Impact of Ship Traffic to PM2.5 and Particle Number Concentrations in Three Port-Cities of the Adriatic/Ionian Area
Emissions of atmospheric pollutants from ships and
harbour activities are a growing concern at international level given
their potential impacts on air quality and climate. These close-to-land
emissions have potential impact on local communities in terms of air
quality and health. Recent studies show that the impact of maritime
traffic to atmospheric particulate matter concentrations in several
coastal urban areas is comparable with the impact of road traffic of a
medium size town. However, several different approaches have been
used for these estimates making difficult a direct comparison of
results. In this work, an integrated approach based on emission
inventories and dedicated measurement campaigns has been applied
to give a comparable estimate of the impact of maritime traffic to
PM2.5 and particle number concentrations in three major harbours of
the Adriatic/Ionian Seas. The influences of local meteorology and of
the logistic layout of the harbours are discussed.
[1] M. Zhao, Y. Zhang, W. Maa, Q. Fu, X. Yang, C. Li, B. Zhou, Q. Yua, L.
Chen, “Characteristics and ship traffic source identification of air
pollutants in China’s largest port,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 64,
pp. 277–286, 2013.
[2] V. Eyring, I.S.A. Isaksen, T. Berntsen, W.J. Collins, J.J. Corbett, O.
Endresen, R.G. Grainger, J. Moldanova, H. Schlager, D.S. Stevenson,
“Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: shipping.”, Atmospheric
Environment, Vol. 44, pp. 4735–4771, 2010.
[3] H. Saxe, T. Larsen, “Air pollution from ships in three Danish ports”,
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, pp. 4057–4067, 2004.
[4] A.J. Dore, M. Vieno, Y.S. Tang, U. Dragosits, A. Dosio, K.J. Weston,
M.A. Sutton, A. McCreddin, “Modelling the atmospheric transport and
deposition of sulphur and nitrogen over the United Kingdom and
assessment of the influence of SO2 emissions from international
shipping”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, pp. 2355–2367, 2007.
[5] S.B. Dalsøren, M.S. Eide, Ø. Endresen, A. Mjelde, G. Gravir, I.S.A.
Isaksen, “Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the
international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and
ports”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, pp. 2171–2194,
2009.
[6] C. Trozzi, R. Vaccaro, L. Nicolo, “Air pollutants emissions estimate
from maritime traffic in the Italian harbours of Venice and Piombino”,
Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 169, pp. 257–263, 1995.
[7] C. Gariazzo, V. Papaleo, A. Pelliccioni, G. Calori, P. Radice, G.
Tinarelli, “Application of a Lagrangian particle model to assess the
impact of harbour, industrial and urban activities on air quality in the
Taranto area, Italy”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, pp. 6432-6444,
2007.
[8] E. Marmer, F. Dentener, J. Van Aardenne, F. Cavalli, E. Vignati, K.
Velchev, J. Hjorth, F. Boersma, G. Vinken, N. Mihalopoulos, F. Raes,
“What can we learn about ship emission inventories from measurements
of air pollutants over the Mediterranean Sea?”, Atmospheric Chemistry
and Physics, Vol. 9, pp. 6815–6831, 2009.
[9] D. Cesari, A. Genga, P. Ielpo, M. Siciliano, G. Mascolo, F.M. Grasso,
D. Contini, “Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the harbour–industrial
area of Brindisi (Italy): Identification and estimation of the contribution
of in-port ship emissions”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 497,
pp. 392-400, 2014.
[10] M. C. Minguillon, M. Arhami, J. J. Schauer, C. Sioutas,“Seasonal and
Spatial Variations of Sources of Fine and Quasi-Ultrafine Particulate
Matter in Neighborhoods Near the Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor”,
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42 (32), pp. 7317–7328, 2008.
[11] A. M. Stortini, A. Freda, D. Cesari, W. R. L. Cairns, D. Contini, C.
Barbante, F. Prodi, P. Cescon, A. Gambaro, “An evaluation of the
PM2.5 trace elemental composition in the Venice Lagoon area and an
analysis of the possible sources”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43,
pp. 6296-6304, 2009.
[12] M. Viana, F. Amato, A. Alastuey, X. Querol, T. Moreno, S. G. Dos
Santos, M. D. Herce, R. Fernandez-Patier, “Chemical tracers of
particulate emissions from commercial shipping”, Environmental
Science & Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 7472-7477, 2009.
[13] M. Pandolfi, Y. Gonzalez-Castanedo, A. Alastuey, J. de la Rosa, E.
Mantilla, A. Sanchez de la Campa, X. Querol, J. Pey, F. Amato, T.
Moreno, “Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in
the strait of Gibraltar by PMF: impact of shipping emissions”,
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 28, pp. 260-269,
2011.
[14] M. D. Gibson, J. R. Pierce, D. Waugh, J. S. Kuchta, L. Chisholm, T. J.
Duck, J. T. Hopper, S. Beauchamp, G. H. King, J. E. Franklin, W. R.
Leaitch, A. J. Wheeler, Z. Li, G. A. Gagnon, P. I. Palmer, “Identifying
the sources driving observed PM2.5 temporal variability over Halifax,
Nova Scotia, during BORTAS-B”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,
Vol. 13, pp. 7199-7213, 2013.
[15] C. Samara, D. Voutsa, “Size distribution of airborne particulate matter
and associated heavy metals in the roadside environment”,
Chemosphere, Vol. 59, pp. 1197–1206, 2005.
[16] G. Lu, J. R. Brook, M. R. Alfarra, K. Anlauf, W. R. Leaitch, S. Sharma,
D. Wang, D. R. Worsnop, L. Phinney, “Identification and
characterisation of inland ship plumes over Vancouver, BC”.
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, pp. 2767-2782, 2006.
[17] R. M. Healy, S. Hellebust, I. Kourtchev, A. Allanic, I. P. O'Connor, J.
M. Bell, D. A. Healy, J. R. Sodeau, J. C. Wenger, “Source
apportionment of PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland using a combination
of single particle mass spectrometry and quantitative semi-continuous
measurements”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, pp. 9593-
9613, 2010.
[18] D. Contini, A. Gambaro, F. Belosi, S. De Pieri, W. R. L. Cairns, A.
Donateo, E. Zanotto, M. Citron, “The direct influence of ship traffic on
atmospheric PM2.5, PM10 and PAH in Venice”, Journal of
Environmental Management, Vol. 92, pp. 2119-2129, 2011.
[19] A. Donateo, E. Gregoris, A. Gambaro, E. Merico, R. Giua, A. Nocioni,
D. Contini, “Contribution of harbour activities and ship traffic to PM2.5,
particle number concentrations and PAHs in a port city of the
Mediterranean Sea (Italy)”, Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, Vol. 21, pp. 9415-9429, 2014.
[20] M. Viana, P. Hammingh, A. Colette, X. Querol, B. Degraeuwe, I. de
Vlieger, J. Van Aardenne, “Impact of maritime transport emissions on
coastal air quality in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 90, pp.
96–105, 2014. [21] A. Donateo, D. Contini, F. Belosi, A. Gambaro, G. Santachiara, D.
Cesari, F. Prodi, “Characterization of PM2.5 concentrations and
turbulent fluxes on a island in the Venice lagoon using high temporal
resolution measurements”, Meteorology Zeitschrift, Vol. 21, pp. 385-
398, 2012.
[22] ARPAV, “Metodi e modelli per l’indagine scientifica su emissioni e
concentrazioni in atmosfera: risultati principali per la laguna di
Venezia”, APICE Project Report, www.apice-project.eu, Febbraio 2013.
[23] A. Poupkou, N. Liora, A. Karagiannidis, T. Giannaros, C. Giannaros, D.
Melas, A Argiriou, “Maritime Sector Emissions Contribution to the
Particulate Matter Pollution in a Mediterranean City-Port: A Modeling
Approach”, in Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII,
Springer Proceedings in Complexity, pp. 307-310, 2014.
[24] R. Giua, A. Nocioni, T. Pastore, S. Spagnolo, “The ARPA Puglia tools
within the project CESAPO: a contribute to the study of atmospheric
pollution in Brindisi port”, In Proceedings of the Workshop
“Characterisation of atmospheric pollution in harbor areas”
(www.cesapo.upatras.gr), pp. 51-57, 2013.
[25] A. Donateo, D. Contini, F. Belosi, “Real time measurements of PM2.5
concentrations and vertical turbulent fluxes using an optical detector”,
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, pp. 1346-1360, 2006.
[26] R.M. Healy, I.P. O’Connor, S. Hellebust, A. Allanic, J.R. Sodeau, J.C.
Wenger JC, “Characterisation of single particles from in-port ship
emissions”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43, pp. 6408-6414, 2009.
[27] C. Reche, M. Viana, T. Moreno, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, J. Pey, M.
Pandolfi, A. Prévôt, C. Mohr, A. Richard, B. Artiñano, F.J. Gomez-
Moreno, N. Cots, “Peculiarities in atmospheric particle number and sizeresolved
speciation in an urban area in the western Mediterranean:
results from the DAURE campaign”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol.
45, pp. 5282-5293, 2011.
[28] D. Contini, A. Gambaro, A. Donateo, P. Cescon, D. Cesari, E. Merico,
F. Belosi, M. Citron, “Inter-annual trend of the primary contribution of
ship emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in Venice (Italy): Efficiency of
emissions mitigation strategies”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 102,
pp. 183-190, 2015.
[1] M. Zhao, Y. Zhang, W. Maa, Q. Fu, X. Yang, C. Li, B. Zhou, Q. Yua, L.
Chen, “Characteristics and ship traffic source identification of air
pollutants in China’s largest port,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 64,
pp. 277–286, 2013.
[2] V. Eyring, I.S.A. Isaksen, T. Berntsen, W.J. Collins, J.J. Corbett, O.
Endresen, R.G. Grainger, J. Moldanova, H. Schlager, D.S. Stevenson,
“Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: shipping.”, Atmospheric
Environment, Vol. 44, pp. 4735–4771, 2010.
[3] H. Saxe, T. Larsen, “Air pollution from ships in three Danish ports”,
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, pp. 4057–4067, 2004.
[4] A.J. Dore, M. Vieno, Y.S. Tang, U. Dragosits, A. Dosio, K.J. Weston,
M.A. Sutton, A. McCreddin, “Modelling the atmospheric transport and
deposition of sulphur and nitrogen over the United Kingdom and
assessment of the influence of SO2 emissions from international
shipping”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, pp. 2355–2367, 2007.
[5] S.B. Dalsøren, M.S. Eide, Ø. Endresen, A. Mjelde, G. Gravir, I.S.A.
Isaksen, “Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the
international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and
ports”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, pp. 2171–2194,
2009.
[6] C. Trozzi, R. Vaccaro, L. Nicolo, “Air pollutants emissions estimate
from maritime traffic in the Italian harbours of Venice and Piombino”,
Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 169, pp. 257–263, 1995.
[7] C. Gariazzo, V. Papaleo, A. Pelliccioni, G. Calori, P. Radice, G.
Tinarelli, “Application of a Lagrangian particle model to assess the
impact of harbour, industrial and urban activities on air quality in the
Taranto area, Italy”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, pp. 6432-6444,
2007.
[8] E. Marmer, F. Dentener, J. Van Aardenne, F. Cavalli, E. Vignati, K.
Velchev, J. Hjorth, F. Boersma, G. Vinken, N. Mihalopoulos, F. Raes,
“What can we learn about ship emission inventories from measurements
of air pollutants over the Mediterranean Sea?”, Atmospheric Chemistry
and Physics, Vol. 9, pp. 6815–6831, 2009.
[9] D. Cesari, A. Genga, P. Ielpo, M. Siciliano, G. Mascolo, F.M. Grasso,
D. Contini, “Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the harbour–industrial
area of Brindisi (Italy): Identification and estimation of the contribution
of in-port ship emissions”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 497,
pp. 392-400, 2014.
[10] M. C. Minguillon, M. Arhami, J. J. Schauer, C. Sioutas,“Seasonal and
Spatial Variations of Sources of Fine and Quasi-Ultrafine Particulate
Matter in Neighborhoods Near the Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor”,
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42 (32), pp. 7317–7328, 2008.
[11] A. M. Stortini, A. Freda, D. Cesari, W. R. L. Cairns, D. Contini, C.
Barbante, F. Prodi, P. Cescon, A. Gambaro, “An evaluation of the
PM2.5 trace elemental composition in the Venice Lagoon area and an
analysis of the possible sources”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43,
pp. 6296-6304, 2009.
[12] M. Viana, F. Amato, A. Alastuey, X. Querol, T. Moreno, S. G. Dos
Santos, M. D. Herce, R. Fernandez-Patier, “Chemical tracers of
particulate emissions from commercial shipping”, Environmental
Science & Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 7472-7477, 2009.
[13] M. Pandolfi, Y. Gonzalez-Castanedo, A. Alastuey, J. de la Rosa, E.
Mantilla, A. Sanchez de la Campa, X. Querol, J. Pey, F. Amato, T.
Moreno, “Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in
the strait of Gibraltar by PMF: impact of shipping emissions”,
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 28, pp. 260-269,
2011.
[14] M. D. Gibson, J. R. Pierce, D. Waugh, J. S. Kuchta, L. Chisholm, T. J.
Duck, J. T. Hopper, S. Beauchamp, G. H. King, J. E. Franklin, W. R.
Leaitch, A. J. Wheeler, Z. Li, G. A. Gagnon, P. I. Palmer, “Identifying
the sources driving observed PM2.5 temporal variability over Halifax,
Nova Scotia, during BORTAS-B”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,
Vol. 13, pp. 7199-7213, 2013.
[15] C. Samara, D. Voutsa, “Size distribution of airborne particulate matter
and associated heavy metals in the roadside environment”,
Chemosphere, Vol. 59, pp. 1197–1206, 2005.
[16] G. Lu, J. R. Brook, M. R. Alfarra, K. Anlauf, W. R. Leaitch, S. Sharma,
D. Wang, D. R. Worsnop, L. Phinney, “Identification and
characterisation of inland ship plumes over Vancouver, BC”.
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, pp. 2767-2782, 2006.
[17] R. M. Healy, S. Hellebust, I. Kourtchev, A. Allanic, I. P. O'Connor, J.
M. Bell, D. A. Healy, J. R. Sodeau, J. C. Wenger, “Source
apportionment of PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland using a combination
of single particle mass spectrometry and quantitative semi-continuous
measurements”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, pp. 9593-
9613, 2010.
[18] D. Contini, A. Gambaro, F. Belosi, S. De Pieri, W. R. L. Cairns, A.
Donateo, E. Zanotto, M. Citron, “The direct influence of ship traffic on
atmospheric PM2.5, PM10 and PAH in Venice”, Journal of
Environmental Management, Vol. 92, pp. 2119-2129, 2011.
[19] A. Donateo, E. Gregoris, A. Gambaro, E. Merico, R. Giua, A. Nocioni,
D. Contini, “Contribution of harbour activities and ship traffic to PM2.5,
particle number concentrations and PAHs in a port city of the
Mediterranean Sea (Italy)”, Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, Vol. 21, pp. 9415-9429, 2014.
[20] M. Viana, P. Hammingh, A. Colette, X. Querol, B. Degraeuwe, I. de
Vlieger, J. Van Aardenne, “Impact of maritime transport emissions on
coastal air quality in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 90, pp.
96–105, 2014. [21] A. Donateo, D. Contini, F. Belosi, A. Gambaro, G. Santachiara, D.
Cesari, F. Prodi, “Characterization of PM2.5 concentrations and
turbulent fluxes on a island in the Venice lagoon using high temporal
resolution measurements”, Meteorology Zeitschrift, Vol. 21, pp. 385-
398, 2012.
[22] ARPAV, “Metodi e modelli per l’indagine scientifica su emissioni e
concentrazioni in atmosfera: risultati principali per la laguna di
Venezia”, APICE Project Report, www.apice-project.eu, Febbraio 2013.
[23] A. Poupkou, N. Liora, A. Karagiannidis, T. Giannaros, C. Giannaros, D.
Melas, A Argiriou, “Maritime Sector Emissions Contribution to the
Particulate Matter Pollution in a Mediterranean City-Port: A Modeling
Approach”, in Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII,
Springer Proceedings in Complexity, pp. 307-310, 2014.
[24] R. Giua, A. Nocioni, T. Pastore, S. Spagnolo, “The ARPA Puglia tools
within the project CESAPO: a contribute to the study of atmospheric
pollution in Brindisi port”, In Proceedings of the Workshop
“Characterisation of atmospheric pollution in harbor areas”
(www.cesapo.upatras.gr), pp. 51-57, 2013.
[25] A. Donateo, D. Contini, F. Belosi, “Real time measurements of PM2.5
concentrations and vertical turbulent fluxes using an optical detector”,
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, pp. 1346-1360, 2006.
[26] R.M. Healy, I.P. O’Connor, S. Hellebust, A. Allanic, J.R. Sodeau, J.C.
Wenger JC, “Characterisation of single particles from in-port ship
emissions”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43, pp. 6408-6414, 2009.
[27] C. Reche, M. Viana, T. Moreno, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, J. Pey, M.
Pandolfi, A. Prévôt, C. Mohr, A. Richard, B. Artiñano, F.J. Gomez-
Moreno, N. Cots, “Peculiarities in atmospheric particle number and sizeresolved
speciation in an urban area in the western Mediterranean:
results from the DAURE campaign”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol.
45, pp. 5282-5293, 2011.
[28] D. Contini, A. Gambaro, A. Donateo, P. Cescon, D. Cesari, E. Merico,
F. Belosi, M. Citron, “Inter-annual trend of the primary contribution of
ship emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in Venice (Italy): Efficiency of
emissions mitigation strategies”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 102,
pp. 183-190, 2015.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:69433", author = "Daniele Contini and Antonio Donateo and Andrea Gambaro and Athanasios Argiriou and Dimitrios Melas and Daniela Cesari and Anastasia Poupkou and Athanasios Karagiannidis and Apostolos Tsakis and Eva Merico and Rita Cesari and Adelaide Dinoi", title = "Impact of Ship Traffic to PM2.5 and Particle Number Concentrations in Three Port-Cities of the Adriatic/Ionian Area", abstract = "Emissions of atmospheric pollutants from ships and
harbour activities are a growing concern at international level given
their potential impacts on air quality and climate. These close-to-land
emissions have potential impact on local communities in terms of air
quality and health. Recent studies show that the impact of maritime
traffic to atmospheric particulate matter concentrations in several
coastal urban areas is comparable with the impact of road traffic of a
medium size town. However, several different approaches have been
used for these estimates making difficult a direct comparison of
results. In this work, an integrated approach based on emission
inventories and dedicated measurement campaigns has been applied
to give a comparable estimate of the impact of maritime traffic to
PM2.5 and particle number concentrations in three major harbours of
the Adriatic/Ionian Seas. The influences of local meteorology and of
the logistic layout of the harbours are discussed.
", keywords = "Ship emissions, PM2.5, particle number
concentrations, impact of shipping to atmospheric aerosol.", volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "533-6", }
