Incorporation Mechanism of Stabilizing Simulated Lead-Laden Sludge in Aluminum-Rich Ceramics
This study investigated a strategy of blending lead-laden sludge and Al-rich precursors to reduce the release of metals from the stabilized products. Using PbO as the simulated lead-laden sludge to sinter with γ-Al2O3 by Pb:Al molar ratios of 1:2 and 1:12, PbAl2O4 and PbAl12O19 were formed as final products during the sintering process, respectively. By firing the PbO + γ-Al2O3 mixtures with different Pb/Al molar ratios at 600 to 1000 °C, the lead transformation was determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. In Pb/Al molar ratio of 1/2 system, the formation of PbAl2O4 is initiated at 700 °C, but an effective formation was observed above 750 °C. An intermediate phase, Pb9Al8O21, was detected in the temperature range of 800-900 °C. However, different incorporation behavior for sintering PbO with Al-rich precursors at a Pb/Al molar ratio of 1/12 was observed during the formation of PbAl12O19 in this system. In the sintering process, both temperature and time effect on the formation of PbAl2O4 and PbAl12O19 phases were estimated. Finally, a prolonged leaching test modified from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-s toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was used to evaluate the durability of PbO, Pb9Al8O21, PbAl2O4 and PbAl12O19 phases. Comparison for the leaching results of the four phases demonstrated the higher intrinsic resistance of PbAl12O19 against acid attack.
[1] R. Jalali, H. Ghafourian, Y. Asef, S. J. Davarpanah, S.Sepehr, "Removal
and recovery of lead using nonliving biomass of marine algae." Journal of
Hazardous Materials, vol. 92(3), pp. 253-262, 2002.
[2] V. K. Gupta, M. Gupta, S. Sharma, "Process development for the removal
of lead and chromium from aqueous solutions using red mud - An
aluminium industry waste." Water Research, vol. 35(5), pp. 1125-1134,
2001.
[3] K. Conrad, H. C. Bruun Hansen, "Sorption of zinc and lead on coir."
Bioresource Technology, vol. 98(1), pp. 89-97, 2007.
[4] V. K. Gupta, S. Agarwal, T. A. Saleh, "Synthesis and characterization of
alumina-coated carbon nanotubes and their application for lead removal."
Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 185(1), pp. 17-23, 2011.
[5] S. W. Lin, R. M. F. Navarro, "An innovative method for removing Hg2+
and Pb2+ in ppm concentrations from aqueous media." Chemosphere,
vol. 39(11), pp. 1809-1817, 1999.
[6] D. Petruzzelli, M. Pagano, G. Tiravanti, R. Passino, "Lead removal and
recovery from battery wastewaters by natural zeolite clinoptilolite."
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, vol. 17(3), pp. 677-694, 1999.
[7] A. Saeed, M. Iqbal, M. W. Akhtar, "Removal and recovery of lead(II)
from single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling
waste (black gram husk)." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 117(1),
pp. 65-73, 2005.
[8] B. Dubey, T. Townsend, "Arsenic and lead leaching from the waste
derived fertilizer ironite." Environmental Science and Technology, vol.
38(20), pp. 5400-5404, 2004.
[9] I. Ali, V. K.Gupta, "Advances in water treatment by adsorption
technology." Nature Protocols, vol. 1(6), pp. 2661-2667, 2007.
[10] D. Laner, J. Fellner, P. H. Brunner, "Flooding of municipal solid waste
landfills-An environmental hazard?" Science of the Total Environment,
vol. 407(12), pp. 3674-3680, 2009.
[11] K. Shih, T. White, J. O. Leckie, "Spinel formation for stabilizing
simulated nickel-laden sludge with aluminum-rich ceramic precursors."
Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 40(16), pp. 5077-5083,
2006.
[12] K. Shih, T. White, J. O. Leckie, "Nickel stabilization efficiency of
aluminate and ferrite spinels and their leaching behavior." Environmental
Science and Technology, vol. 40(17), pp. 5520-5526, 2006.
[13] Y. Tang, K. Shih, K. Chan, "Copper aluminate spinel in the stabilization
and detoxification of simulated copper-laden sludge." Chemosphere, vol.
80(4), pp. 375-380, 2010.
[14] C. Y. Hu, K. Shih, J. O. Leckie, "Formation of copper aluminate spinel
and cuprous aluminate delafossite to thermally stabilize simulated
copper-laden sludge." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 181(1-3), pp.
399-404, 2010.
[15] G. Wendt, C. D. Meinecke, W. Schmitz, "Oxidative dimerization of
methane on lead oxide-alumina catalysts." Applied Catalysis, vol. 45(2),
pp. 209-220, 1988.
[16] S. E. Park, J. S. Chang, "Oxidative coupling of methane over
PbO/PbAl2O4 catalysts." Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, vol.
75, pp. 2233-2236, 1993.
[17] S. Chen, B. Zhao, P. C. Hayes, E. Jak, "Experimental study of phase
equilibria in the PbO-Al2O3-SiO2 system." Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science,
vol. 32(6), pp. 997-1005, 2001.
[18] R. S. Zhou, R. L. Snyder, "Structures and transformation mechanisms of
the eta, gamma and theta transition aluminas." Acta Crystallographica
Section B, vol. 47(5), pp. 617-630, 1991.
[19] Y. Wang, C. Suryanarayana, L. An, "Phase transformation in
nanometer-sized ╬│-alumina by mechanical milling." Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, vol. 88(3), pp. 780-783, 2005
[20] R. F. Geller, E. N. Bunting, "Report on the systems lead oxide-alumina
and lead oxide-alumina-silica." Journal of research of the National
Bureau of Standards, vol. 31(5), pp. 255-270, 1943.
[21] A. Kukukova, J. Aubin, S. M. Kresta, "A new definition of mixing and
segregation: Three dimensions of a key process variable." Chemical
Engineering Research and Design, vol. 87(4), pp. 633-647, 2009.
[22] U. Kuxmann, P. Fischer, "Lead monoxide-aluminum oxide, lead
monoxide-calcium oxide, and lead monoxide-silicon dioxide phase
diagrams." Erzmetall, vol. 27(11), pp. 533-537, 1974.
[23] E. J. Kim, J. E. Herrera, D. Huggins, J. Braam, S. Koshowski, "Effect of
pH on the concentrations of lead and trace contaminants in drinking
water: A combined batch, pipe loop and sentinel home study." Water
Research, vol. 45(9), pp. 2763-2774, 2011.
[24] E. J. Kim, J. E. Herrera, "Characteristics of lead corrosion scales formed
during drinking water distribution and their potential influence on the
release of lead and other contaminants." Environmental Science and
Technology, vol. 44(16), pp. 6054-6061, 2010.
[1] R. Jalali, H. Ghafourian, Y. Asef, S. J. Davarpanah, S.Sepehr, "Removal
and recovery of lead using nonliving biomass of marine algae." Journal of
Hazardous Materials, vol. 92(3), pp. 253-262, 2002.
[2] V. K. Gupta, M. Gupta, S. Sharma, "Process development for the removal
of lead and chromium from aqueous solutions using red mud - An
aluminium industry waste." Water Research, vol. 35(5), pp. 1125-1134,
2001.
[3] K. Conrad, H. C. Bruun Hansen, "Sorption of zinc and lead on coir."
Bioresource Technology, vol. 98(1), pp. 89-97, 2007.
[4] V. K. Gupta, S. Agarwal, T. A. Saleh, "Synthesis and characterization of
alumina-coated carbon nanotubes and their application for lead removal."
Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 185(1), pp. 17-23, 2011.
[5] S. W. Lin, R. M. F. Navarro, "An innovative method for removing Hg2+
and Pb2+ in ppm concentrations from aqueous media." Chemosphere,
vol. 39(11), pp. 1809-1817, 1999.
[6] D. Petruzzelli, M. Pagano, G. Tiravanti, R. Passino, "Lead removal and
recovery from battery wastewaters by natural zeolite clinoptilolite."
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, vol. 17(3), pp. 677-694, 1999.
[7] A. Saeed, M. Iqbal, M. W. Akhtar, "Removal and recovery of lead(II)
from single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling
waste (black gram husk)." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 117(1),
pp. 65-73, 2005.
[8] B. Dubey, T. Townsend, "Arsenic and lead leaching from the waste
derived fertilizer ironite." Environmental Science and Technology, vol.
38(20), pp. 5400-5404, 2004.
[9] I. Ali, V. K.Gupta, "Advances in water treatment by adsorption
technology." Nature Protocols, vol. 1(6), pp. 2661-2667, 2007.
[10] D. Laner, J. Fellner, P. H. Brunner, "Flooding of municipal solid waste
landfills-An environmental hazard?" Science of the Total Environment,
vol. 407(12), pp. 3674-3680, 2009.
[11] K. Shih, T. White, J. O. Leckie, "Spinel formation for stabilizing
simulated nickel-laden sludge with aluminum-rich ceramic precursors."
Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 40(16), pp. 5077-5083,
2006.
[12] K. Shih, T. White, J. O. Leckie, "Nickel stabilization efficiency of
aluminate and ferrite spinels and their leaching behavior." Environmental
Science and Technology, vol. 40(17), pp. 5520-5526, 2006.
[13] Y. Tang, K. Shih, K. Chan, "Copper aluminate spinel in the stabilization
and detoxification of simulated copper-laden sludge." Chemosphere, vol.
80(4), pp. 375-380, 2010.
[14] C. Y. Hu, K. Shih, J. O. Leckie, "Formation of copper aluminate spinel
and cuprous aluminate delafossite to thermally stabilize simulated
copper-laden sludge." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 181(1-3), pp.
399-404, 2010.
[15] G. Wendt, C. D. Meinecke, W. Schmitz, "Oxidative dimerization of
methane on lead oxide-alumina catalysts." Applied Catalysis, vol. 45(2),
pp. 209-220, 1988.
[16] S. E. Park, J. S. Chang, "Oxidative coupling of methane over
PbO/PbAl2O4 catalysts." Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, vol.
75, pp. 2233-2236, 1993.
[17] S. Chen, B. Zhao, P. C. Hayes, E. Jak, "Experimental study of phase
equilibria in the PbO-Al2O3-SiO2 system." Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science,
vol. 32(6), pp. 997-1005, 2001.
[18] R. S. Zhou, R. L. Snyder, "Structures and transformation mechanisms of
the eta, gamma and theta transition aluminas." Acta Crystallographica
Section B, vol. 47(5), pp. 617-630, 1991.
[19] Y. Wang, C. Suryanarayana, L. An, "Phase transformation in
nanometer-sized ╬│-alumina by mechanical milling." Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, vol. 88(3), pp. 780-783, 2005
[20] R. F. Geller, E. N. Bunting, "Report on the systems lead oxide-alumina
and lead oxide-alumina-silica." Journal of research of the National
Bureau of Standards, vol. 31(5), pp. 255-270, 1943.
[21] A. Kukukova, J. Aubin, S. M. Kresta, "A new definition of mixing and
segregation: Three dimensions of a key process variable." Chemical
Engineering Research and Design, vol. 87(4), pp. 633-647, 2009.
[22] U. Kuxmann, P. Fischer, "Lead monoxide-aluminum oxide, lead
monoxide-calcium oxide, and lead monoxide-silicon dioxide phase
diagrams." Erzmetall, vol. 27(11), pp. 533-537, 1974.
[23] E. J. Kim, J. E. Herrera, D. Huggins, J. Braam, S. Koshowski, "Effect of
pH on the concentrations of lead and trace contaminants in drinking
water: A combined batch, pipe loop and sentinel home study." Water
Research, vol. 45(9), pp. 2763-2774, 2011.
[24] E. J. Kim, J. E. Herrera, "Characteristics of lead corrosion scales formed
during drinking water distribution and their potential influence on the
release of lead and other contaminants." Environmental Science and
Technology, vol. 44(16), pp. 6054-6061, 2010.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:57554", author = "Xingwen Lu and Kaimin Shih", title = "Incorporation Mechanism of Stabilizing Simulated Lead-Laden Sludge in Aluminum-Rich Ceramics", abstract = "This study investigated a strategy of blending lead-laden sludge and Al-rich precursors to reduce the release of metals from the stabilized products. Using PbO as the simulated lead-laden sludge to sinter with γ-Al2O3 by Pb:Al molar ratios of 1:2 and 1:12, PbAl2O4 and PbAl12O19 were formed as final products during the sintering process, respectively. By firing the PbO + γ-Al2O3 mixtures with different Pb/Al molar ratios at 600 to 1000 °C, the lead transformation was determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. In Pb/Al molar ratio of 1/2 system, the formation of PbAl2O4 is initiated at 700 °C, but an effective formation was observed above 750 °C. An intermediate phase, Pb9Al8O21, was detected in the temperature range of 800-900 °C. However, different incorporation behavior for sintering PbO with Al-rich precursors at a Pb/Al molar ratio of 1/12 was observed during the formation of PbAl12O19 in this system. In the sintering process, both temperature and time effect on the formation of PbAl2O4 and PbAl12O19 phases were estimated. Finally, a prolonged leaching test modified from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-s toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was used to evaluate the durability of PbO, Pb9Al8O21, PbAl2O4 and PbAl12O19 phases. Comparison for the leaching results of the four phases demonstrated the higher intrinsic resistance of PbAl12O19 against acid attack.
", keywords = "Sludge, Lead, Stabilization, Leaching behavior", volume = "6", number = "9", pages = "612-6", }
