In vivo Alterations in Ruminal Parameters by Megasphaera elsdenii Inoculation on Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA)
SARA is a common and serious metabolic disorder in
early lactation in dairy cattle and in finishing beef cattle, caused by
diets with high inclusion of cereal grain. This experiment was
performed to determine the efficacy of Megasphaera elsdenii, a
major lactate-utilizing bacterium in prevention/treatment of SARA in
vivo. In vivo experimentation, it was used eight ruminally cannulated
rams and it was applied the rapid adaptation with the mixture of grain
based on wheat (80% wheat, 20% barley) and barley (80% barley,
20% wheat). During the systematic adaptation, it was followed the
probability of SARA formation by being measured the rumen pH
with two hours intervals after and before feeding. After being
evaluated the data, it was determined the ruminal pH ranged from
5.2-5.6 on the condition of feeding with 60 percentage of grain
mixture based on barley and wheat, that assured the definite form of
subacute acidosis. In four days SARA period, M. elsdenii (1010 cfu
ml-1) was inoculated during the first two days. During the SARA
period, it was observed the decrease of feed intake with M. elsdenii
inoculation. Inoculation of M. elsdenii was caused to differentiation
of rumen pH (P<0.0001), while it was found the pH level
approximately 5.55 in animals applied the inoculation, it was 5.63 pH
in other animals. It was observed that total VFA with the bacterium
inoculation tended to change in terms of grain feed (P<0.07). It
increased with the effect of total VFA inoculation in barley based
diet, but it was more stabilized in wheat based diet. Bacterium
inoculation increased the ratio of propionic acid (18.33%-21.38%)
but it caused to decrease the butyric acid, and acetic/propionic acid.
During the rapid adaptation, the concentration of lactic acid in the
rumen liquid increased depending upon grain level (P<0.0001). On
the other hand bacterium inoculation did not have an effect on
concentration of lactic acid. M. elsdenii inoculation did not affect
ruminal ammonia concentration. In the group that did not apply
inoculation, the level of ruminal ammonia concentration was higher
than the others applied inoculation. M. elsdenii inoculation did not
changed protozoa count in barley-based diet whereas it decreased in
wheat-based diet. When it is generally evaluated, it is seen that M.
elsdenii inoculation has not a positive impact on rumen parameters.
Therefore, to reveal the full impact of the inoculation with different
strains, feedstuffs and animal groups, further research is required.
[1] Counotte GHM, Prins RA, Janssen RHAM, Debie MJA. Role of
Megasphaera elsdenii in the fermentation of DL- [2-'3C] lactate in the
rumen of dairy cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981; 42: pp. 649–655.
[2] Klieve AV, Hennessy D, Ouwerkerk D, Forster RJ, Mackie RI, Attwood
GT. Establishing populations of Megasphaera elsdenii YE 34 and
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens YE 44 in the rumen of cattle fed high grain
diets. J Appl Microbiol. 2003; 95: pp. 621-630.
[3] Piknova M., Filova M., Javorsky P., Pristas P., Different restriction and
modification phenotypes in ruminal lactate-utilizing bacteria, FEMS
Microbiology Letters 2004; 236, pp. 91–95.
[4] McDaniel MR, Higgins JJ, Heidenreich JM, Shelor MK, Parsons GL,
Henning PH, and Drouillard JS. Effects of Megasphaera elsdenii on
Ruminal pH, Ruminal Concentrations of Organic Acids, and Bacterial
Genomes Following a Grain Challenge. Beef Cattle Research. Kansas
State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative
Extension Service. 2009; pp. 62-65.
[5] Greening RC, Smolenski WJ, Bell RL, Barsuhn K, Johson MM,
Robinson JA. Effect of inoculation of Megasphaera elsdenii strain 407A
(UC 12497) on ruminal pH and organic acids in beef cattle. J Anim Sci.
1991; 69: (Suppl. 1), 518 (Abstr.).
[6] Robinson JA, Smolenski WJ, Greening RC, Ogilvie ML, Bell RL,
Barsuhn K, Peters JP. Prevention of acute acidosis and enhancement of
feed intake in the bovine by Megasphaera elsdenii 407A. J Anim Sci.
1992; 70: (Suppl. 1), pp. 310.
[7] Kung L, Hession AO. Preventing in vitro lactate accumulation in
ruminal fermentations by inoculation with Megasphaera elsdenii, J Anim
Sci. 1995; 73: pp. 250-256.[8] Wiryawan KG, Broker JD. Probiotic control of lactate accumulation in
acutely grain-fed sheep, Aust J Agric Res. 1995; 46: pp. 1555-1568.
[9] Henning PH, Horn CH, Leeuwa KJ, Meissnera HH, Hagg FM. Effect of
ruminal administration of the lactate-utilizing strain Megasphaera
elsdenii (Me) NCIMB 41125 on abrupt or gradual transition from forage
to concentrate diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2010; 157: pp. 20–29.
[10] Hibbard, B., J. A. Robinson, R. C. Greening, W. J. Smolenski, R. L.
Bell, and J. P. Peters. 1993. The effect of route of administration of
isolate 407A (UC-12497) on feed intake and selected ruminal variables
of beef steers in an acute acidosis inappetance model. Proc. 2Znd
Biennial Conference on Rumen Function, Chicago, IL. p 19. (Abstr.).
[11] Hagg FM. The effect of Megasphaera elsdenii, a probiotic, on the
productivity and health of Holstein cows, University of Pretoria. Faculty
of Natural and Agricultural Science, Dep of Anim Wildlife Sci. PhD
thesis, 2007.
[12] Weatherburn MW. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of
ammonia, Anal Chem. 1967; 39: pp. 971-974.
[13] Kimberley A, Taylor CC. A simple colorimetric assay for muramic acid
and lactic acid. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1996; 56: 1, pp. 49-58.
[14] Dehority BA. Evaluation of subsampling and fixation procedures used
for counting rumen protozoa. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984; July: pp.
182-185.
[15] AOAC-official methods of analysis. 14th Edition, Ed by Sidney
Williams, Arlington, Virginia 22009 USA 73, 1984.
[16] Goering HK, Van Soest PJ. Forage Fiber Analysis (Apparatus, Reagents
and some Applications). Agriculture Handbook, 1st edition, USA,
Agricultural Research Service, 1970; pp. 379.
[17] SPSS for Windows. Released 16.0 Sep 13, 2007 Copy right (c.SPSS Inc.
1989–2007).
[18] Gozho GN, Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Kennedy AD, Wittenberg KM.
Subacute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide endotoxin
release andtriggers an inflammatory response. J Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: pp.
1399-1403.
[19] Gozho GN, Krause DO, Plaizier JC. Rumen lipopolysaccharide and
inflammation during grain adaptation and subacute ruminal acidosis in
steers, J Dairy Sci, 2006; 89: 11, pp. 4404-4413.
[20] Rustomo B, Alzahal O, Cant JP, Fan MZ, Duffield TF, Odongo NE,
Mcbride BW. Acidogenic value of feeds. II. Effects of rumen acid load
from feeds on dry matter intake, ruminal pH, fiber degradability and
milk production in the lactating dairy cow. Can J Anim Sci. 2006; 86:
pp. 119–126.
[21] Stock RA, Laudert SB, Stroup WW, Larson EM, Parrott JC, Britton RA.
Effect of monensin and monensin and tylosin combination on feed
intake variation of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 1995; 73: pp. 39–44.
[22] Bevans DW, Beauchemin KA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, McKinnon
JJ, McAllister TA. Effect of rapid or gradual grain adaptation on
subacute acidosis and feed intake by feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 2005;
83: 5, pp. 1116-1132.
[23] Allen MS, Bradford BJ and Harvatine KJ. The cow as a model to study
food intake regulation. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005; 25: pp. 523–547.
[24] Oetzel GR. Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle. Adv Dairy Tech.
2003; pp. 15: 30.
[25] Keunen JE, Plaizier JC, Kyriazakis L, Duffield TF, Widowski TM,
Lindinger MI, Mcbride BW. Effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis
model on the diet selection of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2002; 85: pp.
3304-3313.
[26] Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ. Effects of physically effective fiber on
intake, chewing activity, and ruminal acidosis for dairy cows fed diets
based on corn silage. J Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: 6, pp. 2117-2129.
[27] Nagaraja TG, Titgemeyer EC. Ruminal asidosis in beef cattle: The
current microbiological and nutritional outlook. J Dairy Sci. 2007; 90:
pp. E17- E18.
[28] Tafaj M, Zebeli Q, Maulbetsch A, Steingass H, Drochner W. Effects of
fibre concentration of diets consisting of hay and slowly degradable
concentrate on ruminal fermentation and digesta particle size in midlactation
dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr. 2006; 60: 3, pp. 254-266.
[29] Brown MS, Krehbiel CR, Galyean ML, Remmenga MD, Peters JP,
Hibbard B, Robinson J, Moseley WM. Evaluation of models of acute
and subacute acidosis on dry matter intake , ruminal fermentation , blood
chemistry , and endocrine profiles of beef steers. J Anim Sci. 2000; 78:
pp. 3155-3168.
[30] Penner GB, Taniguchi M, Guan LL, Beauchemin KA, Oba M. Effect of
dietary forage to concentrate ratio on volatile fatty acid absorption and
the expression of genes related to volatile fatty acid absorption and
metabolism in ruminal tissue. J Dairy Sci. 2009; 92: 6, pp. 2767-2781.
[31] Zebeli Q, Terrill SJ, Mazzolari A, Dunn SM, Yang WZ, and Ametaj BN.
Intraruminal administration of Megasphaera elsdenii modulated rumen
fermentation profile in midlactation dairy cows. J Dairy Res. 2012; 79:
01, pp. 16-25.
[32] Umucalılar HD, Coşkun B, Gülşen N. In situ rumen degradation and in
vitro gas production of some selected grains from Turkey, J Anim
Physiol Anim Nut. 2002; 86: pp. 288-297.
[33] Flatt WP, Warner RG & Loosli JK. Influence of purified materials on
the development of the ruminant stomach. J Dairy Sci 1958; 41: pp.
1593–1600.
[34] Flatt WP, Warner RG & Loosli JK. Evaluation of several techniques
used in the study of developing rumen function. Cornell Univ Memoir.
1959; 361: pp. 3–31.
[35] Blanch M, Calsamiglia S, Dilorenzo N, Dicostanzo A, Muetzel S,
Wallace RJ. Physiological changes in rumen fermentation during
acidosis induction and its control using a multivalent polyclonal
antibody preparation in heifers, J Anim Sci. 2009; 87: 5, pp. 1722.
[36] Steele MA, Dionissopoulos L, Alzahal O, Doelman J and Mcbride BW.
Rumen epithelial adaptation to ruminal acidosis in lactating cattle
involves the coordinated expression of insulin-like growth factorbinding
proteins and a cholesterolgenic enzyme 1. J Dairy Sci. 2012; 95:
pp. 318–327.
[37] Sakata T and Tamate H. Rumen epithelial cell proliferation accelerated
by rapid increase in intraruminal butyrate. J Dairy Sci. 1978; 61: pp.
1109–1113.
[38] Ingvartsen KL. Feeding- and management-related diseases in the
transition cow Physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to
reduce feeding-related diseases, Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2006; 126: pp.
175-213.
[39] Penner GB, Steele MA, Aschenbach JR, Mcbride BW. Ruminant
Nutrition Symposium: Molecular adaptation of ruminal epithelia to
highly fermentable diets, J Anim Sci. 2011; 89: 4, pp. 1108-1119.
[40] Martens H, Rabbani I, Shen Z, Stumpff F, Deiner C. Changes in rumen
absorption processes during transition, Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2012;
172: 1-2, pp. 95-102.
[41] Brossard L, Martin C, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Michalet-Doreau B.
Protozoa involved in butyric rather than lactic fermentative pattern
during latent acidosis in sheep. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004; 44: pp. 195-206.
[42] Euge`ne M, Archime`de H, Sauvant D. Quantitative meta-analysis on
the effects of defaunation of the rumen on growth, intake and digestion
in ruminants. Livest Prod Sci. 2004; 85: pp. 81–97.
[43] Aikman PC, Henning PH, Humphries DJ, Horn CH. Rumen pH and
fermentation characteristics in dairy cows supplemented with
Megasphaera elsdenii nCImB 41125 in early lactation. J Dairy Sci.
2011; 94: pp. 2840–2849.
[44] Nagaraja TG, Newbold CJ, Van Nevel CJ and Demeyer DI.
Manipulation of ruminal fermentation, In: Hobson PJ, Stewart CS,
editors. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem, 2nd ed. London: Blackie
Acad Profess; 1997. pp. 523-632.
[45] Huntington GB. High-starch rations for ruminant production discussed.
Feedstuffs. 2000; 23, pp. 12–13.
[46] Allen, MS. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the
rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. J Dairy Sci.
1997; 80: pp. 1447–1462.
[47] Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR. Acidosis in cattle: a review. J
Anim Sci. 1998; 76: pp. 275-286.
[48] Allen MS, Bradford BJ, Oba M. Board-Invited Review: The hepatic
oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to
ruminants. J Anim Sci. 2009; 87: pp. 3317-3334.
[49] Brown MS, Ponce CH, Pulikanti R. Adaptation of beef cattle to highconcentrate
diets: Performance and ruminal metabolism. J Anim Sci.
2006; 84: E25.
[50] Nagaraja TG, Chengappa MM. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: a
review. J Anim Sci. 1998; 76: pp. 287–298.
[51] Oetzel GR, Nordlund KV, Garett EF. Effect of ruminal pH and stage of
lactation on ruminal lactate concentration in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci.
1999; 82: (Suppl. 1), P35.
[52] Horn GW, Gordon JL, Prigge EC, Owens FN. Dietary buffers and
ruminal and blood parameters of subclinical lactic acidosis in steers. J
Anim Sci. 1979; 48: pp. 683-691.
[53] Mackie RI and Gilchrist FMC. Changes in lactate producing and lactate
utilizing bacteria in relation to pH in the rumen of sheep during stepwise
adaptation to a high concentrate diet. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979; 38:
pp. 422-430.[54] Hoover WH. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. J
Dairy Sci. 1986; 69: pp. 2755-2766.
[55] Goad DW, Goad CL, Nagaraja TG. Ruminal microbial and fermentative
changes associated with experimentally induced subacute acidosis in
steers. J Anim Sci. 1998; 76: pp. 234-241.
[56] Hristov AN, Ivan M, Rode LM, Mcallister TA. Fermentation
characteristics and ruminal ciliate protozoal populations in cattle fed
medium- or high-concentrate barley-based diets. J Anim Sci. 2001; 79:
pp. 515–524.
[57] Franzolin R and Dehority BA. Effect of prolonged high-concentrate
feeding on ruminal protozoa concentrations. J Anim Sci. 1996; 74: pp.
2803-2809.
[58] Martin C, Devillard E, and Michalet-Doreau B. Influence of sampling
site on concentrations and carbohydrate-degrading enzyme activities of
protozoa and bacteria in the rumen. J Anim Sci. 1999; 77: pp. 979-987.
[59] Hook SE, Steele MA, Northwood KS, Wright AG, McBride BW. Impact
of High-Concentrate Feeding and Low Ruminal pH on Methanogens and
Protozoa in the Rumen of Dairy Cows. Microb Ecol. 2011; 62: pp. 94–
105.
[1] Counotte GHM, Prins RA, Janssen RHAM, Debie MJA. Role of
Megasphaera elsdenii in the fermentation of DL- [2-'3C] lactate in the
rumen of dairy cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981; 42: pp. 649–655.
[2] Klieve AV, Hennessy D, Ouwerkerk D, Forster RJ, Mackie RI, Attwood
GT. Establishing populations of Megasphaera elsdenii YE 34 and
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens YE 44 in the rumen of cattle fed high grain
diets. J Appl Microbiol. 2003; 95: pp. 621-630.
[3] Piknova M., Filova M., Javorsky P., Pristas P., Different restriction and
modification phenotypes in ruminal lactate-utilizing bacteria, FEMS
Microbiology Letters 2004; 236, pp. 91–95.
[4] McDaniel MR, Higgins JJ, Heidenreich JM, Shelor MK, Parsons GL,
Henning PH, and Drouillard JS. Effects of Megasphaera elsdenii on
Ruminal pH, Ruminal Concentrations of Organic Acids, and Bacterial
Genomes Following a Grain Challenge. Beef Cattle Research. Kansas
State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative
Extension Service. 2009; pp. 62-65.
[5] Greening RC, Smolenski WJ, Bell RL, Barsuhn K, Johson MM,
Robinson JA. Effect of inoculation of Megasphaera elsdenii strain 407A
(UC 12497) on ruminal pH and organic acids in beef cattle. J Anim Sci.
1991; 69: (Suppl. 1), 518 (Abstr.).
[6] Robinson JA, Smolenski WJ, Greening RC, Ogilvie ML, Bell RL,
Barsuhn K, Peters JP. Prevention of acute acidosis and enhancement of
feed intake in the bovine by Megasphaera elsdenii 407A. J Anim Sci.
1992; 70: (Suppl. 1), pp. 310.
[7] Kung L, Hession AO. Preventing in vitro lactate accumulation in
ruminal fermentations by inoculation with Megasphaera elsdenii, J Anim
Sci. 1995; 73: pp. 250-256.[8] Wiryawan KG, Broker JD. Probiotic control of lactate accumulation in
acutely grain-fed sheep, Aust J Agric Res. 1995; 46: pp. 1555-1568.
[9] Henning PH, Horn CH, Leeuwa KJ, Meissnera HH, Hagg FM. Effect of
ruminal administration of the lactate-utilizing strain Megasphaera
elsdenii (Me) NCIMB 41125 on abrupt or gradual transition from forage
to concentrate diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2010; 157: pp. 20–29.
[10] Hibbard, B., J. A. Robinson, R. C. Greening, W. J. Smolenski, R. L.
Bell, and J. P. Peters. 1993. The effect of route of administration of
isolate 407A (UC-12497) on feed intake and selected ruminal variables
of beef steers in an acute acidosis inappetance model. Proc. 2Znd
Biennial Conference on Rumen Function, Chicago, IL. p 19. (Abstr.).
[11] Hagg FM. The effect of Megasphaera elsdenii, a probiotic, on the
productivity and health of Holstein cows, University of Pretoria. Faculty
of Natural and Agricultural Science, Dep of Anim Wildlife Sci. PhD
thesis, 2007.
[12] Weatherburn MW. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of
ammonia, Anal Chem. 1967; 39: pp. 971-974.
[13] Kimberley A, Taylor CC. A simple colorimetric assay for muramic acid
and lactic acid. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1996; 56: 1, pp. 49-58.
[14] Dehority BA. Evaluation of subsampling and fixation procedures used
for counting rumen protozoa. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984; July: pp.
182-185.
[15] AOAC-official methods of analysis. 14th Edition, Ed by Sidney
Williams, Arlington, Virginia 22009 USA 73, 1984.
[16] Goering HK, Van Soest PJ. Forage Fiber Analysis (Apparatus, Reagents
and some Applications). Agriculture Handbook, 1st edition, USA,
Agricultural Research Service, 1970; pp. 379.
[17] SPSS for Windows. Released 16.0 Sep 13, 2007 Copy right (c.SPSS Inc.
1989–2007).
[18] Gozho GN, Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Kennedy AD, Wittenberg KM.
Subacute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide endotoxin
release andtriggers an inflammatory response. J Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: pp.
1399-1403.
[19] Gozho GN, Krause DO, Plaizier JC. Rumen lipopolysaccharide and
inflammation during grain adaptation and subacute ruminal acidosis in
steers, J Dairy Sci, 2006; 89: 11, pp. 4404-4413.
[20] Rustomo B, Alzahal O, Cant JP, Fan MZ, Duffield TF, Odongo NE,
Mcbride BW. Acidogenic value of feeds. II. Effects of rumen acid load
from feeds on dry matter intake, ruminal pH, fiber degradability and
milk production in the lactating dairy cow. Can J Anim Sci. 2006; 86:
pp. 119–126.
[21] Stock RA, Laudert SB, Stroup WW, Larson EM, Parrott JC, Britton RA.
Effect of monensin and monensin and tylosin combination on feed
intake variation of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 1995; 73: pp. 39–44.
[22] Bevans DW, Beauchemin KA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, McKinnon
JJ, McAllister TA. Effect of rapid or gradual grain adaptation on
subacute acidosis and feed intake by feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 2005;
83: 5, pp. 1116-1132.
[23] Allen MS, Bradford BJ and Harvatine KJ. The cow as a model to study
food intake regulation. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005; 25: pp. 523–547.
[24] Oetzel GR. Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle. Adv Dairy Tech.
2003; pp. 15: 30.
[25] Keunen JE, Plaizier JC, Kyriazakis L, Duffield TF, Widowski TM,
Lindinger MI, Mcbride BW. Effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis
model on the diet selection of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2002; 85: pp.
3304-3313.
[26] Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ. Effects of physically effective fiber on
intake, chewing activity, and ruminal acidosis for dairy cows fed diets
based on corn silage. J Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: 6, pp. 2117-2129.
[27] Nagaraja TG, Titgemeyer EC. Ruminal asidosis in beef cattle: The
current microbiological and nutritional outlook. J Dairy Sci. 2007; 90:
pp. E17- E18.
[28] Tafaj M, Zebeli Q, Maulbetsch A, Steingass H, Drochner W. Effects of
fibre concentration of diets consisting of hay and slowly degradable
concentrate on ruminal fermentation and digesta particle size in midlactation
dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr. 2006; 60: 3, pp. 254-266.
[29] Brown MS, Krehbiel CR, Galyean ML, Remmenga MD, Peters JP,
Hibbard B, Robinson J, Moseley WM. Evaluation of models of acute
and subacute acidosis on dry matter intake , ruminal fermentation , blood
chemistry , and endocrine profiles of beef steers. J Anim Sci. 2000; 78:
pp. 3155-3168.
[30] Penner GB, Taniguchi M, Guan LL, Beauchemin KA, Oba M. Effect of
dietary forage to concentrate ratio on volatile fatty acid absorption and
the expression of genes related to volatile fatty acid absorption and
metabolism in ruminal tissue. J Dairy Sci. 2009; 92: 6, pp. 2767-2781.
[31] Zebeli Q, Terrill SJ, Mazzolari A, Dunn SM, Yang WZ, and Ametaj BN.
Intraruminal administration of Megasphaera elsdenii modulated rumen
fermentation profile in midlactation dairy cows. J Dairy Res. 2012; 79:
01, pp. 16-25.
[32] Umucalılar HD, Coşkun B, Gülşen N. In situ rumen degradation and in
vitro gas production of some selected grains from Turkey, J Anim
Physiol Anim Nut. 2002; 86: pp. 288-297.
[33] Flatt WP, Warner RG & Loosli JK. Influence of purified materials on
the development of the ruminant stomach. J Dairy Sci 1958; 41: pp.
1593–1600.
[34] Flatt WP, Warner RG & Loosli JK. Evaluation of several techniques
used in the study of developing rumen function. Cornell Univ Memoir.
1959; 361: pp. 3–31.
[35] Blanch M, Calsamiglia S, Dilorenzo N, Dicostanzo A, Muetzel S,
Wallace RJ. Physiological changes in rumen fermentation during
acidosis induction and its control using a multivalent polyclonal
antibody preparation in heifers, J Anim Sci. 2009; 87: 5, pp. 1722.
[36] Steele MA, Dionissopoulos L, Alzahal O, Doelman J and Mcbride BW.
Rumen epithelial adaptation to ruminal acidosis in lactating cattle
involves the coordinated expression of insulin-like growth factorbinding
proteins and a cholesterolgenic enzyme 1. J Dairy Sci. 2012; 95:
pp. 318–327.
[37] Sakata T and Tamate H. Rumen epithelial cell proliferation accelerated
by rapid increase in intraruminal butyrate. J Dairy Sci. 1978; 61: pp.
1109–1113.
[38] Ingvartsen KL. Feeding- and management-related diseases in the
transition cow Physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to
reduce feeding-related diseases, Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2006; 126: pp.
175-213.
[39] Penner GB, Steele MA, Aschenbach JR, Mcbride BW. Ruminant
Nutrition Symposium: Molecular adaptation of ruminal epithelia to
highly fermentable diets, J Anim Sci. 2011; 89: 4, pp. 1108-1119.
[40] Martens H, Rabbani I, Shen Z, Stumpff F, Deiner C. Changes in rumen
absorption processes during transition, Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2012;
172: 1-2, pp. 95-102.
[41] Brossard L, Martin C, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Michalet-Doreau B.
Protozoa involved in butyric rather than lactic fermentative pattern
during latent acidosis in sheep. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004; 44: pp. 195-206.
[42] Euge`ne M, Archime`de H, Sauvant D. Quantitative meta-analysis on
the effects of defaunation of the rumen on growth, intake and digestion
in ruminants. Livest Prod Sci. 2004; 85: pp. 81–97.
[43] Aikman PC, Henning PH, Humphries DJ, Horn CH. Rumen pH and
fermentation characteristics in dairy cows supplemented with
Megasphaera elsdenii nCImB 41125 in early lactation. J Dairy Sci.
2011; 94: pp. 2840–2849.
[44] Nagaraja TG, Newbold CJ, Van Nevel CJ and Demeyer DI.
Manipulation of ruminal fermentation, In: Hobson PJ, Stewart CS,
editors. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem, 2nd ed. London: Blackie
Acad Profess; 1997. pp. 523-632.
[45] Huntington GB. High-starch rations for ruminant production discussed.
Feedstuffs. 2000; 23, pp. 12–13.
[46] Allen, MS. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the
rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. J Dairy Sci.
1997; 80: pp. 1447–1462.
[47] Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR. Acidosis in cattle: a review. J
Anim Sci. 1998; 76: pp. 275-286.
[48] Allen MS, Bradford BJ, Oba M. Board-Invited Review: The hepatic
oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to
ruminants. J Anim Sci. 2009; 87: pp. 3317-3334.
[49] Brown MS, Ponce CH, Pulikanti R. Adaptation of beef cattle to highconcentrate
diets: Performance and ruminal metabolism. J Anim Sci.
2006; 84: E25.
[50] Nagaraja TG, Chengappa MM. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: a
review. J Anim Sci. 1998; 76: pp. 287–298.
[51] Oetzel GR, Nordlund KV, Garett EF. Effect of ruminal pH and stage of
lactation on ruminal lactate concentration in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci.
1999; 82: (Suppl. 1), P35.
[52] Horn GW, Gordon JL, Prigge EC, Owens FN. Dietary buffers and
ruminal and blood parameters of subclinical lactic acidosis in steers. J
Anim Sci. 1979; 48: pp. 683-691.
[53] Mackie RI and Gilchrist FMC. Changes in lactate producing and lactate
utilizing bacteria in relation to pH in the rumen of sheep during stepwise
adaptation to a high concentrate diet. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979; 38:
pp. 422-430.[54] Hoover WH. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. J
Dairy Sci. 1986; 69: pp. 2755-2766.
[55] Goad DW, Goad CL, Nagaraja TG. Ruminal microbial and fermentative
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@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:70487", author = "M. S. Alatas and H. D. Umucalilar", title = "In vivo Alterations in Ruminal Parameters by Megasphaera elsdenii Inoculation on Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA)", abstract = "SARA is a common and serious metabolic disorder in
early lactation in dairy cattle and in finishing beef cattle, caused by
diets with high inclusion of cereal grain. This experiment was
performed to determine the efficacy of Megasphaera elsdenii, a
major lactate-utilizing bacterium in prevention/treatment of SARA in
vivo. In vivo experimentation, it was used eight ruminally cannulated
rams and it was applied the rapid adaptation with the mixture of grain
based on wheat (80% wheat, 20% barley) and barley (80% barley,
20% wheat). During the systematic adaptation, it was followed the
probability of SARA formation by being measured the rumen pH
with two hours intervals after and before feeding. After being
evaluated the data, it was determined the ruminal pH ranged from
5.2-5.6 on the condition of feeding with 60 percentage of grain
mixture based on barley and wheat, that assured the definite form of
subacute acidosis. In four days SARA period, M. elsdenii (1010 cfu
ml-1) was inoculated during the first two days. During the SARA
period, it was observed the decrease of feed intake with M. elsdenii
inoculation. Inoculation of M. elsdenii was caused to differentiation
of rumen pH (P", keywords = "In vivo, subactute ruminal acidosis, Megasphaera
elsdenii, rumen fermentation.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "771-6", }
