R.J. Downs, H. Meldner, C. Beach, and C. Adams, "High
strength-to-weight ratio non-woven technical fabrics for aerospace
applications", Cubic Tech. Corp., 2009.
[26] J. Heinecke, "From fiber to armor", Law Enforcement Technology
magazine, 2007.
[27] K.G. Satyanarayana, K. Sukumaran, P.S. Mukherjee, C. Pavithran, and
S.G.K. Pillai, "Natural fibre-polymer composites", Cement & Concrete
Composites, vol. 12, pp. 117-136, 1990.
[28] P.N.B. Reis, J.A.M. Ferreira, F.V. Antunes, and J.D.M. Costa, "Flexural
behaviour of hybrid laminated composites", Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing, vol. 38, pp. 1612-1620, 2007.
[29] K.J. Wong KJ, U. Nirmal, and B.K. Lim, "Impact behavior of short and
continuous fiber-reinforced polyester composites", Journal of
Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, pp. 3463-3474, 2010.
[1] A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, and G. Hinrichsen, "Biofibres, biodegradable
polymers and biocomposites: An overview", Macromolecular Materials
and Engineering, vol. 276/277, pp. 1-24, 2002.
[2] M. Jawaid, and H.P.S Abdul Khalil, "Cellulosic / synthetic fibre
reinforced polymer hybrid composites: A review", Carbohydrate
Polymers, vol. 86, pp. 1-18, 2011.
[3] S. Harish, D. Peter Michael, A. Bensely, D. Mohan Lal, and A.
Rajadurai, "Mechanical property evaluation of natural fiber coir
composite", Materials Characterization, vol. 60, pp. 44-49, 2009.
[4] http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/iynf/index.html.
[5] M. Zampaloni, F. Pourboghrat, S.A. Yankovich, B.N. Rodgers, J.
Moore, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty, and M. Misra, "Kenaf natural fiber
reinforced polypropylene composites: A discussion on manufacturing
problems and solutions", Composites: Part A, vol. 38, pp. 1569-1580,
2007.
[6] P. Wambua, J. Ivens, and I. Verpoest, "Natural fibres: can they replace
glass in fibre reinforced plastics?", Composites Science and Technology,
vol. 63, pp. 1259-1264, 2003.
[7] P. Wambua, B. Vangrimde, S. Lomov, and I. Verpoest, "The response of
natural fibre composites to ballistic impact by fragment simulating
projectiles", Composite Structures, vol. 77, pp. 232-240, 2007.
[8] W. Wei, and H. Gu, "Characterisation and utilization of natural coconut
fibres composites", Materials & Design, vol. 30, pp. 2741-2744, 2009.
[9] S.M. Sapuan, M.N.M. Zan, E.S. Zainudin, and P.R. Arora, "Tensile and
flexural strengths of coconut spathe-fibre reinforced epoxy composites",
Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 43, pp. 63-65, 2005.
[10] N.G. Justiz-Smith, G. Junior Virgo, and V.E. Buchanan, "Potential of
Jamaican banana, coconut coir and bagasse fibres as composite
materials", Materials Characterization, vol. 59, pp. 1273-1278, 2008.
[11] P.N. Khanam, G.R. Reddy, K. Raghu, and S.V. Naidu, "Tensile,
flexural, and compressive properties of coir/silk fiber-reinforced hybrid
composites", Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29,
pp. 2124-2127, 2009.
[12] J. Summerscales, N.P.J. Dissanayake, A.S. Virk, and W. Hall, "A review
of bast fibres and their composites . Part 1 - Fibres as reinforcements",
Composites: Part A, vol. 41, pp. 1329-1335, 2010.
[13] J. Summerscales, N. Dissanayake, A. Virk, and W. Hall, "A review of
bast fibres and their composites. Part 2 - Composites", Composites: Part
A, vol. 41, pp. 1336-1344, 2010.
[14] H.M. Akil, M.F. Omar, A.A.M. Mazuki, S. Safiee, Z.A.M. Ishak, A.
Abu Bakar, "Kenaf fiber reinforced compositesU: A review", Materials
and Design, vol. 32, pp. 4107-4121, 2011.
[15] J. Cao, R. Akkerman, P. Boisse, J. Chen, H.S. Cheng, E.F. de Graaf, J.L.
Gorczyca, P. Harrison, G. Hivet, J. Launay, W. Lee, L. Liu, S.V.
Lomov, A. Long, E. de Luycker, F. Morestin, J. Padvoiskis, X.Q. Peng,
J. Sherwood, Tz. Stoilova, X.M. Tao, I. Verpoest, A. Willems, J.
Wiggers, T.X. Yu, and B. Zhu, "Characterization of mechanical
behavior of woven fabrics: Experimental methods and benchmark
results", Composites: Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol.
39, pp. 1037-1053, 2008.
[16] G. Dorey, G.R. Sidey, and J. Hutchings, "Impact properties of carbon
fibre/Kevlar 49 fibre hydrid composites", Composites, vol. 9, pp. 25-32,
1978.
[17] M. Karahan, "Comparison of ballistic performance and energy
absorption capabilities of woven and unidirectional aramid fabrics",
Textile Research Journal, vol. 78, pp. 718-730, 2008.
[18] J-K. Kim, and M-L. Sham, "Impact and delamination failure of wovenfabric
composites", Composites Science and Technology, vol. 60, pp.
745-761, 2000.
[19] P.K. Kushwaha, and R. Kumar, "The studies on performance of epoxy
and polyester-based composites reinforced with bamboo and glass
fibers", Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, pp.
1952-1962, 2010.
[20] A.R. Othman, and M.H. Hassan, "Effect of different construction
designs of aramid fabric on the ballistic performances", Materials &
Design, vol. 44, pp. 407-413, 2013.
[21] D.C. Montgomery, "Design and analysis of experiments", 7th edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
[22] M. Mariatti, M. Nasir, and H. Ismail, "Determination of the influence of
stacking structure, float length and pressure time on the flexural
properties of satin laminated composite using a factorial design",
Polymer Testing, vol. 21, pp. 807-814, 2002.
[23] R. Park, and J. Jang, "Stacking sequence effect of aramid - UHMPE
hybrid composites by flexural test method", Polymer Testing, vol. 16,
pp. 549-562, 1997.
[24] W.J. Cantwell, and J. Morton, "The impact resistance of composite
materials-A review", Composites, vol. 22, pp. 347-362, 1991.
[25] K. McDaniels, R.J. Downs, H. Meldner, C. Beach, and C. Adams, "High
strength-to-weight ratio non-woven technical fabrics for aerospace
applications", Cubic Tech. Corp., 2009.
[26] J. Heinecke, "From fiber to armor", Law Enforcement Technology
magazine, 2007.
[27] K.G. Satyanarayana, K. Sukumaran, P.S. Mukherjee, C. Pavithran, and
S.G.K. Pillai, "Natural fibre-polymer composites", Cement & Concrete
Composites, vol. 12, pp. 117-136, 1990.
[28] P.N.B. Reis, J.A.M. Ferreira, F.V. Antunes, and J.D.M. Costa, "Flexural
behaviour of hybrid laminated composites", Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing, vol. 38, pp. 1612-1620, 2007.
[29] K.J. Wong KJ, U. Nirmal, and B.K. Lim, "Impact behavior of short and
continuous fiber-reinforced polyester composites", Journal of
Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 29, pp. 3463-3474, 2010.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:64382", author = "A. R. Azrin Hani and R. Ahmad and M. Mariatti", title = "Influence of Laminated Textile Structures on Mechanical Performance of NF-Epoxy Composites", abstract = "Textile structures are engineered and fabricated to
meet worldwide structural applications. Nevertheless, research
varying textile structure on natural fibre as composite reinforcement
was found to be very limited. Most of the research is focusing on
short fibre and random discontinuous orientation of the reinforcement
structure. Realizing that natural fibre (NF) composite had been
widely developed to be used as synthetic fibre composite
replacement, this research attempted to examine the influence of
woven and cross-ply laminated structure towards its mechanical
performances. Laminated natural fibre composites were developed
using hand lay-up and vacuum bagging technique. Impact and
flexural strength were investigated as a function of fibre type (coir
and kenaf) and reinforcement structure (imbalanced plain woven,
0°/90° cross-ply and +45°/-45° cross-ply). Multi-level full factorial
design of experiment (DOE) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
employed to impart data as to how fibre type and reinforcement
structure parameters affect the mechanical properties of the
composites. This systematic experimentation has led to determination
of significant factors that predominant influences the impact and
flexural properties of the textile composites. It was proven that both
fibre type and reinforcement structure demonstrated significant
difference results. Overall results indicated that coir composite and
woven structure exhibited better impact and flexural strength. Yet,
cross-ply composite structure demonstrated better fracture resistance.", keywords = "Cross-ply composite, Flexural strength, Impact strength, Textile natural fibre composite, Woven composite.", volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "1322-7", }
