Formulation Development and Moiturising Effects of a Topical Cream of Aloe vera Extract
This study was designed to formulate,
pharmaceutically evaluate a topical skin-care cream (w/o emulsion)
of Aloe Vera versus its vehicle (Base) as control and determine their
effects on Stratum Corneum (SC) water content and Transepidermal
water loss (TEWL). Base containing no extract and a Formulation
containing 3% concentrated extract of Aloe Vera was developed by
entrapping in the inner aqueous phase of w/o emulsion (cream).
Lemon oil was incorporated to improve the odor. Both the Base and
Formulation were stored at 8°C ±0.1°C (in refrigerator), 25°C±0.1°C,
40°C±0.1°C and 40°C± 0.1°C with 75% RH (in incubator) for a
period of 4 weeks to predict their stability. The evaluation parameters
consisted of color, smell, type of emulsion, phase separation,
electrical conductivity, centrifugation, liquefaction and pH. Both the
Base and Formulation were applied to the cheeks of 21 healthy
human volunteers for a period of 8 weeks Stratum corneum (SC)
water content and Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were
monitored every week to measure any effect produced by these
topical creams. The expected organoleptic stability of creams was
achieved from 4 weeks in-vitro study period. Odor was disappeared
with the passage of time due to volatilization of lemon oil. Both the
Base and Formulation produced significant (p≤0.05) changes in
TEWL with respect to time. SC water content was significantly
(p≤0.05) increased by the Formulation while the Base has
insignificant (p 0.05) effects on SC water content. The newly
formulated cream of Aloe Vera, applied is suitable for improvement
and quantitative monitoring of skin hydration level (SC water
content/ moisturizing effects) and reducing TEWL in people with dry
skin.
[1] Imhof A and Pine D J. Stability of Nonaqueous Emulsions, Journal of
Colloid and Interface Science, 1997:192, 368-374.
[2] Armen K. Random centroid optimization of lutein-enriched oil in water
emulsion at acidic pH, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of
the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College,
2003.
[3] Timothy N H, Robert J P, George V F and Graeme J J. The role of
particles in stabilizing foams and emulsions. Advances in Colloid and
Interface Science, 2008: 137, 57-81.
[4] Herbert A L, Martin M R and Gilbert S B. Pharmaceutical Emulsions,
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse System. Vol.1, Marcel Dekkar,
New York and Basel, 1988:199-240, 285-288.
[5] Magdy I M. Optimization of Chlorphenesin Emulgel Formulation. The
AAPS Journal, 2004, 6: 1-7.
[6] Bleckmann A, Kropke R and Schneider G U. Preparations of the W/O
emulsion type with increased water content, and comprising cationic
polymers, United States Patent, 2006: 7138128.
[7] Xiu Z, Hong W, Yuan S, Li N, Lan W, Bin L, Ping S and Yang L,
Isolation, structure elucidation, antioxidative and immunomodulatory
properties of two novel dihydrocoumarins from Aloe Vera. Bioorganic
& Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2006, 16: 949-953.
[8] Qiuhui H, Yun H and Juan X. Free radical-scavenging activity of Aloe
Vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide
extraction. Food Chemistry, 2004, 91: 85-90.
[9] Seongwon C. and Myung H. C. A review on the relationship between
aloe Vera components and their biologic effects. Seminars in Integrative
Medicine, 2003, 1: 53-62.
[10] Robert H. D & Nicholas P. M, Aloe Vera and gibberellin antiinflammatory
activity in diabetes. Journal of the American Podiatric
Medical Association, 1989, 79.
[11] Henriette K. Paraffinum Liquidum, B.P. Liquid Paraffin. The British
Pharmaceutical Codex, 1995:1911 http://www.henriettesherbal.com/.
[12] Raymond C R, Paul J S, Paul J W. Dimethicone, Mineral Oil, Wax
White; Wax Yellow. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, (4th Ed.),
The PhP. London, Chicago, and the APhA. Washington, 2003: 213-214,
395-396, 687-690.
[13] Masmoudi H, LE D. Y, Piccerelle P and Kister J, The evaluation of
cosmetic and pharmaceutical emulsions, aging process using classical
techniques and a new method: FTIR. International Journal of
Pharmaceutics, 2005: 289,117-131.
[14] Derick R. Fat crystals and emulsion stability, a review. Food Research
International, 2000: 33, 3-14.
[15] Bjerregaard S, Vermehren C, Soderberg I. and Frokjaer S. Accelerated
Stability Testing of a Water-in-Oil Emulsion. Journal of Dispersion
Science and Technology, 2001: 22, 23-31.
[16] Herbert A L, Martin M R and Gilbert S B. Emulsions and
Microemulsions. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Disperse Systems., vol.
2, Marcel Dekker, INC, New York and Basel, 335-369, 1989.
[17] Abdurahman H N and Rosli M Y. Stability investigation of Water-in-
Crude oil emulsion. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2006: 6, 2895-2900.
[18] Peter F, Andreas E, Erich J W AND Michael S. Predictive stress tests to
study the influence of processing procedures on long term stability of
supersaturated pharmaceutical o/w creams. International Journal of
Pharmaceutics, 2007: 339, 189-196.
[19] Antonio V, Elsa U, Roberto L and Margarita M, Hot-air drying
characteristics of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) and influence of
temperature on kinetic parameters. LWT, 2007: 40, 1698-1707.
[20] Sheng H C, Kai Y L, Chun C C, Chia L F and Chih P L, Aloe-emodininduced
apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells. Food and Chemical
Toxicology, 2007: 45, 2296-2303.
[21] Oana R C, Marcel P, Laurian V and Mircea T, Antifungal activity of
Aloe Vera leaves. Fitoterapia, 2007: 78, 219-222.
[22] Desai K N, Wei H, and Lamartiniere, The preventive and therapeutic
potential of the squalene-containing compound, Roidex, on tumor
promotion and regression, Cancer Letters 101, 93-96, 1996.
[23] Ronald M B and Thomas F B. Use of viscosity as an in-line diagnostic
for high internal phase emulsion generation, US Patent 5306734, 1994.
[24] Anita G, Physical properties of emulsion stabilized by ð║-casein before
and after treatment with chymosin. A Thesis Submitted to the Office of
Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University, 2005.
[25] Onuki A., Viscosity of Emulsion with Surfactant. Europhysics Letters,
24, 1993: 151-156.
[26] Seid M J, Elham A, Yinghe H and Bhesh B. Re-coalescence of emulsion
droplets during high-energy emulsification. Food Hydrocolloids, 2007
[doi].
[27] James S, Joseph T R and Orapin P R. Coarse dispersion. Remington, the
science and practices of pharmacy, 20th edition, volume 1, Lipincott
Williams and Wilkins, 2000:316-334.
[28] Nor A S, Khalid A, Asmah R and Wan Z W. Vitamin C and Aloe Vera
supplementation protects from chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat
Nutrition, 1998: 14, 846-852.
[29] Issa T S, Philippe B, Raymond H, Michel H and Jacques D. Improved
kinetic parameter estimation in pH-profile data treatment, International
Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2000: 198, 39-49.
[30] Jennifer L M, K L Campbell, Ibulaimu K, Philip F S and David J S.
Evaluation of the effect of pH on in vitro growth of Malassezia
pachydermatous. Can J Vet, 2003: 67, 1, 56-59.
[31] Campestrini L H, Kuhnen S, Lemos P M M, Bach D B, Dias, P F and
Maraschin M. Cloning protocol of aloe Vera as a study-case for "tailormade"
biotechnology to small farmers. J. Technol. Manag. Innov, 2006:
Issue 5, 1, 76-79.
[32] Padayatty S J and Levine M. New insights into the physiology and
morphology of vitamin C. Journal of Canadian Medical Association,
2001: 164, 353-355.
[33] Susi E D, Lorena R G And Patrícia M B. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic
formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations
assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Research and
Technology, 2006: 12, 241.
[34] Agarry O O, Olaleye M T and Bello M C O, Comparative antimicrobial
activities of aloe Vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology,
2005: 4 (12), 1413-1414.
[35] Tampa F L, Antioxidant-Rich Diets Improve Age-Related Declines in
Mental Function of Rats. Science Daily, Research News, July 15th,
2002.
[36] Jackie L and Howard M. The correlation between transepidermal water
loss and percutaneous absorption: an overview. Journal of Controlled
Release, 2005: 103, 291-299.
[37] Ostlere L S, Taylor C, Baillod R and Wright S. Relationship between
pruritus, transepidermal water loss, and biochemical markers of renal
itch in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplant, 1994: 9,
1302-1304.
[38] Odukoya, Jenkins, Ilori And Sofidiya. Control of oxidative stress with
natural products: The potential of Nigerian traditional emollients.
European journal of Scientific Research, 2005:10, 27-32.
[1] Imhof A and Pine D J. Stability of Nonaqueous Emulsions, Journal of
Colloid and Interface Science, 1997:192, 368-374.
[2] Armen K. Random centroid optimization of lutein-enriched oil in water
emulsion at acidic pH, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of
the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College,
2003.
[3] Timothy N H, Robert J P, George V F and Graeme J J. The role of
particles in stabilizing foams and emulsions. Advances in Colloid and
Interface Science, 2008: 137, 57-81.
[4] Herbert A L, Martin M R and Gilbert S B. Pharmaceutical Emulsions,
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse System. Vol.1, Marcel Dekkar,
New York and Basel, 1988:199-240, 285-288.
[5] Magdy I M. Optimization of Chlorphenesin Emulgel Formulation. The
AAPS Journal, 2004, 6: 1-7.
[6] Bleckmann A, Kropke R and Schneider G U. Preparations of the W/O
emulsion type with increased water content, and comprising cationic
polymers, United States Patent, 2006: 7138128.
[7] Xiu Z, Hong W, Yuan S, Li N, Lan W, Bin L, Ping S and Yang L,
Isolation, structure elucidation, antioxidative and immunomodulatory
properties of two novel dihydrocoumarins from Aloe Vera. Bioorganic
& Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2006, 16: 949-953.
[8] Qiuhui H, Yun H and Juan X. Free radical-scavenging activity of Aloe
Vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide
extraction. Food Chemistry, 2004, 91: 85-90.
[9] Seongwon C. and Myung H. C. A review on the relationship between
aloe Vera components and their biologic effects. Seminars in Integrative
Medicine, 2003, 1: 53-62.
[10] Robert H. D & Nicholas P. M, Aloe Vera and gibberellin antiinflammatory
activity in diabetes. Journal of the American Podiatric
Medical Association, 1989, 79.
[11] Henriette K. Paraffinum Liquidum, B.P. Liquid Paraffin. The British
Pharmaceutical Codex, 1995:1911 http://www.henriettesherbal.com/.
[12] Raymond C R, Paul J S, Paul J W. Dimethicone, Mineral Oil, Wax
White; Wax Yellow. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, (4th Ed.),
The PhP. London, Chicago, and the APhA. Washington, 2003: 213-214,
395-396, 687-690.
[13] Masmoudi H, LE D. Y, Piccerelle P and Kister J, The evaluation of
cosmetic and pharmaceutical emulsions, aging process using classical
techniques and a new method: FTIR. International Journal of
Pharmaceutics, 2005: 289,117-131.
[14] Derick R. Fat crystals and emulsion stability, a review. Food Research
International, 2000: 33, 3-14.
[15] Bjerregaard S, Vermehren C, Soderberg I. and Frokjaer S. Accelerated
Stability Testing of a Water-in-Oil Emulsion. Journal of Dispersion
Science and Technology, 2001: 22, 23-31.
[16] Herbert A L, Martin M R and Gilbert S B. Emulsions and
Microemulsions. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Disperse Systems., vol.
2, Marcel Dekker, INC, New York and Basel, 335-369, 1989.
[17] Abdurahman H N and Rosli M Y. Stability investigation of Water-in-
Crude oil emulsion. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2006: 6, 2895-2900.
[18] Peter F, Andreas E, Erich J W AND Michael S. Predictive stress tests to
study the influence of processing procedures on long term stability of
supersaturated pharmaceutical o/w creams. International Journal of
Pharmaceutics, 2007: 339, 189-196.
[19] Antonio V, Elsa U, Roberto L and Margarita M, Hot-air drying
characteristics of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) and influence of
temperature on kinetic parameters. LWT, 2007: 40, 1698-1707.
[20] Sheng H C, Kai Y L, Chun C C, Chia L F and Chih P L, Aloe-emodininduced
apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells. Food and Chemical
Toxicology, 2007: 45, 2296-2303.
[21] Oana R C, Marcel P, Laurian V and Mircea T, Antifungal activity of
Aloe Vera leaves. Fitoterapia, 2007: 78, 219-222.
[22] Desai K N, Wei H, and Lamartiniere, The preventive and therapeutic
potential of the squalene-containing compound, Roidex, on tumor
promotion and regression, Cancer Letters 101, 93-96, 1996.
[23] Ronald M B and Thomas F B. Use of viscosity as an in-line diagnostic
for high internal phase emulsion generation, US Patent 5306734, 1994.
[24] Anita G, Physical properties of emulsion stabilized by ð║-casein before
and after treatment with chymosin. A Thesis Submitted to the Office of
Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University, 2005.
[25] Onuki A., Viscosity of Emulsion with Surfactant. Europhysics Letters,
24, 1993: 151-156.
[26] Seid M J, Elham A, Yinghe H and Bhesh B. Re-coalescence of emulsion
droplets during high-energy emulsification. Food Hydrocolloids, 2007
[doi].
[27] James S, Joseph T R and Orapin P R. Coarse dispersion. Remington, the
science and practices of pharmacy, 20th edition, volume 1, Lipincott
Williams and Wilkins, 2000:316-334.
[28] Nor A S, Khalid A, Asmah R and Wan Z W. Vitamin C and Aloe Vera
supplementation protects from chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat
Nutrition, 1998: 14, 846-852.
[29] Issa T S, Philippe B, Raymond H, Michel H and Jacques D. Improved
kinetic parameter estimation in pH-profile data treatment, International
Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2000: 198, 39-49.
[30] Jennifer L M, K L Campbell, Ibulaimu K, Philip F S and David J S.
Evaluation of the effect of pH on in vitro growth of Malassezia
pachydermatous. Can J Vet, 2003: 67, 1, 56-59.
[31] Campestrini L H, Kuhnen S, Lemos P M M, Bach D B, Dias, P F and
Maraschin M. Cloning protocol of aloe Vera as a study-case for "tailormade"
biotechnology to small farmers. J. Technol. Manag. Innov, 2006:
Issue 5, 1, 76-79.
[32] Padayatty S J and Levine M. New insights into the physiology and
morphology of vitamin C. Journal of Canadian Medical Association,
2001: 164, 353-355.
[33] Susi E D, Lorena R G And Patrícia M B. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic
formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations
assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Research and
Technology, 2006: 12, 241.
[34] Agarry O O, Olaleye M T and Bello M C O, Comparative antimicrobial
activities of aloe Vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology,
2005: 4 (12), 1413-1414.
[35] Tampa F L, Antioxidant-Rich Diets Improve Age-Related Declines in
Mental Function of Rats. Science Daily, Research News, July 15th,
2002.
[36] Jackie L and Howard M. The correlation between transepidermal water
loss and percutaneous absorption: an overview. Journal of Controlled
Release, 2005: 103, 291-299.
[37] Ostlere L S, Taylor C, Baillod R and Wright S. Relationship between
pruritus, transepidermal water loss, and biochemical markers of renal
itch in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplant, 1994: 9,
1302-1304.
[38] Odukoya, Jenkins, Ilori And Sofidiya. Control of oxidative stress with
natural products: The potential of Nigerian traditional emollients.
European journal of Scientific Research, 2005:10, 27-32.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:58909", author = "Akhtar N and Khan BA and Khan MS and Mahmood T and Khan HMS and Iqbal M and Bashir S", title = "Formulation Development and Moiturising Effects of a Topical Cream of Aloe vera Extract", abstract = "This study was designed to formulate,
pharmaceutically evaluate a topical skin-care cream (w/o emulsion)
of Aloe Vera versus its vehicle (Base) as control and determine their
effects on Stratum Corneum (SC) water content and Transepidermal
water loss (TEWL). Base containing no extract and a Formulation
containing 3% concentrated extract of Aloe Vera was developed by
entrapping in the inner aqueous phase of w/o emulsion (cream).
Lemon oil was incorporated to improve the odor. Both the Base and
Formulation were stored at 8°C ±0.1°C (in refrigerator), 25°C±0.1°C,
40°C±0.1°C and 40°C± 0.1°C with 75% RH (in incubator) for a
period of 4 weeks to predict their stability. The evaluation parameters
consisted of color, smell, type of emulsion, phase separation,
electrical conductivity, centrifugation, liquefaction and pH. Both the
Base and Formulation were applied to the cheeks of 21 healthy
human volunteers for a period of 8 weeks Stratum corneum (SC)
water content and Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were
monitored every week to measure any effect produced by these
topical creams. The expected organoleptic stability of creams was
achieved from 4 weeks in-vitro study period. Odor was disappeared
with the passage of time due to volatilization of lemon oil. Both the
Base and Formulation produced significant (p≤0.05) changes in
TEWL with respect to time. SC water content was significantly
(p≤0.05) increased by the Formulation while the Base has
insignificant (p 0.05) effects on SC water content. The newly
formulated cream of Aloe Vera, applied is suitable for improvement
and quantitative monitoring of skin hydration level (SC water
content/ moisturizing effects) and reducing TEWL in people with dry
skin.", keywords = "Aloe Vera; Skin; Stratum corneum (SC) water content and Transepidermal water loss (TEWL).", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "124-9", }
