Genetic Content-Based MP3 Audio Watermarking in MDCT Domain
In this paper a novel scheme for watermarking digital
audio during its compression to MPEG-1 Layer III format is
proposed. For this purpose we slightly modify some of the selected
MDCT coefficients, which are used during MPEG audio
compression procedure. Due to the possibility of modifying different
MDCT coefficients, there will be different choices for embedding the
watermark into audio data, considering robustness and transparency
factors. Our proposed method uses a genetic algorithm to select the
best coefficients to embed the watermark. This genetic selection is
done according to the parameters that are extracted from the
perceptual content of the audio to optimize the robustness and
transparency of the watermark. On the other hand the watermark
security is increased due to the random nature of the genetic
selection. The information of the selected MDCT coefficients that
carry the watermark bits, are saves in a database for future extraction
of the watermark. The proposed method is suitable for online MP3
stores to pursue illegal copies of musical artworks. Experimental
results show that the detection ratio of the watermarks at the bitrate
of 128kbps remains above 90% while the inaudibility of the
watermark is preserved.
[1] Ingemar J. Cox, Matthew L. Miller, Jeffrey A. Bloom, "Digital
Watermarking" , Morgan Kaufmann Publications, 2002
[2] Thomas Page, "Digital Watermarking As A Form Of Copyright
Protection", Computer Law & Security Report Elsevier, November-
December 1998
[3] Christine I. Podilchuk and Edward J. Delp, "Digital Watermarking,
Algorithms and Applications", IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING
MAGAZINE, p 33- 46, July 2001
[4] Darko Kirovski and Henrique S. Malvar, Fellow, "Spread-Spectrum
Watermarking of Audio Signals", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 51, NO. 4, APRIL 2003
[5] I.J. Cox, J. Kilian and T. Leighton: "Secure spread spectrum
watermarking for multimedia", IEEE Trans. Image Processing 6:1673-
1687,1997
[6] D. Gruhl, A. Lu and W. Bender: "Echo hiding". Proc. of Information
Hiding Workshop, University of Cambridge, pp. 295-315, 1996
[7] H. Oh, H.W. Kim, J.W. Seok, J.W. Hong and D.H. Youn: "Transparent
and robust audio watermarking with a new echo embedding technique".
Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo, Tokyo, Japan, 2001
[8] Yeo, I.-K., and Kim, H.J., "Modofied patchwork algorithm: A novel
audio watermarking Scheme", IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio
Processing, vol. 11, (to appear), 2003
[9] Chung-Ping Wu, Po-Chyi Su and C.-C. Jay Kuo, "Rubust and Efficeint
Digial Audio Watermarking Using Audio Content Analysis",
IS&T/SPIE 12th International Symposium on Electronic Imaging, (San
Jose, CA, USA), Jan. 2000, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3971, pp.382-392
[10] Changsheng Xu, David Dagan Feng, "Robust and Efficient Content-
Based Digital Audio Watermarking", International Conference of
Multimedia Systems, 2000
[11] Nahrstedt, L. Qiao, in Dittmann et al., "Non-Invertible Watermarking
Methods for MPEG Video and Audio", ÔÇÿ6th ACM International
Multimedia Conference (ACM Multimedia-98)- ACM, Bristol, England,
Sept. 1998, pp. 93-98
[12] http://www.petitcolas.net/fabien/steganography/mp3stego
[13] http://web.uvic.ca/~jinxing/wmp3/CSC%20586B%20Final%20Project%
20Report.doc
[14] Pan D, "A Tutorial On Mpeg Audio Compression". IEEE Multimedia
2(2): p 60- 74, 1995.
[15] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG), International Standard ISO/IEC
11172-3, "Coding Of Moving Pictures And Associated Audio For
Digital Storage Media At Up To About 1.5 Mbits/S", 1992
[16] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG), International Standard ISO/IEC
13818-3, "Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio:
Audio", 1994
[17] P. Noll, "MPEG Digital Audio Coding," IEEE Signal Processing
Magazine, pp.59-81, Sep. 1997.
[18] Dimitrios Simitopoulos , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris , Nikolaos V. Boulgouris
,Alexia Briassouli and Michael G. Strintzis, "Fast Watermarking Of
Mpeg-1/2 Streams Using Compressed-Domain Perceptual Embedding
And A Generalized Correlator Detector", EURASIP Journal on Applied
Signal Processing, 2004
[19] Ching-Te Wang, Tung-Shou Chen, Wen-Hung Chao, "A new audio
watermarking based on Modified Descrete Cosine Transform of MPEG
audio layer III", Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE international conference
on networking, sensing and control, Taipei, Taiwan, March 21-23, 2004
[20] D.E. Goldberg, "Genetic Algprithms In Search, Optimization And
Machine Learning", Addision Wisely, 1989
[21] http://www.8HZ.com/MP3
[22] http://www.mpg123.de
[1] Ingemar J. Cox, Matthew L. Miller, Jeffrey A. Bloom, "Digital
Watermarking" , Morgan Kaufmann Publications, 2002
[2] Thomas Page, "Digital Watermarking As A Form Of Copyright
Protection", Computer Law & Security Report Elsevier, November-
December 1998
[3] Christine I. Podilchuk and Edward J. Delp, "Digital Watermarking,
Algorithms and Applications", IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING
MAGAZINE, p 33- 46, July 2001
[4] Darko Kirovski and Henrique S. Malvar, Fellow, "Spread-Spectrum
Watermarking of Audio Signals", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 51, NO. 4, APRIL 2003
[5] I.J. Cox, J. Kilian and T. Leighton: "Secure spread spectrum
watermarking for multimedia", IEEE Trans. Image Processing 6:1673-
1687,1997
[6] D. Gruhl, A. Lu and W. Bender: "Echo hiding". Proc. of Information
Hiding Workshop, University of Cambridge, pp. 295-315, 1996
[7] H. Oh, H.W. Kim, J.W. Seok, J.W. Hong and D.H. Youn: "Transparent
and robust audio watermarking with a new echo embedding technique".
Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo, Tokyo, Japan, 2001
[8] Yeo, I.-K., and Kim, H.J., "Modofied patchwork algorithm: A novel
audio watermarking Scheme", IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio
Processing, vol. 11, (to appear), 2003
[9] Chung-Ping Wu, Po-Chyi Su and C.-C. Jay Kuo, "Rubust and Efficeint
Digial Audio Watermarking Using Audio Content Analysis",
IS&T/SPIE 12th International Symposium on Electronic Imaging, (San
Jose, CA, USA), Jan. 2000, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3971, pp.382-392
[10] Changsheng Xu, David Dagan Feng, "Robust and Efficient Content-
Based Digital Audio Watermarking", International Conference of
Multimedia Systems, 2000
[11] Nahrstedt, L. Qiao, in Dittmann et al., "Non-Invertible Watermarking
Methods for MPEG Video and Audio", ÔÇÿ6th ACM International
Multimedia Conference (ACM Multimedia-98)- ACM, Bristol, England,
Sept. 1998, pp. 93-98
[12] http://www.petitcolas.net/fabien/steganography/mp3stego
[13] http://web.uvic.ca/~jinxing/wmp3/CSC%20586B%20Final%20Project%
20Report.doc
[14] Pan D, "A Tutorial On Mpeg Audio Compression". IEEE Multimedia
2(2): p 60- 74, 1995.
[15] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG), International Standard ISO/IEC
11172-3, "Coding Of Moving Pictures And Associated Audio For
Digital Storage Media At Up To About 1.5 Mbits/S", 1992
[16] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG), International Standard ISO/IEC
13818-3, "Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio:
Audio", 1994
[17] P. Noll, "MPEG Digital Audio Coding," IEEE Signal Processing
Magazine, pp.59-81, Sep. 1997.
[18] Dimitrios Simitopoulos , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris , Nikolaos V. Boulgouris
,Alexia Briassouli and Michael G. Strintzis, "Fast Watermarking Of
Mpeg-1/2 Streams Using Compressed-Domain Perceptual Embedding
And A Generalized Correlator Detector", EURASIP Journal on Applied
Signal Processing, 2004
[19] Ching-Te Wang, Tung-Shou Chen, Wen-Hung Chao, "A new audio
watermarking based on Modified Descrete Cosine Transform of MPEG
audio layer III", Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE international conference
on networking, sensing and control, Taipei, Taiwan, March 21-23, 2004
[20] D.E. Goldberg, "Genetic Algprithms In Search, Optimization And
Machine Learning", Addision Wisely, 1989
[21] http://www.8HZ.com/MP3
[22] http://www.mpg123.de
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:56896", author = "N. Moghadam and H. Sadeghi", title = "Genetic Content-Based MP3 Audio Watermarking in MDCT Domain", abstract = "In this paper a novel scheme for watermarking digital
audio during its compression to MPEG-1 Layer III format is
proposed. For this purpose we slightly modify some of the selected
MDCT coefficients, which are used during MPEG audio
compression procedure. Due to the possibility of modifying different
MDCT coefficients, there will be different choices for embedding the
watermark into audio data, considering robustness and transparency
factors. Our proposed method uses a genetic algorithm to select the
best coefficients to embed the watermark. This genetic selection is
done according to the parameters that are extracted from the
perceptual content of the audio to optimize the robustness and
transparency of the watermark. On the other hand the watermark
security is increased due to the random nature of the genetic
selection. The information of the selected MDCT coefficients that
carry the watermark bits, are saves in a database for future extraction
of the watermark. The proposed method is suitable for online MP3
stores to pursue illegal copies of musical artworks. Experimental
results show that the detection ratio of the watermarks at the bitrate
of 128kbps remains above 90% while the inaudibility of the
watermark is preserved.", keywords = "Content-Based Audio Watermarking, Genetic AudioWatermarking.", volume = "1", number = "12", pages = "3893-4", }
