Factors Associated with Mammography Screening Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study of Egyptian Women
Breast cancer is considered as a substantial health
concern and practicing mammography screening [MS] is important in
minimizing its related morbidity. So it is essential to have a better
understanding of breast cancer screening behaviors of women and
factors that influence utilization of them. The aim of this study is to
identify the factors that are linked to MS behaviors among the
Egyptian women. A cross-sectional descriptive design was carried
out to provide a snapshot of the factors that are linked to MS
behaviors. A convenience sample of 311 women was utilized and all
eligible participants admitted to the Women Imaging Unit who are 40
years of age or above, coming for mammography assessment, not
pregnant or breast feeding and who accepted to participate in the
study were included. A structured questionnaire was developed by
the researchers and contains three parts; Socio-demographic data;
Motivating factors associated with MS; and association between MS
and model of behavior change. The analyzed data indicated that most
of the participated women (66.6%) belonged to the age group of 40-
49.A high proportion of participants (58.1%) of group having
previous MS influenced by their neighbors to practice MS, whereas
32.7 % in group not having previous MS were influenced by family
members which indicated significant differences (P <0.05). Doctors
and media shown to be the least influence of others to practice MS.
Women with intention to have a future mammogram had higher OR
(1.404) for practicing MS compared with women with no intention.
Further studies are needed to examine the relation between Transtheoretical
Model [TTM] and practicing MS.
[1] D.S. Salem, R.M. Kamal, M.H. Helal, S.T. Hamed, N.A. Abdelrazek,
N.H. Said, I. Adel, S.A. Maksoud, S. Mansour, H.A. Aboulmagd, &
A.S. Selim. Women health outreach program: A new experience for all
Egyptian women. Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute,
vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 313-322.2008.
[2] M. Paul. Factors that influence the uptake of breast cancer screening
among women of reproductive age in Mosocho division, Kisii central
district, Kenya. Published Master thesis. School of Public Health,
Kenyatta University. Available from: http://irlibrary.
ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/6874.2013.
[3] I.A. El-Attar. Cancer databases in the Arab World. Ethnicity and
disease. vol.15, no.1, pp.3-4. 2005.
[4] G.M. Ismail, A.A. Abdel-Hamid, A. G. Abdel-Naby. Assessment of
factors that hinder early detection of breast cancer among females at
Cairo University Hospital. World Applied Sciences Journal. Vol. 23,
no.1, pp.99-108. 2013.
[5] W. L. Wang, S. Hsu, J. H. Wang, L. Huang & W. L. Hsu. Survey of
breast cancer mammography screening behaviors in Eastern Taiwan
based on a health belief women. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical
Sciences.vol.30, no.1, pp. 422-427.2014.
[6] S.S. Yarbrough, C.J. Braden. Utility of health belief as a guide for
explaining or predicting breast cancer screening behaviors. Journal of
Advanced Nursing. Vol.33, no.5, pp. 677-688. 2001.
[7] N. Canbulat & O. Uzun. Health belief and breast cancer screening
behaviors among female health workers in Turkey. European Journal of
Oncology Nursing. vol.12, no.1, pp.148-156.2008.
[8] S. Muller, W. Stern, P. Stoll, J. Kaiser & C. Claussen. Mammography
and mammary ultrasonography: Which examination sequence is
preferable? Vol.167, no.4, pp. 348-354.1997.
[9] S Feig. Comparison of costa and benefits of breast cancer screening with
mammography, ultrasonography, and MRI. Obstetrics and Gynecology
Clinics of North America. vol., no.38, pp.179-196. 2011.
[10] K. Hanson, P. Montgomery, D. Bakker & M. Conlon. Factors
influencing mammography participation in Canada: An integrative
review of the literature. Current Oncology.vol.16, pp.65-75.2009.
[11] P. S. Sinicrope, T.A. Brockman, C.A. Pattern, M. H. Frost, R. A.
Vierkant & L.R. Petersen. Factors associated with breast cancer
prevention communication between mothers and daughters. Journal of
Women Health. vol. 17, no. 1, pp.17-23. 2008.
[12] K. Kamposioras, D. Mauri, P. Alevizaki, G. Ferentinos, V. Karampoiki,
& P. Kouiroukidou. Cancer screening in Greek. Guidelines awareness
and prescription behavior among Hellinic physician. European Journal
of international Medicine.vol.19, no. 6, pp.452-460. 2008.
[13] L. Nekhlyudov, D. Ross-Degnan & S.W. Fletcher. Beliefs and
expectation of women under 50 years old regarding screening
mammography: A qualitative study. Journal of General International
Medicine.vol.18, no. 3, pp.182-189. 2003.
[14] A Kaltsa, A Holloway & K Cox. Factors that influence mammography
screening behavior: A qualitative study of Greek women`s experiences.
European Journal of oncology Nursing.vol.17, no.1, pp. 292-301.2013.
[15] S. Mishra, B. Deforge, B. Barnet, S. Ntiri & Grant L. Social
Determinants of breast cancer screening in urban primary practice: A
community –engaged formative study.vol.25, no. 5, pp. 429-438. 2012.
[16] E. Simou, E. Foundoulakis, G. Kourlaba & N. Maniadakis. Factors
associated with the use of preventive services by women in Greece.
European Journal of public Health.vol.21, no. 4, pp.512-519. 2010.
[17] A.R. Jemal, E. Siegel, T. Ward, J. Murry, M. XU & J. Thun. Cancer
statistics.CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. vol.57, no.1, pp.43-66.
2007.
[18] F. Boxwal, A. Bridgemohan, D. Griffith & A. Soliman.Factors
associated with breast cancer screening in Asian Indian Women in
Metro-Detroit. Journal of Immigrant Minority Health. vol.12, no. 4, pp.
534-543. 2010.
[19] M. Aboserea, M. Abdelwaged & W. Wafik. Early detection of breast
cancer among females at Fakous district, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt.
Life Science Journal.vol.8, no.1, pp. 196-203.2011.
[20] S Secginli, N. O. Nahcivan. Factors associated with breast cancer
screening behaviors in a sample of Turkish women: A questionnaire
survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. vol. 43, no.1, pp. 161-
171.2006.
[21] L. Spencer, F. Pagell & T Adams. Applying the transtheoretical model
to cancer screening behavior. American Journal of Health Behavior.
vol.29, no1, pp.36-56.2005.
[22] W. Rakowski, C.A. Dube &M.G. Goldstein. Considerations for
extending the transtheoretical model of behavior change to screening
mammography. Health Education Research Theory and practice. vol.11,
no.1, pp.77-96. 1996 a.
[23] K. Parahoo. Using research principles, process and issues. 2nd ed. China:
Palgrave Macmillan. 2006.
[24] K. Gerrish & A. Lacey. The research process in nursing. 6th ed.UK:
Wiley Blackwell publishing.2010.
[25] B. Anderson, S. Braun, S. Lim, R. Smith, S. Taplin & D. Thomas. Early
detection of breast cancer in countries with limited resources. The Breast
Journal.vol.9, no.2, pp.51-59.2003.
[26] W. Wang, S. Hsu, J. Wang, L. Huang &W. Hsu. Survey of breast cancer
mammography screening behaviors in Eastern Taiwan based on a health
belief model. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. vol. 30 no.1, pp.
422-427.2014.
[27] X. Su, G. Ma, B. Seals, Y. Tan & A. Hausman. Breast cancer early
detection among Chinese women in the Philadelphia area. vol.15, no.5,
pp.507-519. 2006. [28] H. Lee, J. Kim & H. Han. Do cultural factors predict mammography
behavior among Korean immigrants in USA? Journal of Advanced
Nursing. vol., 65no.1, pp.2574-2584. 2009.
[29] C. Jananie, A. Perera, P. Vimukthini, P. Dakshitha, M. Wickra, & D
Ishan. Predictors in breast cancer screening behaviors of South Asian
women. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology. Wiley Publishing
Asia Pty Ltd doi:10.1111/ajco.12168.2014.
[30] B. Mikhail & W. Petro-Nustas. Transcultural adaptation of Champion`s
health belief model scales. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. vol.33, no.2,
pp.159-165.2001.
[31] S. Orhan & F. Cetinkaya. Opinions and behaviors of older women about
breast cancer in the area of Nuh Naci Yazgan Health Center.vol.12, no.3
pp.11-16.2003.
[32] K. Lee, H. Lim & S. Park. Factors associated with use of breast cancer
screening services by women aged greater than or equal to 40 years in
Korea: The third Korea national health and nutrition examination survey
2005.BMS Cancer.vol.10,no. 1,p.144.2010.
[33] C. Lerman, B. Rimer, B. Trock, A. Balshem &P. Engstrom. Factors
associated with repeat adherence to breast cancer. Preventive Medicine.
vol. 19, no.3, pp. 279-290.1990.
[34] H. Meissner, R. Smith, B. Rimer, K. Wilson, W. Rakowski, S. Vernon,
& P. Briss. Promoting Cancer Screening: Learning from experience.
Cancer. vol.101, no. 5, pp.1107-1117.2004.
[35] H. Achat, G. Close & R. Taylor. Who has regular mammogram? Effects
of Knowledge, beliefs, socioeconomic status, and health-related factors.
Preventive Medicine.vol.41, no.1, pp.312-320. 2005.
[36] M. Bare, J. Montes, R. Florensa, M. Sentis & L. Donoso. Factors related
to non-participation in a population based breast cancer screening
programme. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. vol. 12, no.6,
pp.487-494.2003.
[37] C. Chan, S. Ho, S. Chan, Y. Yip, F. Wong & Cheng F. Factors affecting
uptake of cervical and breast cancer screening among premenopausal
women in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal.vol.8, no.5, pp.334-
341.2002.
[38] H. Juon, Y. Seo &M. Kim. Breast and cervical cancer screening among
Korean American elderly women. European Journal of Oncology
Nursing. vol.6, no.4, pp.228-235.2002.
[39] S. Secginli &N. Nahcivan. Factors associated with breast cancer
screening behaviors in a sample of Turkish women: A questionnaire
survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. vol. 43, no. 1, pp.161-
171.2006.
[40] N. Urban, G. Anderson & S. Peacock. Mammography screening: How
important is cost as a barrier to use. American Journal of Public
Health.vol.84, no. 1, pp.50-55.1994.
[41] J. Allen, G. Sorensen, A. Stoddard, G. Colditz &K. Peterson. Intention
to have a mammogram in the future among women who have underused
mammography in the past. Journal of Health Education and Behavior.
vol. 25, no.4, pp.474-488. 1998.
[42] A. Kaltsa, A. Holloway & K. Cox. Factors that influence mammography
screening behaviors: A qualitative study of Greek women's experiences.
European Journal of Oncology Nursing. vol.17, no.1, pp.292-301. 2013.
[43] L. Suarez, A. Ramirez, R. Villarreal, J. Marti, A. McAlister & G.
Talavera. Social Networks and cancer screening in four US Hispanic
groups. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. vol. 19, no.1, pp.47-
52.2000.
[44] B. Husaini, D. Sherkat, R. Bragg, R. Levine, J. Emerson & C. Mentes.
Predictors of breast cancer screening in a panel study of African
American women. Journal of Women's Health.vol. 34, no.3, pp.35-
51.2001.
[45] A. Surbone, C. Ritossa & A. Spagnolo. Evolution of truth telling
attitudes and practices in Italy. Critical Reviews in Oncology/
Hematology. vol.52, no.3, pp.165-172. 2004.
[46] P. Brown. Trusting in the news NHS: Instrumental versus
communicative action. Journal of Sociology of Health and Illness.
Vol.30, no.3, pp.349-363. 2008.
[47] T. Frazier & P. Gummings. Motivational factors for participation in
breast cancer screening. Journal of Cancer Education.vol.5, no.1, pp.51-
54. 1990.
[48] M. Bazargan, S Bazargan, J. Calderon, B. Husaini & R. Baker.
Mammography screening and breast self-examination among minority
women in public housing projects: The impact of physician
recommendation. Oncology Nursing Forum.vol.31,no.2,pp.305-311.
2004.
[49] Y. Han, R. Williams &R. Harrison. Breast cancer screening knowledge,
attitude, and practices among Korean American women. Oncology
Nursing Forum.vol.27, pp.1585-1591.2000.
[50] R. Pasick, J Barker, R Otero, N. Burke, G. Joseph &C. Guerra. Intention
subjective norms, and cancer screening in the context of relational
culture. Journal of Health Education and Behavior. Vol.36, no.5, pp. 91-
110. 2009.
[1] D.S. Salem, R.M. Kamal, M.H. Helal, S.T. Hamed, N.A. Abdelrazek,
N.H. Said, I. Adel, S.A. Maksoud, S. Mansour, H.A. Aboulmagd, &
A.S. Selim. Women health outreach program: A new experience for all
Egyptian women. Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute,
vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 313-322.2008.
[2] M. Paul. Factors that influence the uptake of breast cancer screening
among women of reproductive age in Mosocho division, Kisii central
district, Kenya. Published Master thesis. School of Public Health,
Kenyatta University. Available from: http://irlibrary.
ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/6874.2013.
[3] I.A. El-Attar. Cancer databases in the Arab World. Ethnicity and
disease. vol.15, no.1, pp.3-4. 2005.
[4] G.M. Ismail, A.A. Abdel-Hamid, A. G. Abdel-Naby. Assessment of
factors that hinder early detection of breast cancer among females at
Cairo University Hospital. World Applied Sciences Journal. Vol. 23,
no.1, pp.99-108. 2013.
[5] W. L. Wang, S. Hsu, J. H. Wang, L. Huang & W. L. Hsu. Survey of
breast cancer mammography screening behaviors in Eastern Taiwan
based on a health belief women. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical
Sciences.vol.30, no.1, pp. 422-427.2014.
[6] S.S. Yarbrough, C.J. Braden. Utility of health belief as a guide for
explaining or predicting breast cancer screening behaviors. Journal of
Advanced Nursing. Vol.33, no.5, pp. 677-688. 2001.
[7] N. Canbulat & O. Uzun. Health belief and breast cancer screening
behaviors among female health workers in Turkey. European Journal of
Oncology Nursing. vol.12, no.1, pp.148-156.2008.
[8] S. Muller, W. Stern, P. Stoll, J. Kaiser & C. Claussen. Mammography
and mammary ultrasonography: Which examination sequence is
preferable? Vol.167, no.4, pp. 348-354.1997.
[9] S Feig. Comparison of costa and benefits of breast cancer screening with
mammography, ultrasonography, and MRI. Obstetrics and Gynecology
Clinics of North America. vol., no.38, pp.179-196. 2011.
[10] K. Hanson, P. Montgomery, D. Bakker & M. Conlon. Factors
influencing mammography participation in Canada: An integrative
review of the literature. Current Oncology.vol.16, pp.65-75.2009.
[11] P. S. Sinicrope, T.A. Brockman, C.A. Pattern, M. H. Frost, R. A.
Vierkant & L.R. Petersen. Factors associated with breast cancer
prevention communication between mothers and daughters. Journal of
Women Health. vol. 17, no. 1, pp.17-23. 2008.
[12] K. Kamposioras, D. Mauri, P. Alevizaki, G. Ferentinos, V. Karampoiki,
& P. Kouiroukidou. Cancer screening in Greek. Guidelines awareness
and prescription behavior among Hellinic physician. European Journal
of international Medicine.vol.19, no. 6, pp.452-460. 2008.
[13] L. Nekhlyudov, D. Ross-Degnan & S.W. Fletcher. Beliefs and
expectation of women under 50 years old regarding screening
mammography: A qualitative study. Journal of General International
Medicine.vol.18, no. 3, pp.182-189. 2003.
[14] A Kaltsa, A Holloway & K Cox. Factors that influence mammography
screening behavior: A qualitative study of Greek women`s experiences.
European Journal of oncology Nursing.vol.17, no.1, pp. 292-301.2013.
[15] S. Mishra, B. Deforge, B. Barnet, S. Ntiri & Grant L. Social
Determinants of breast cancer screening in urban primary practice: A
community –engaged formative study.vol.25, no. 5, pp. 429-438. 2012.
[16] E. Simou, E. Foundoulakis, G. Kourlaba & N. Maniadakis. Factors
associated with the use of preventive services by women in Greece.
European Journal of public Health.vol.21, no. 4, pp.512-519. 2010.
[17] A.R. Jemal, E. Siegel, T. Ward, J. Murry, M. XU & J. Thun. Cancer
statistics.CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. vol.57, no.1, pp.43-66.
2007.
[18] F. Boxwal, A. Bridgemohan, D. Griffith & A. Soliman.Factors
associated with breast cancer screening in Asian Indian Women in
Metro-Detroit. Journal of Immigrant Minority Health. vol.12, no. 4, pp.
534-543. 2010.
[19] M. Aboserea, M. Abdelwaged & W. Wafik. Early detection of breast
cancer among females at Fakous district, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt.
Life Science Journal.vol.8, no.1, pp. 196-203.2011.
[20] S Secginli, N. O. Nahcivan. Factors associated with breast cancer
screening behaviors in a sample of Turkish women: A questionnaire
survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. vol. 43, no.1, pp. 161-
171.2006.
[21] L. Spencer, F. Pagell & T Adams. Applying the transtheoretical model
to cancer screening behavior. American Journal of Health Behavior.
vol.29, no1, pp.36-56.2005.
[22] W. Rakowski, C.A. Dube &M.G. Goldstein. Considerations for
extending the transtheoretical model of behavior change to screening
mammography. Health Education Research Theory and practice. vol.11,
no.1, pp.77-96. 1996 a.
[23] K. Parahoo. Using research principles, process and issues. 2nd ed. China:
Palgrave Macmillan. 2006.
[24] K. Gerrish & A. Lacey. The research process in nursing. 6th ed.UK:
Wiley Blackwell publishing.2010.
[25] B. Anderson, S. Braun, S. Lim, R. Smith, S. Taplin & D. Thomas. Early
detection of breast cancer in countries with limited resources. The Breast
Journal.vol.9, no.2, pp.51-59.2003.
[26] W. Wang, S. Hsu, J. Wang, L. Huang &W. Hsu. Survey of breast cancer
mammography screening behaviors in Eastern Taiwan based on a health
belief model. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. vol. 30 no.1, pp.
422-427.2014.
[27] X. Su, G. Ma, B. Seals, Y. Tan & A. Hausman. Breast cancer early
detection among Chinese women in the Philadelphia area. vol.15, no.5,
pp.507-519. 2006. [28] H. Lee, J. Kim & H. Han. Do cultural factors predict mammography
behavior among Korean immigrants in USA? Journal of Advanced
Nursing. vol., 65no.1, pp.2574-2584. 2009.
[29] C. Jananie, A. Perera, P. Vimukthini, P. Dakshitha, M. Wickra, & D
Ishan. Predictors in breast cancer screening behaviors of South Asian
women. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology. Wiley Publishing
Asia Pty Ltd doi:10.1111/ajco.12168.2014.
[30] B. Mikhail & W. Petro-Nustas. Transcultural adaptation of Champion`s
health belief model scales. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. vol.33, no.2,
pp.159-165.2001.
[31] S. Orhan & F. Cetinkaya. Opinions and behaviors of older women about
breast cancer in the area of Nuh Naci Yazgan Health Center.vol.12, no.3
pp.11-16.2003.
[32] K. Lee, H. Lim & S. Park. Factors associated with use of breast cancer
screening services by women aged greater than or equal to 40 years in
Korea: The third Korea national health and nutrition examination survey
2005.BMS Cancer.vol.10,no. 1,p.144.2010.
[33] C. Lerman, B. Rimer, B. Trock, A. Balshem &P. Engstrom. Factors
associated with repeat adherence to breast cancer. Preventive Medicine.
vol. 19, no.3, pp. 279-290.1990.
[34] H. Meissner, R. Smith, B. Rimer, K. Wilson, W. Rakowski, S. Vernon,
& P. Briss. Promoting Cancer Screening: Learning from experience.
Cancer. vol.101, no. 5, pp.1107-1117.2004.
[35] H. Achat, G. Close & R. Taylor. Who has regular mammogram? Effects
of Knowledge, beliefs, socioeconomic status, and health-related factors.
Preventive Medicine.vol.41, no.1, pp.312-320. 2005.
[36] M. Bare, J. Montes, R. Florensa, M. Sentis & L. Donoso. Factors related
to non-participation in a population based breast cancer screening
programme. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. vol. 12, no.6,
pp.487-494.2003.
[37] C. Chan, S. Ho, S. Chan, Y. Yip, F. Wong & Cheng F. Factors affecting
uptake of cervical and breast cancer screening among premenopausal
women in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal.vol.8, no.5, pp.334-
341.2002.
[38] H. Juon, Y. Seo &M. Kim. Breast and cervical cancer screening among
Korean American elderly women. European Journal of Oncology
Nursing. vol.6, no.4, pp.228-235.2002.
[39] S. Secginli &N. Nahcivan. Factors associated with breast cancer
screening behaviors in a sample of Turkish women: A questionnaire
survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. vol. 43, no. 1, pp.161-
171.2006.
[40] N. Urban, G. Anderson & S. Peacock. Mammography screening: How
important is cost as a barrier to use. American Journal of Public
Health.vol.84, no. 1, pp.50-55.1994.
[41] J. Allen, G. Sorensen, A. Stoddard, G. Colditz &K. Peterson. Intention
to have a mammogram in the future among women who have underused
mammography in the past. Journal of Health Education and Behavior.
vol. 25, no.4, pp.474-488. 1998.
[42] A. Kaltsa, A. Holloway & K. Cox. Factors that influence mammography
screening behaviors: A qualitative study of Greek women's experiences.
European Journal of Oncology Nursing. vol.17, no.1, pp.292-301. 2013.
[43] L. Suarez, A. Ramirez, R. Villarreal, J. Marti, A. McAlister & G.
Talavera. Social Networks and cancer screening in four US Hispanic
groups. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. vol. 19, no.1, pp.47-
52.2000.
[44] B. Husaini, D. Sherkat, R. Bragg, R. Levine, J. Emerson & C. Mentes.
Predictors of breast cancer screening in a panel study of African
American women. Journal of Women's Health.vol. 34, no.3, pp.35-
51.2001.
[45] A. Surbone, C. Ritossa & A. Spagnolo. Evolution of truth telling
attitudes and practices in Italy. Critical Reviews in Oncology/
Hematology. vol.52, no.3, pp.165-172. 2004.
[46] P. Brown. Trusting in the news NHS: Instrumental versus
communicative action. Journal of Sociology of Health and Illness.
Vol.30, no.3, pp.349-363. 2008.
[47] T. Frazier & P. Gummings. Motivational factors for participation in
breast cancer screening. Journal of Cancer Education.vol.5, no.1, pp.51-
54. 1990.
[48] M. Bazargan, S Bazargan, J. Calderon, B. Husaini & R. Baker.
Mammography screening and breast self-examination among minority
women in public housing projects: The impact of physician
recommendation. Oncology Nursing Forum.vol.31,no.2,pp.305-311.
2004.
[49] Y. Han, R. Williams &R. Harrison. Breast cancer screening knowledge,
attitude, and practices among Korean American women. Oncology
Nursing Forum.vol.27, pp.1585-1591.2000.
[50] R. Pasick, J Barker, R Otero, N. Burke, G. Joseph &C. Guerra. Intention
subjective norms, and cancer screening in the context of relational
culture. Journal of Health Education and Behavior. Vol.36, no.5, pp. 91-
110. 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:69885", author = "Salwa Hagag Abdelaziz and Naglaa Fathy Youssef and Nadia Abdel Latif Hassan and Rasha Wesam Abdel Rahman", title = "Factors Associated with Mammography Screening Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study of Egyptian Women", abstract = "Breast cancer is considered as a substantial health
concern and practicing mammography screening [MS] is important in
minimizing its related morbidity. So it is essential to have a better
understanding of breast cancer screening behaviors of women and
factors that influence utilization of them. The aim of this study is to
identify the factors that are linked to MS behaviors among the
Egyptian women. A cross-sectional descriptive design was carried
out to provide a snapshot of the factors that are linked to MS
behaviors. A convenience sample of 311 women was utilized and all
eligible participants admitted to the Women Imaging Unit who are 40
years of age or above, coming for mammography assessment, not
pregnant or breast feeding and who accepted to participate in the
study were included. A structured questionnaire was developed by
the researchers and contains three parts; Socio-demographic data;
Motivating factors associated with MS; and association between MS
and model of behavior change. The analyzed data indicated that most
of the participated women (66.6%) belonged to the age group of 40-
49.A high proportion of participants (58.1%) of group having
previous MS influenced by their neighbors to practice MS, whereas
32.7 % in group not having previous MS were influenced by family
members which indicated significant differences (P ", keywords = "Breast cancer, mammography, screening behaviors.", volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "401-7", }
