Forensic Implications of Blowfly Chrysomya rufifacies (Calliphoridae: Diptera) Development Rates Affected by Ketum Extract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of ketum extract on development of Chrysomya rufifacies and to analyze the presence of mitragynine in the larvae samples. 110 newly emerged first instar larvae of C. rufifacies were introduced on ketum extract-mixed cow liver at doses of 0, 20, 40 and 60g. Blowfly development rate was determined with 12 hour intervals and
mitragynine in larvae was extracted and quantitated. C. rufifacies in control group took about 192 hours to complete their development from first instar larvae to adult blowfly; meanwhile blowfly form from the highest dose of ketum was 264 hours. Mitragynine was detected in all groups of treatment, except for control. In conclusion, the presence of mitragynine in C. rufifacies is affected in delaying development rates of the blowfly for up to 62 hours or 3 days. Chemical analysis of mitragynine from larvae samples showed that this alkaloid present in all specimens analyzed.
<p>[1] J. H. Byrd and J. L. Castner, “Forensic Entomology: The Utility of
Arthropods in Legal Investigation,” in CRC Press Publication, Boca
Raton, FL; 2001 pp. 7, 143–175, 331-340.
[2] M. Turchetto and S. Vanin, “Forensic entomology and climatic change,”
Forensic Science International, vol. 146, pp. 207-209, 2004.
[3] J. Amendt and M. Hall, “Forensic entomology-Scientific foundations
and applications,” Forensic International Science, pp. 27-28, 2007.
[4] Z. J. Adams and M. J. Hall, “Methods used for the killing and
preservation of blowfly larvae, and their effect on post-mortem larval
length,” Forensic Sci Int., vol. 138, pp. 50–61, 2003.
[5] C. P. Compobasso, M. Gherard, M. Caligara, S. Luca, and F. Introna,
“Drug analysis in blowfly larvae and in human tissues: a comparative
study,” International Journal Legal Medical, vol. 118, pp. 210- 214,
2004.
[6] S. Ireland and B. Turner, “The effects of larval crowding and food type
on the size and development of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria,” vol.
159, pp. 175-181, 2006.
[7] K. Clark, L. Evans, and R. Wall, “Growth rates of the blowfly, Lucilia
sericata, on different body tissues,” Forensic Science International, vol.
156, pp. 145-149, 2006.
[8] M. Gosselin, S. M. R. Willie, M. D. M. R. Fernandez, V. D. Fazio, N.
Samyn, G. D. Boeck, and B. Bourel, “Entomotoxicology, experimental
set-up and interpretation for forensic toxicologists,” Forensic Science
International, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.015, 2011.
[9] T. B. Goh, R. H Mohamad, J. S. Mohammad, N. M. Mohd, and M. M.
Sharif, “A simple and cost effective isolation and purification protocol
of mitragynine from Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Ketum) Leaves,”
Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, vol. 15(1), pp. 54-60, 2011.
[10] J. L. Nelsen, J. Lapoint, M. J. Hodgmann, “Seizure and Coma Following
Ketum(Mitragyna speciosa Korth) Exposure,” Journal of Medical
Toxicology, vol 6, pp. 424-426, 2010.
[11] A. R. Rumiza, F. Z. Nurul, A. R. Reena, F. R. Siti, H. S. S. Sharifah,
and W. A. Nazni, “Effects of Ketum Extract on Blowfly Chrysomya
megacephala Development and Detection of Mitragynine in Larvae
Sample,” in IEEE Symposium On Business, Engineering, and Industrial
Applications, pp.337-341, 2012.
[12] H. L. Lee, M. Krishnasamy, A. G. Abdullah, and J. Jeffery, “Review of
forensically important entomological specimens in the period of 1972-
2002,” Tropical Biomedicine Supplement, pp.69-75, 2004.
[13] A. R. Rumiza, O. Khairul, I. Mohd Iswadi, Z. Raja Muhammad, A. H.
Rogayah, “Determination of malathion levels and the effect of malathion
on the growth of Chrysomya megacephala(Fibricius) in malathionexposed
rat carcass” Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 25(3), pp. 184-190,
2008.
[14] O. C. Brien and B. Turner, “Impact of paracetamol on Calliphora vicina
larval development,” International Journal Legal Medical, vol. 118, pp.
188-189, 2004.
[15] L. M. L. Carvalho, A. X. Linhares, and J. R. Trigo, “Determination of
drug level and the effect of diazepam on the growth of nacrophagous
flies of forensic importance in Southern Brazil,” Forensic Science
International, vol. 120, pp.140-144, 2001.
[16] K. A. George, M. S. Archer, M. L. Green, X. A. Conlan, and T.Toop,
“Effect of morphine on the growth rate Calliphora stygia (Fibricius)
(Diptera: Calliphoridae) and possible implications for forensic
entomology,” Forensic science International, vol. 193, pp. 21-25, 2009.
[17] B. Greenberg and J. C. Kunich, “Entomology and the Law: Flies as
forensic indicators” UK. Cambridge 2002.p. 34.</p>
<p>[1] J. H. Byrd and J. L. Castner, “Forensic Entomology: The Utility of
Arthropods in Legal Investigation,” in CRC Press Publication, Boca
Raton, FL; 2001 pp. 7, 143–175, 331-340.
[2] M. Turchetto and S. Vanin, “Forensic entomology and climatic change,”
Forensic Science International, vol. 146, pp. 207-209, 2004.
[3] J. Amendt and M. Hall, “Forensic entomology-Scientific foundations
and applications,” Forensic International Science, pp. 27-28, 2007.
[4] Z. J. Adams and M. J. Hall, “Methods used for the killing and
preservation of blowfly larvae, and their effect on post-mortem larval
length,” Forensic Sci Int., vol. 138, pp. 50–61, 2003.
[5] C. P. Compobasso, M. Gherard, M. Caligara, S. Luca, and F. Introna,
“Drug analysis in blowfly larvae and in human tissues: a comparative
study,” International Journal Legal Medical, vol. 118, pp. 210- 214,
2004.
[6] S. Ireland and B. Turner, “The effects of larval crowding and food type
on the size and development of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria,” vol.
159, pp. 175-181, 2006.
[7] K. Clark, L. Evans, and R. Wall, “Growth rates of the blowfly, Lucilia
sericata, on different body tissues,” Forensic Science International, vol.
156, pp. 145-149, 2006.
[8] M. Gosselin, S. M. R. Willie, M. D. M. R. Fernandez, V. D. Fazio, N.
Samyn, G. D. Boeck, and B. Bourel, “Entomotoxicology, experimental
set-up and interpretation for forensic toxicologists,” Forensic Science
International, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.015, 2011.
[9] T. B. Goh, R. H Mohamad, J. S. Mohammad, N. M. Mohd, and M. M.
Sharif, “A simple and cost effective isolation and purification protocol
of mitragynine from Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Ketum) Leaves,”
Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, vol. 15(1), pp. 54-60, 2011.
[10] J. L. Nelsen, J. Lapoint, M. J. Hodgmann, “Seizure and Coma Following
Ketum(Mitragyna speciosa Korth) Exposure,” Journal of Medical
Toxicology, vol 6, pp. 424-426, 2010.
[11] A. R. Rumiza, F. Z. Nurul, A. R. Reena, F. R. Siti, H. S. S. Sharifah,
and W. A. Nazni, “Effects of Ketum Extract on Blowfly Chrysomya
megacephala Development and Detection of Mitragynine in Larvae
Sample,” in IEEE Symposium On Business, Engineering, and Industrial
Applications, pp.337-341, 2012.
[12] H. L. Lee, M. Krishnasamy, A. G. Abdullah, and J. Jeffery, “Review of
forensically important entomological specimens in the period of 1972-
2002,” Tropical Biomedicine Supplement, pp.69-75, 2004.
[13] A. R. Rumiza, O. Khairul, I. Mohd Iswadi, Z. Raja Muhammad, A. H.
Rogayah, “Determination of malathion levels and the effect of malathion
on the growth of Chrysomya megacephala(Fibricius) in malathionexposed
rat carcass” Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 25(3), pp. 184-190,
2008.
[14] O. C. Brien and B. Turner, “Impact of paracetamol on Calliphora vicina
larval development,” International Journal Legal Medical, vol. 118, pp.
188-189, 2004.
[15] L. M. L. Carvalho, A. X. Linhares, and J. R. Trigo, “Determination of
drug level and the effect of diazepam on the growth of nacrophagous
flies of forensic importance in Southern Brazil,” Forensic Science
International, vol. 120, pp.140-144, 2001.
[16] K. A. George, M. S. Archer, M. L. Green, X. A. Conlan, and T.Toop,
“Effect of morphine on the growth rate Calliphora stygia (Fibricius)
(Diptera: Calliphoridae) and possible implications for forensic
entomology,” Forensic science International, vol. 193, pp. 21-25, 2009.
[17] B. Greenberg and J. C. Kunich, “Entomology and the Law: Flies as
forensic indicators” UK. Cambridge 2002.p. 34.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:63600", author = "A. R. Rashid and A. S. Siti and F. R. Siti and A. R. Reena and H. S. S. Sharifah and F. Z. Nurul and W. A. Nazni", title = "Forensic Implications of Blowfly Chrysomya rufifacies (Calliphoridae: Diptera) Development Rates Affected by Ketum Extract", abstract = "This study was conducted to examine the effects of ketum extract on development of Chrysomya rufifacies and to analyze the presence of mitragynine in the larvae samples. 110 newly emerged first instar larvae of C. rufifacies were introduced on ketum extract-mixed cow liver at doses of 0, 20, 40 and 60g. Blowfly development rate was determined with 12 hour intervals and
mitragynine in larvae was extracted and quantitated. C. rufifacies in control group took about 192 hours to complete their development from first instar larvae to adult blowfly; meanwhile blowfly form from the highest dose of ketum was 264 hours. Mitragynine was detected in all groups of treatment, except for control. In conclusion, the presence of mitragynine in C. rufifacies is affected in delaying development rates of the blowfly for up to 62 hours or 3 days. Chemical analysis of mitragynine from larvae samples showed that this alkaloid present in all specimens analyzed.
", keywords = "Chrysomya rufifacies, Ketum, Mitragynine,
Postmortem Interval (PMI).", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "435-5", }
