How the Iranian Free-Style Wrestlers Know and Think about Doping? – A Knowledge and Attitude Study
Nowadays, doping is an intricate dilemma. Wrestling
is the nationally popular sport in Iran. Also the prevalence of doping
may be high, due to its power demanding characteristics. So, we
aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward doping among
the club wrestlers. In a cross sectional study, 426 wrestlers were
studied. For this reason, a researcher made questionnaire was used. In
this study, researchers selected the clubs by randomized clustered
sampling and distributed the questionnaire among wrestlers.
Knowledge of wrestlers in three categories of doping definitions,
recognition of prohibited drugs and side effects was poor or moderate
in 70.8%, 95.8% and 99.5%, respectively. Wrestlers have poor
knowledge in doping. Furthermore, they believe some myths which
are unfavorable. It seems necessary to design a comprehensive
educational program for all of the athletes and coaches.
[1] F. Halabchi, "Doping in combat sports," in Combat sports medicine, 1st
ed., R. Kordi, N. Maffulli, R.R. Wroble, W.A. Wallace, Eds. London:
Springer- Verlag, 2009, pp. 55-72.
[2] MD. Silver, "Use of ergogenic aids by athletes," J Am Acad Orthop
Surg., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 61-70, Jan-Feb. 2001.
[3] RIG. Holt, L. Erotokritou-Mulligan and PH Sönksen, "The history of
doping and growth hormone abuse in sport," Growth Hormone & IGF
Research., vol. 19, no.4, pp. 320-326, Aug. 2009.
[4] C.E. Yesalis, M.S. Bahrke, "History of doping in sport," in
Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise, 1st ed., M.S.
Bahrke, C.E. Yesalis, Eds. , Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002, pp.
1-20.
[5] M. Kamber and PE Mullis, "The Worldwide Fight Against Doping:
From the Beginning to the World Anti-Doping Agency," Endocrinol
Metab Clin N Am., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-9, Mar. 2010.
[6] DH. Catlin, KD. Fitch and A. Ljungqvist, "Medicine and science in the
fight against doping in sport," J Intern Med., vol. 264, no. 2, pp. 99-
114, Aug. 2008.
[7] TH. Murray, "Doping in sport: challenges for medicine, science and
ethics," J Intern Med., Vol. 264, no.2, pp. 95-98, Aug. 2008
[8] A. Alaranta, H. Alaranta, J. Holmila, P. Palmu, K. Pietilä, and I.
Helenius,"Self- Reported Attitudes of Elite Athletes Towards Doping:
Differences Between Type of Sport," Int J Sports Med., vol 27. no. 10,
pp. 842-846, Oct. 2006.
[9] Backhouse S, McKenna J, Robinson S, Atkin A. International Literature
Review: Attitudes, Behaviours, Knowledge and Education - Drugs in
Sport: Past, Present and Future. Available at: www.wadaama.
org/rtecontent/document/Backhouse_et_al_Full_Report.pdf
[10] P. Laure, and H. Reinsberger,"Doping and high-level endurance
walkers. Knowledge and representation of a prohibited practice," J.
Sports. Med. Phy. Fitness., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 228-31, Sep. 1995.
[11] J.U. Ohaeri, E. Ikpeme, P.U. Ikwuagwu, A. Zamani, and O.A.
Odejide,"Use and awareness of effects of anabolic steroids and
psychoactive substances among a cohort of Nigerian professional sports
men and women," Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and
Experimental. vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 429-432, Sep-Dec. 1993.
[12] CE. Yesalis and MS. Bahrke, "Anabolic - androgenic steroids Current
issues," Sports Med., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 326-340, May. 1995.
[13] P. Laure, T. Lecerf, A. Friser, and C. Binsinger, "Drugs, recreational
drug use and attitudes towards doping of high school athletes," Int J
Sports Med., vol. 25, no.2, pp. 133-138, Feb. 2004.
[14] HG, Pope Jr, G. Kanayama, M. Ionescu-Pioggia and JI. Hudson,
"Anabolic steroid users- attitudes towards physicians," Addiction., vol.
99, no. 9, pp. 1189-1194, Sep. 2004.
[15] DR. Mottram, "Prevalence of drug misuse in sport," in Drugs in sport.
4th ed. DR. Mottram, Ed. London: Routledge, 2011, pp. 369.
[16] O. de Hon, B. Coumans, "The continuing story of nutritional
supplements and doping infractions," Br J Sports Med., vol.41, no. 11,
pp. 800-805, Nov. 2007.
[17] PJV. der Merwe, E. Grobbelaar, "Inadvertent doping through nutritional
supplements is a reality," SA Sports Medicine., vol. 16, no. 2, 3-7,
2004.
[1] F. Halabchi, "Doping in combat sports," in Combat sports medicine, 1st
ed., R. Kordi, N. Maffulli, R.R. Wroble, W.A. Wallace, Eds. London:
Springer- Verlag, 2009, pp. 55-72.
[2] MD. Silver, "Use of ergogenic aids by athletes," J Am Acad Orthop
Surg., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 61-70, Jan-Feb. 2001.
[3] RIG. Holt, L. Erotokritou-Mulligan and PH Sönksen, "The history of
doping and growth hormone abuse in sport," Growth Hormone & IGF
Research., vol. 19, no.4, pp. 320-326, Aug. 2009.
[4] C.E. Yesalis, M.S. Bahrke, "History of doping in sport," in
Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise, 1st ed., M.S.
Bahrke, C.E. Yesalis, Eds. , Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002, pp.
1-20.
[5] M. Kamber and PE Mullis, "The Worldwide Fight Against Doping:
From the Beginning to the World Anti-Doping Agency," Endocrinol
Metab Clin N Am., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-9, Mar. 2010.
[6] DH. Catlin, KD. Fitch and A. Ljungqvist, "Medicine and science in the
fight against doping in sport," J Intern Med., vol. 264, no. 2, pp. 99-
114, Aug. 2008.
[7] TH. Murray, "Doping in sport: challenges for medicine, science and
ethics," J Intern Med., Vol. 264, no.2, pp. 95-98, Aug. 2008
[8] A. Alaranta, H. Alaranta, J. Holmila, P. Palmu, K. Pietilä, and I.
Helenius,"Self- Reported Attitudes of Elite Athletes Towards Doping:
Differences Between Type of Sport," Int J Sports Med., vol 27. no. 10,
pp. 842-846, Oct. 2006.
[9] Backhouse S, McKenna J, Robinson S, Atkin A. International Literature
Review: Attitudes, Behaviours, Knowledge and Education - Drugs in
Sport: Past, Present and Future. Available at: www.wadaama.
org/rtecontent/document/Backhouse_et_al_Full_Report.pdf
[10] P. Laure, and H. Reinsberger,"Doping and high-level endurance
walkers. Knowledge and representation of a prohibited practice," J.
Sports. Med. Phy. Fitness., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 228-31, Sep. 1995.
[11] J.U. Ohaeri, E. Ikpeme, P.U. Ikwuagwu, A. Zamani, and O.A.
Odejide,"Use and awareness of effects of anabolic steroids and
psychoactive substances among a cohort of Nigerian professional sports
men and women," Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and
Experimental. vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 429-432, Sep-Dec. 1993.
[12] CE. Yesalis and MS. Bahrke, "Anabolic - androgenic steroids Current
issues," Sports Med., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 326-340, May. 1995.
[13] P. Laure, T. Lecerf, A. Friser, and C. Binsinger, "Drugs, recreational
drug use and attitudes towards doping of high school athletes," Int J
Sports Med., vol. 25, no.2, pp. 133-138, Feb. 2004.
[14] HG, Pope Jr, G. Kanayama, M. Ionescu-Pioggia and JI. Hudson,
"Anabolic steroid users- attitudes towards physicians," Addiction., vol.
99, no. 9, pp. 1189-1194, Sep. 2004.
[15] DR. Mottram, "Prevalence of drug misuse in sport," in Drugs in sport.
4th ed. DR. Mottram, Ed. London: Routledge, 2011, pp. 369.
[16] O. de Hon, B. Coumans, "The continuing story of nutritional
supplements and doping infractions," Br J Sports Med., vol.41, no. 11,
pp. 800-805, Nov. 2007.
[17] PJV. der Merwe, E. Grobbelaar, "Inadvertent doping through nutritional
supplements is a reality," SA Sports Medicine., vol. 16, no. 2, 3-7,
2004.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:51350", author = "F. Halabchi and A. Esteghamati and A. Razzaghi and A. Noori", title = "How the Iranian Free-Style Wrestlers Know and Think about Doping? – A Knowledge and Attitude Study", abstract = "Nowadays, doping is an intricate dilemma. Wrestling
is the nationally popular sport in Iran. Also the prevalence of doping
may be high, due to its power demanding characteristics. So, we
aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward doping among
the club wrestlers. In a cross sectional study, 426 wrestlers were
studied. For this reason, a researcher made questionnaire was used. In
this study, researchers selected the clubs by randomized clustered
sampling and distributed the questionnaire among wrestlers.
Knowledge of wrestlers in three categories of doping definitions,
recognition of prohibited drugs and side effects was poor or moderate
in 70.8%, 95.8% and 99.5%, respectively. Wrestlers have poor
knowledge in doping. Furthermore, they believe some myths which
are unfavorable. It seems necessary to design a comprehensive
educational program for all of the athletes and coaches.", keywords = "Attitude, Doping, Knowledge, Wrestling", volume = "5", number = "11", pages = "1369-6", }
