Heart Rate-Determined Physical Activity In New Zealand School Children: A Cross- Sectional Study
The aim of this study was to examine current levels of physical activity determined via heart rate monitoring. A total of 176 children (85 boys, 91 girls) aged 5-13 years wore sealed Polar heart rate monitors for at least 10 hours per day on at least 3 days. Mean daily minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity was 65 ± 43 (mean ± SD) for boys and 54 ± 37 for girls. Daily minutes of vigorous-intensity activity was 31 ± 24 and 24 ± 21 for boys and girls respectively. Significant differences in physical activity levels were observed between school day and weekends, boys and girls, and among age and geographical groups. Only 36% of boys and 22% of girls met the New Zealand physical activity guideline. This research indicates that a large proportion of New Zealand children are not meeting physical activity recommendations.
[1] K. Janz, S. Kwon, E. Letuchy, G.J. Eichenberger, T. Burns, J. Torner,
M. Willing, and S. Levy, "Sustained Effect of Early Physical Activity on
Body Fat Mass in Older Children," Am J Prev Med, vol. 37, pp. 35-40,
2009.
[2] C.J. Casperson, P.A. Nixon and R.H. DuRant, "Physical activity
epidemiology applied to children and adolescents," Exerc Sports Sci
Rev, vol 26 pp. 341-403, 1998.
[3] D.A. Bailey and A.D. Martin, "Physical activity and skeletal health in
adolescents," Pediatr Exerc Sci, vol. 6, pp. 330-347, 1994.
[4] R. Telama, X. Yang, J. Viikari, I. Valimaki, O. Wanne and O. Raitakari
"Physical activity from childhood to adulthood. A 21-year tracking
study," Am J Prev Med, vol. 28, pp. 267-273, 2005.
[5] X. Yang, R. Telama, J. Vikari and O.T. Raitakari, "Risk of obesity in
relation to physical activity tracking from youth to adulthood," Med Sci
Sports Exerc, vol. 38, pp. 919-925, 2006.
[6] Sport and Recreation New Zealand, "Activity Guidelines (5-18 year
olds)" Wellington, SPARC Policy Research Team, 2007.
[7] S. Walker, J. Ross and A. Gray, "Participation in sport and active leisure
by New Zealand children and adolescents," J Phys Ed NZ, vol. 21, pp.
4-8, 1999.
[8] Sport and Recreation New Zealand, "SPARC Facts: Results of the New
Zealand sport and physical activity surveys (1997-2001)" Wellington,
Sport and Recreation New Zealand, 2003.
[9] Ministry of Health, "NZ Food NZ Children: Key results of the 2002
National Children's Nutrition Survey" Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health, 2003.
[10] J.F. Sallis, M.J. Buono, J.J. Roby, F.G. Micale and J.A. Nelson JA,
"Seven-day recall and other physical activity self-reports in children and
adolescents," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 25, pp. 99-108, 1993.
[11] D.R.J. Bassett, "Validity and reliability issues in objective monitoring of
physical activity," Res Q Exerc Sport, vol.71, pp. 30-36, 2000.
[12] N. Armstrong, "Young peoples' physical activity patterns assessed by
heart rate monitoring," J Sports Sci, vol. 16, pp. S9-S16, 1998.
[13] C.J. Riddoch, C. Mattocks, K. Deere, J. Saunders, J. Kirby, K. Tilling,
S.D. Leary SD, Blair SN, Ness AR: "Objective measurement of levels
and patterns of physical activity," Arch Dis Child 2007, 92:963-969.
[14] S.A. Calvert, J.J.Ross, M.J. Hamlin, "Levels of physical activity of a
sample of 10-13 year old New Zealand children," N Z Med J, vol. 114,
pp. 496-498, 2001.
[15] D. Macfarlane and W.T. Kwong, "Children's heart rates and enjoyment
levels during PE classes in Hong Kong primary schools," Pediatr Exerc
Sci, vol. 15, pp. 179-190, 2003.
[16] S.G. Trost, R.R. Pate, P.S. Freedson, J.F. Sallis and W.C. Taylor, "Using
objective physical activity measures with youth: How many days of
monitoring are needed?," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 32, pp. 426-431,
2000.
[17] M. Sleap and K. Tolfrey, "Do 9- to 12 yr-old children meet existing
physical activity recommendations for health?," Med Sci Sports Exerc,
vol. 33, pp. 591-596 2001.
[18] Ministry of Health, "Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Children
aged 2-12 years. A Background Paper" Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health, 1997.
[19] Sport and Recreation New Zealand, "SPARC Trends: Trends in
Participation in Sport and Active Leisure (1997-2001)" Wellington,
SPARC Policy Research Team, 2003.
[20] R.H. Durant, T. Baranowski, H. Davis, W.O. Thompson, J. Puhl, K.A.
Greaves and T. Rhodes, "Reliability and variability of heart rate
monitoring in 3-, 4-, or 5-yr-old children," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.
24, pp. 265-271, 1992.
[21] T.B. Gilliam, P.S. Freedson, D.L. Geenen and B. Shahraray, "Physical
activity patterns determined by heart rate monitoring in 6-7 year-old
children," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 13, pp. 65-67, 1981.
[22] O. Gavarry, T. Bernard, M. Giacomoni, M. Seymat, J.P. Euzet and G.
Falgairette, "Continuous heart rate monitoring over 1 week in teenagers
aged 11-16 years," Eur J Appl Physiol, vol. 77, pp. 125-132, 1998.
[23] E.M. Van Sluijs, P.M. Skidmore, K. Mwanza, A.P. Jones, A.M.
Callaghan, U. Ekelund, F. Harrison, I. Harvey, J. Panter, N.J. Wareham,
A. Cassidy and S.J. Griffin, "Physical activity and dietary behaviour in a
population-based sample of British 10-year old children: the SPEEDY
study (Sport, Physical activity, and Eating behaviour: Environmental
Determinants in Young people)," BMC Public Health, vol. 14, pp.338,
2008.
[24] T. Olds, K. Ridley, M. Wake, K. Hesketh, E. Waters, G. Patton and J.
Williams, "How should activity guidelines for young people be
operationalised?," Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, vol. 4, pp. 43, 2007.
[25] C.E. Matthews, B.E. Ainsworth, R.W. Thompson and D.R. Bassett,
"Sources of variance in daily physical activity levels as measured by an
accelerometer," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 34, pp. 1376-1381, 2002.
[26] W.J. Van Mechelen, W.R. Twisk, G.B. Post, J. Snel and H.C.G.
Kemper, " Habitual activity of young people: the Amsterdam Growth
and Health Study," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 32, pp. 1610-1616, 2000.
[27] D.K. Ingram, "Age-related decline in physical activity: generalization to
nonhumans," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 32, pp. 1623-1628, 2000.
[28] J. Liu, K.J. Bennett, N. Harun and J.C. Probst, "Urban-rural differences
in overweight status and physical inactivity among US children aged 10-
17 years," J Rural Health, vol. 24, pp. 407-415, 2008.
[29] C.A. Loucaides, R.C. Plotnikoff and K. Bercovitz, "Differences in the
correlates of physical activity between urban and rural Canadian youth,"
J Sch Health, vol. 77, pp. 164-170, 2007.
[30] E. Hodgkin, M.J. Hamlin, J.J. Ross and F. Peters, "Obesity, energy
intake and physical activity in rural and urban New Zealand children,"
Rural Remote Health, vol. 10, pp. 1336, 2010.
[1] K. Janz, S. Kwon, E. Letuchy, G.J. Eichenberger, T. Burns, J. Torner,
M. Willing, and S. Levy, "Sustained Effect of Early Physical Activity on
Body Fat Mass in Older Children," Am J Prev Med, vol. 37, pp. 35-40,
2009.
[2] C.J. Casperson, P.A. Nixon and R.H. DuRant, "Physical activity
epidemiology applied to children and adolescents," Exerc Sports Sci
Rev, vol 26 pp. 341-403, 1998.
[3] D.A. Bailey and A.D. Martin, "Physical activity and skeletal health in
adolescents," Pediatr Exerc Sci, vol. 6, pp. 330-347, 1994.
[4] R. Telama, X. Yang, J. Viikari, I. Valimaki, O. Wanne and O. Raitakari
"Physical activity from childhood to adulthood. A 21-year tracking
study," Am J Prev Med, vol. 28, pp. 267-273, 2005.
[5] X. Yang, R. Telama, J. Vikari and O.T. Raitakari, "Risk of obesity in
relation to physical activity tracking from youth to adulthood," Med Sci
Sports Exerc, vol. 38, pp. 919-925, 2006.
[6] Sport and Recreation New Zealand, "Activity Guidelines (5-18 year
olds)" Wellington, SPARC Policy Research Team, 2007.
[7] S. Walker, J. Ross and A. Gray, "Participation in sport and active leisure
by New Zealand children and adolescents," J Phys Ed NZ, vol. 21, pp.
4-8, 1999.
[8] Sport and Recreation New Zealand, "SPARC Facts: Results of the New
Zealand sport and physical activity surveys (1997-2001)" Wellington,
Sport and Recreation New Zealand, 2003.
[9] Ministry of Health, "NZ Food NZ Children: Key results of the 2002
National Children's Nutrition Survey" Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health, 2003.
[10] J.F. Sallis, M.J. Buono, J.J. Roby, F.G. Micale and J.A. Nelson JA,
"Seven-day recall and other physical activity self-reports in children and
adolescents," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 25, pp. 99-108, 1993.
[11] D.R.J. Bassett, "Validity and reliability issues in objective monitoring of
physical activity," Res Q Exerc Sport, vol.71, pp. 30-36, 2000.
[12] N. Armstrong, "Young peoples' physical activity patterns assessed by
heart rate monitoring," J Sports Sci, vol. 16, pp. S9-S16, 1998.
[13] C.J. Riddoch, C. Mattocks, K. Deere, J. Saunders, J. Kirby, K. Tilling,
S.D. Leary SD, Blair SN, Ness AR: "Objective measurement of levels
and patterns of physical activity," Arch Dis Child 2007, 92:963-969.
[14] S.A. Calvert, J.J.Ross, M.J. Hamlin, "Levels of physical activity of a
sample of 10-13 year old New Zealand children," N Z Med J, vol. 114,
pp. 496-498, 2001.
[15] D. Macfarlane and W.T. Kwong, "Children's heart rates and enjoyment
levels during PE classes in Hong Kong primary schools," Pediatr Exerc
Sci, vol. 15, pp. 179-190, 2003.
[16] S.G. Trost, R.R. Pate, P.S. Freedson, J.F. Sallis and W.C. Taylor, "Using
objective physical activity measures with youth: How many days of
monitoring are needed?," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 32, pp. 426-431,
2000.
[17] M. Sleap and K. Tolfrey, "Do 9- to 12 yr-old children meet existing
physical activity recommendations for health?," Med Sci Sports Exerc,
vol. 33, pp. 591-596 2001.
[18] Ministry of Health, "Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Children
aged 2-12 years. A Background Paper" Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health, 1997.
[19] Sport and Recreation New Zealand, "SPARC Trends: Trends in
Participation in Sport and Active Leisure (1997-2001)" Wellington,
SPARC Policy Research Team, 2003.
[20] R.H. Durant, T. Baranowski, H. Davis, W.O. Thompson, J. Puhl, K.A.
Greaves and T. Rhodes, "Reliability and variability of heart rate
monitoring in 3-, 4-, or 5-yr-old children," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.
24, pp. 265-271, 1992.
[21] T.B. Gilliam, P.S. Freedson, D.L. Geenen and B. Shahraray, "Physical
activity patterns determined by heart rate monitoring in 6-7 year-old
children," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 13, pp. 65-67, 1981.
[22] O. Gavarry, T. Bernard, M. Giacomoni, M. Seymat, J.P. Euzet and G.
Falgairette, "Continuous heart rate monitoring over 1 week in teenagers
aged 11-16 years," Eur J Appl Physiol, vol. 77, pp. 125-132, 1998.
[23] E.M. Van Sluijs, P.M. Skidmore, K. Mwanza, A.P. Jones, A.M.
Callaghan, U. Ekelund, F. Harrison, I. Harvey, J. Panter, N.J. Wareham,
A. Cassidy and S.J. Griffin, "Physical activity and dietary behaviour in a
population-based sample of British 10-year old children: the SPEEDY
study (Sport, Physical activity, and Eating behaviour: Environmental
Determinants in Young people)," BMC Public Health, vol. 14, pp.338,
2008.
[24] T. Olds, K. Ridley, M. Wake, K. Hesketh, E. Waters, G. Patton and J.
Williams, "How should activity guidelines for young people be
operationalised?," Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, vol. 4, pp. 43, 2007.
[25] C.E. Matthews, B.E. Ainsworth, R.W. Thompson and D.R. Bassett,
"Sources of variance in daily physical activity levels as measured by an
accelerometer," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 34, pp. 1376-1381, 2002.
[26] W.J. Van Mechelen, W.R. Twisk, G.B. Post, J. Snel and H.C.G.
Kemper, " Habitual activity of young people: the Amsterdam Growth
and Health Study," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 32, pp. 1610-1616, 2000.
[27] D.K. Ingram, "Age-related decline in physical activity: generalization to
nonhumans," Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 32, pp. 1623-1628, 2000.
[28] J. Liu, K.J. Bennett, N. Harun and J.C. Probst, "Urban-rural differences
in overweight status and physical inactivity among US children aged 10-
17 years," J Rural Health, vol. 24, pp. 407-415, 2008.
[29] C.A. Loucaides, R.C. Plotnikoff and K. Bercovitz, "Differences in the
correlates of physical activity between urban and rural Canadian youth,"
J Sch Health, vol. 77, pp. 164-170, 2007.
[30] E. Hodgkin, M.J. Hamlin, J.J. Ross and F. Peters, "Obesity, energy
intake and physical activity in rural and urban New Zealand children,"
Rural Remote Health, vol. 10, pp. 1336, 2010.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:60395", author = "Michael J. Hamlin and Mick Grimley and Vicki Cowley and Chris D. Price and Jill M. Hargreaves and Jenny J. Ross", title = "Heart Rate-Determined Physical Activity In New Zealand School Children: A Cross- Sectional Study", abstract = "The aim of this study was to examine current levels of physical activity determined via heart rate monitoring. A total of 176 children (85 boys, 91 girls) aged 5-13 years wore sealed Polar heart rate monitors for at least 10 hours per day on at least 3 days. Mean daily minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity was 65 ± 43 (mean ± SD) for boys and 54 ± 37 for girls. Daily minutes of vigorous-intensity activity was 31 ± 24 and 24 ± 21 for boys and girls respectively. Significant differences in physical activity levels were observed between school day and weekends, boys and girls, and among age and geographical groups. Only 36% of boys and 22% of girls met the New Zealand physical activity guideline. This research indicates that a large proportion of New Zealand children are not meeting physical activity recommendations.
", keywords = "activity guidelines, moderate activity, sedentary,
vigorous activity", volume = "5", number = "5", pages = "705-6", }
