Extractability of Heavy Metals in Green Liquor Dregs using Artificial Sweat and Gastric Fluids
In an assessment of the extractability of metals in
green liquor dregs from the chemical recovery circuit of semichemical
pulp mill, extractable concentrations of heavy metals in
artificial gastric fluid were between 10 (Ni) and 717 (Zn) times
higher than those in artificial sweat fluid. Only Al (6.7 mg/kg; d.w.),
Ni (1.2 mg/kg; d.w.) and Zn (1.8 mg/kg; d.w.) showed extractability
in the artificial sweat fluid, whereas Al (730 mg/kg; d.w.), Ba (770
mg/kg; d.w.) and Zn (1290 mg/kg; d.w.) showed clear extractability
in the artificial gastric fluid. As certain heavy metals were clearly
soluble in the artificial gastric fluid, the careful handling of this
residue is recommended in order to prevent the penetration of green
liquor dregs across the human gastrointestinal tract.
[1] T.M. Grace, and H. Tran, "The effect of dead load chemicals in the kraft
pulping and recovery system," Tappi J., vol. 8, pp. 18-24, 2009.
[2] V. Suhonen, "New recycled-fiber technology to increase production
capacity of fluting at Stora Enso's Heinola Mill," Fiber & Paper, vol. 5,
pp. 33-35, 2003.
[3] N. Jemaa, R. Thompson, R. Paleologou, and R.M. Berry, "Non-process
elements in the kraft cycle, Part I: source, levels and process effects,"
Pulp Pap. Canada, vol. 100, pp. 47-51, 1999.
[4] Y. Chen, N. Shah, F. Huggins, and G. Huffman, "Transmission electron
microscopy investigations of ultrafine coal fly ash particles," Environ.
Sci. Technol., vol. 39, pp. 1144-1151, 2005.
[5] S.G. Lu, Y.Y. Chen, H.D. Shan, and S.Q. Bai, "Mineralogy and heavy
metal leachability of magnetic fractions separated from some Chinese
coal fly ashes," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 169, pp. 246-255, 2009.
[6] S.B. Horowitz, and B.L. Finley, "Using human sweat to extract
chromium from chromite ore processing residue: Applications to setting
health-based cleanup levels," J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. A., vol. 40, pp. 585-
599, 1993.
[7] P.S. Nico, M.W. Ruby, Y.W. Lowney, and S.E. Holm, "Chemical
speciation and bioaccessibility of arsenic and chromium in chromate
copper arsenate-treated wood and soils," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 40,
pp. 402-408, 2006.
[8] X-s. Wang, Y. Qin, and Y-k. Chen, "Leaching characteristics of arsenic
and heavy metals in urban roadside soils using a simple bioavailability
extraction test," Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 129, pp. 221-226, 2007.
[9] J. Wragg, and M.R. Cave, "In-vitro methods for the measurement of the
oral bioaccessibility of selected metals and metalloids in soils: A critical
review", British Geological Survey R&D Technical Report P5-
062/TR/01, Environmental Agency, Bristol, UK, pp. 9-10, 2002.
[10] J. Twining. P. McGlinn, E. Loi, K. Smith, and R. Gieré, "Risk ranking of
bioaccessible metals from fly ash dissolved in simulated lung and gut
fluids", Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 39, pp. 7749-7756, 2005.
[11] R. Pöykiö, H. Rönkköm├ñki, H. Nurmesniemi, E. Merisalu, P. Per├ñm├ñki,
and R.L. Keiski, "Extractability of heavy metals in fly ash by artificial
sweat and gastric fluids (Conference Proceedings - Accepted for
publication)", The 2nd International Conference on "Hazardous and
Industrial Waste Management", Chania, Greece, in October 5th - 8th,
2010.
[12] K. Manskinen, H. Nurmesniemi, and R. Pöykiö, "Total and extractable
non-process elements in green liquor dregs from the chemical recovery
circuit of a semi-chemical pulp mill," Chem. Eng. J., submitted for
publication.
[13] R. Pöykiö, H. Nurmesniemi, and R.L. Keiski, "Evaluating the
concentrations of partitioned heavy metals in fly ash from a medium-size
(32 MW) municipal district heating plant with respect to the new Finnish
limit values," Int. J. Environ. Waste Manage., vol. 2, pp. 610-624, 2008.
[14] C. Yafa, and J.G. Farmer, "A comparative study of acid-extractable and
total digestion method for the determination of inorganic elements in
peat material by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission
spectrometry," Anal. Chim. Acta, vol. 557, pp. 296-303, 2006.
[15] I. Milośev, and T. Kosec, "Metal ion release and surface composition of
the Cu-18Ni-20Zn nickel-silver during 30 days immersion in artificial
sweat", Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 254, pp. 644-652, 2007.
[16] J-Y. Kim, K-W. Kim, J-U. Lee, J-S. Lee, and J. Cook, "Assessment of
As and heavy metal contamination in the vicinity of Duckum Au-Ag
mine, Korea", Environ. Geochem. Hlth., vol. 24, pp. 213-225, 2002.
[17] K. Taylor, and B.M. McGuffie, "Investigation of non-process element
chemistry at Elk Falls mill - green liquor clarifier and lime cycle," Pulp
Pap. Canada, vol. 108, pp. 27-32, 2007.
[18] F.M. Martins, J. M. Martins, L. C. Ferracin, and C.J da Cunha, "Mineral
phases of green liquor dregs, slaker grits, lime mud and wood ash of a
Kraft pulp and paper mill," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 147, pp. 610-617,
2007.
[19] M. Toikka, "Minimization and utilization of green liquor dregs and
ashes in pulp and paper," in Regional Environmental Publication no. 82,
Southeast Finland Regional Environment Centre, Ed. Oy Edita Ab,
Helsinki, Finland, pp. 16-23, 1998.
[20] U.M.Mroueh, and M. Wahlström, "By-products and recycled materials
in earth construction in Finland - an assessment of applicability,"
Resour. Conserv. Recy., vol. 35, pp. 117-129, 2002.
[21] D. Voutsa, and C. Samara, "Labile and bioaccessible fractions of heavy
metals in the airborne particulate matter from urban and industrial
areas," Atmos. Environ., vol. 36, pp. 3583-3590, 2002.
[22] B. Pranaityt─ù, A. Padarauskas, and E. Naujalis, "Determination of metals
in textiles by ICP-MS following extraction with synthetic gastric juice,"
Chemija, Vol. 19, pp, 43-47, 2008.
[23] H. Nakashima, N. Miyano, and T. Takatuka, "Elution of metals with
artificial sweat/saliva from inorganic antimicrobials/processed cloths and
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of cloths", J. Health Sci., vol. 54, pp.
390-399, 2008.
[1] T.M. Grace, and H. Tran, "The effect of dead load chemicals in the kraft
pulping and recovery system," Tappi J., vol. 8, pp. 18-24, 2009.
[2] V. Suhonen, "New recycled-fiber technology to increase production
capacity of fluting at Stora Enso's Heinola Mill," Fiber & Paper, vol. 5,
pp. 33-35, 2003.
[3] N. Jemaa, R. Thompson, R. Paleologou, and R.M. Berry, "Non-process
elements in the kraft cycle, Part I: source, levels and process effects,"
Pulp Pap. Canada, vol. 100, pp. 47-51, 1999.
[4] Y. Chen, N. Shah, F. Huggins, and G. Huffman, "Transmission electron
microscopy investigations of ultrafine coal fly ash particles," Environ.
Sci. Technol., vol. 39, pp. 1144-1151, 2005.
[5] S.G. Lu, Y.Y. Chen, H.D. Shan, and S.Q. Bai, "Mineralogy and heavy
metal leachability of magnetic fractions separated from some Chinese
coal fly ashes," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 169, pp. 246-255, 2009.
[6] S.B. Horowitz, and B.L. Finley, "Using human sweat to extract
chromium from chromite ore processing residue: Applications to setting
health-based cleanup levels," J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. A., vol. 40, pp. 585-
599, 1993.
[7] P.S. Nico, M.W. Ruby, Y.W. Lowney, and S.E. Holm, "Chemical
speciation and bioaccessibility of arsenic and chromium in chromate
copper arsenate-treated wood and soils," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 40,
pp. 402-408, 2006.
[8] X-s. Wang, Y. Qin, and Y-k. Chen, "Leaching characteristics of arsenic
and heavy metals in urban roadside soils using a simple bioavailability
extraction test," Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 129, pp. 221-226, 2007.
[9] J. Wragg, and M.R. Cave, "In-vitro methods for the measurement of the
oral bioaccessibility of selected metals and metalloids in soils: A critical
review", British Geological Survey R&D Technical Report P5-
062/TR/01, Environmental Agency, Bristol, UK, pp. 9-10, 2002.
[10] J. Twining. P. McGlinn, E. Loi, K. Smith, and R. Gieré, "Risk ranking of
bioaccessible metals from fly ash dissolved in simulated lung and gut
fluids", Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 39, pp. 7749-7756, 2005.
[11] R. Pöykiö, H. Rönkköm├ñki, H. Nurmesniemi, E. Merisalu, P. Per├ñm├ñki,
and R.L. Keiski, "Extractability of heavy metals in fly ash by artificial
sweat and gastric fluids (Conference Proceedings - Accepted for
publication)", The 2nd International Conference on "Hazardous and
Industrial Waste Management", Chania, Greece, in October 5th - 8th,
2010.
[12] K. Manskinen, H. Nurmesniemi, and R. Pöykiö, "Total and extractable
non-process elements in green liquor dregs from the chemical recovery
circuit of a semi-chemical pulp mill," Chem. Eng. J., submitted for
publication.
[13] R. Pöykiö, H. Nurmesniemi, and R.L. Keiski, "Evaluating the
concentrations of partitioned heavy metals in fly ash from a medium-size
(32 MW) municipal district heating plant with respect to the new Finnish
limit values," Int. J. Environ. Waste Manage., vol. 2, pp. 610-624, 2008.
[14] C. Yafa, and J.G. Farmer, "A comparative study of acid-extractable and
total digestion method for the determination of inorganic elements in
peat material by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission
spectrometry," Anal. Chim. Acta, vol. 557, pp. 296-303, 2006.
[15] I. Milośev, and T. Kosec, "Metal ion release and surface composition of
the Cu-18Ni-20Zn nickel-silver during 30 days immersion in artificial
sweat", Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 254, pp. 644-652, 2007.
[16] J-Y. Kim, K-W. Kim, J-U. Lee, J-S. Lee, and J. Cook, "Assessment of
As and heavy metal contamination in the vicinity of Duckum Au-Ag
mine, Korea", Environ. Geochem. Hlth., vol. 24, pp. 213-225, 2002.
[17] K. Taylor, and B.M. McGuffie, "Investigation of non-process element
chemistry at Elk Falls mill - green liquor clarifier and lime cycle," Pulp
Pap. Canada, vol. 108, pp. 27-32, 2007.
[18] F.M. Martins, J. M. Martins, L. C. Ferracin, and C.J da Cunha, "Mineral
phases of green liquor dregs, slaker grits, lime mud and wood ash of a
Kraft pulp and paper mill," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 147, pp. 610-617,
2007.
[19] M. Toikka, "Minimization and utilization of green liquor dregs and
ashes in pulp and paper," in Regional Environmental Publication no. 82,
Southeast Finland Regional Environment Centre, Ed. Oy Edita Ab,
Helsinki, Finland, pp. 16-23, 1998.
[20] U.M.Mroueh, and M. Wahlström, "By-products and recycled materials
in earth construction in Finland - an assessment of applicability,"
Resour. Conserv. Recy., vol. 35, pp. 117-129, 2002.
[21] D. Voutsa, and C. Samara, "Labile and bioaccessible fractions of heavy
metals in the airborne particulate matter from urban and industrial
areas," Atmos. Environ., vol. 36, pp. 3583-3590, 2002.
[22] B. Pranaityt─ù, A. Padarauskas, and E. Naujalis, "Determination of metals
in textiles by ICP-MS following extraction with synthetic gastric juice,"
Chemija, Vol. 19, pp, 43-47, 2008.
[23] H. Nakashima, N. Miyano, and T. Takatuka, "Elution of metals with
artificial sweat/saliva from inorganic antimicrobials/processed cloths and
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of cloths", J. Health Sci., vol. 54, pp.
390-399, 2008.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:53973", author = "Kati Manskinen and Risto Pöykiö and Hannu Nurmesniemi", title = "Extractability of Heavy Metals in Green Liquor Dregs using Artificial Sweat and Gastric Fluids", abstract = "In an assessment of the extractability of metals in
green liquor dregs from the chemical recovery circuit of semichemical
pulp mill, extractable concentrations of heavy metals in
artificial gastric fluid were between 10 (Ni) and 717 (Zn) times
higher than those in artificial sweat fluid. Only Al (6.7 mg/kg; d.w.),
Ni (1.2 mg/kg; d.w.) and Zn (1.8 mg/kg; d.w.) showed extractability
in the artificial sweat fluid, whereas Al (730 mg/kg; d.w.), Ba (770
mg/kg; d.w.) and Zn (1290 mg/kg; d.w.) showed clear extractability
in the artificial gastric fluid. As certain heavy metals were clearly
soluble in the artificial gastric fluid, the careful handling of this
residue is recommended in order to prevent the penetration of green
liquor dregs across the human gastrointestinal tract.", keywords = "Dregs, non-process elements, pulping, waste.", volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "38-4", }
