Trihalogenmethanes are the most significant byproducts of the reaction of disinfection agent with organic precursors naturally present in ground and surface waters.Their incidence negatively affects the quality of drinking water in relation to their nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and genotoxic effects on human health. Taking into consideration the considerable volatility of monitored contaminants it could be assumed that their incidence in drinking water would depend on the distance of sampling from the area of disinfection. Based on the concentration of trihalogenmethanes determined with the help of gas chromatography with mass detector and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) such dependence has been proved as statistically significant. The acquired outcomes will be used for assessing the non-carcinogenic and genotoxic risks to consumers.
[1] Boorman, G. A. et al. Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducs: Review
and Approach to Toxicity Evaluation.Environmental Health
Perspectives, 1999, 107, pp. 207-217.
[2] Bozek, F., Bozek, M., Dvorak, J.Trihalogenmethanes
in Drinking Water and Quantification of Health Risks. WSEAS
Transactions on Environment and Development,2011, 7, (4), pp. 103-
113.
[3] Colman, Joan. Et al. Identification of developmentally toxic drinking
water disinfection byproducts
and evaluation of data relevant to mode of action. Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology. 2011, 254, pp. 100-126.H. Poor, An
Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New York: Springer-
Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
[4] ─îSN EN ISO 5667-3. Water Quality-Sampling-Guidance for the
Preservation of Samples and Handling. Prague: Agency for Technical
Standardization, Metrology
and State Quality Control, 2004..
[5] Hamidin, N. et al. Humanhealth risk assessment
ofchlorinateddisinfection by-products in drinkingwaterusing a
probabilisticapproach. WaterResearch. 2008, 42, pp. 3263-3274.
[6] IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans.Volume 73: Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the
Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents
and Some Other Substances. Geneva: IARC, Geneva: IARC, 1999, p.
170.
[7] IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans.Volume 71: Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals,
Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide. Geneva: IARC, Geneva: IARC,
1999, pp. 1302, 1311, 1333.
[8] Kř├¡ž, O., Neubauer, J. Sylaby předn├í┼íek ze statistiky. Vy┼íkov: VV┼á PV,
2003.
[9] Larson, J. L., Wolf, D. C., Butterworth, B. E. Acute Hepatotoxic and
Nephrotoxic Effects of Chloroform
in Male F-344 Rats and Female B6C3F1 Mice.Toxicol. Sci., 1993, 20,
(3), pp. 302-315.
[10] Nieuwenhuijsen et al. Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts in Water
and Their Association with Adverse Reproductive Outcomes: A Review.
Occupational
and EnvironmentalMedicine, 2000, 57(2), 73-85.
[11] Nikolaou, A. Haloforms and Related Coumpounds
in Drinking Water. 1st Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-
Verlag, 2003, p. 10.
[12] Rook, J. J. FormationofHaloformsDuringChlorination
of Natural Waters. WaterTreatment and Examination, 1974, 23(2), 234-
243.
[13] Singer, P. C. ControlofDisinfection By-Products
in DrinkingWater. JournalofEnvironmentalEngineering, 1994,120, (4),
pp. 727-744.
[14] The Council of the European Union. (CEU). CouncilDirective 98/83/EC
on the Quality of WaterIntended orHuman Consumption. Brusels: CEU,
1998.
[15] U.S. EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Database of
Toxicological Parameters for Human Health. (online). (2010-03-06).
URL: <http://www.epa.gov/ iris/subst>.
[16] U.S.EPA. Drinking Water Contaminants.(online). (2012-01-20). URL:
<http//:water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm>
[17] Whitaker, H. et al. Description of Trihalomethane Levels in Three
United Kingdom Water Suppliers. Journal
of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 2003, 13, (1),
pp. 17-23.
[18] WHO. Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products. Geneva: WHO
(Environmental Health Criteria 216), 2000.
[19] WHO. GuidelinesforDrinking-WaterQuality. Vol. 1 Recommendations.
1st Addendum to 3rd; Geneva: WHO, 2006.
[20] WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Vol. 4. Trihalomethanes.
Switzerland: WHO, 2011
[1] Boorman, G. A. et al. Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducs: Review
and Approach to Toxicity Evaluation.Environmental Health
Perspectives, 1999, 107, pp. 207-217.
[2] Bozek, F., Bozek, M., Dvorak, J.Trihalogenmethanes
in Drinking Water and Quantification of Health Risks. WSEAS
Transactions on Environment and Development,2011, 7, (4), pp. 103-
113.
[3] Colman, Joan. Et al. Identification of developmentally toxic drinking
water disinfection byproducts
and evaluation of data relevant to mode of action. Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology. 2011, 254, pp. 100-126.H. Poor, An
Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New York: Springer-
Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
[4] ─îSN EN ISO 5667-3. Water Quality-Sampling-Guidance for the
Preservation of Samples and Handling. Prague: Agency for Technical
Standardization, Metrology
and State Quality Control, 2004..
[5] Hamidin, N. et al. Humanhealth risk assessment
ofchlorinateddisinfection by-products in drinkingwaterusing a
probabilisticapproach. WaterResearch. 2008, 42, pp. 3263-3274.
[6] IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans.Volume 73: Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the
Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents
and Some Other Substances. Geneva: IARC, Geneva: IARC, 1999, p.
170.
[7] IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans.Volume 71: Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals,
Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide. Geneva: IARC, Geneva: IARC,
1999, pp. 1302, 1311, 1333.
[8] Kř├¡ž, O., Neubauer, J. Sylaby předn├í┼íek ze statistiky. Vy┼íkov: VV┼á PV,
2003.
[9] Larson, J. L., Wolf, D. C., Butterworth, B. E. Acute Hepatotoxic and
Nephrotoxic Effects of Chloroform
in Male F-344 Rats and Female B6C3F1 Mice.Toxicol. Sci., 1993, 20,
(3), pp. 302-315.
[10] Nieuwenhuijsen et al. Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts in Water
and Their Association with Adverse Reproductive Outcomes: A Review.
Occupational
and EnvironmentalMedicine, 2000, 57(2), 73-85.
[11] Nikolaou, A. Haloforms and Related Coumpounds
in Drinking Water. 1st Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-
Verlag, 2003, p. 10.
[12] Rook, J. J. FormationofHaloformsDuringChlorination
of Natural Waters. WaterTreatment and Examination, 1974, 23(2), 234-
243.
[13] Singer, P. C. ControlofDisinfection By-Products
in DrinkingWater. JournalofEnvironmentalEngineering, 1994,120, (4),
pp. 727-744.
[14] The Council of the European Union. (CEU). CouncilDirective 98/83/EC
on the Quality of WaterIntended orHuman Consumption. Brusels: CEU,
1998.
[15] U.S. EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Database of
Toxicological Parameters for Human Health. (online). (2010-03-06).
URL: <http://www.epa.gov/ iris/subst>.
[16] U.S.EPA. Drinking Water Contaminants.(online). (2012-01-20). URL:
<http//:water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm>
[17] Whitaker, H. et al. Description of Trihalomethane Levels in Three
United Kingdom Water Suppliers. Journal
of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 2003, 13, (1),
pp. 17-23.
[18] WHO. Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products. Geneva: WHO
(Environmental Health Criteria 216), 2000.
[19] WHO. GuidelinesforDrinking-WaterQuality. Vol. 1 Recommendations.
1st Addendum to 3rd; Geneva: WHO, 2006.
[20] WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Vol. 4. Trihalomethanes.
Switzerland: WHO, 2011
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:60548", author = "Frantisek Bozek and Lenka Jesonkova and Jiri Dvorak", title = "Incidence of Trihalogenmethanes in Drinking Water", abstract = "Trihalogenmethanes are the most significant byproducts of the reaction of disinfection agent with organic precursors naturally present in ground and surface waters.Their incidence negatively affects the quality of drinking water in relation to their nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and genotoxic effects on human health. Taking into consideration the considerable volatility of monitored contaminants it could be assumed that their incidence in drinking water would depend on the distance of sampling from the area of disinfection. Based on the concentration of trihalogenmethanes determined with the help of gas chromatography with mass detector and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) such dependence has been proved as statistically significant. The acquired outcomes will be used for assessing the non-carcinogenic and genotoxic risks to consumers.
", keywords = "disinfection byproducts, drinking water,
trihalogenmethanes", volume = "6", number = "8", pages = "534-4", }
