Evaluation of Cigarette Filters Rods as a Biofilm Carrier in Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge Process
The purpose of the experiments described in this article was the comparison of integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) and activated sludge (AS) system. The IFAS applied system consists of the cigarette filter rods (wasted filter in tobacco factories) as a biofilm carrier. The comparison with activated sludge was performed by two parallel treatment lines. Organic substance, ammonia and TP removal was investigated over four month period. Synthetic wastewater was prepared with ordinary tap water and glucose as the main sources of carbon and energy, plus balanced macro and micro nutrients. COD removal percentages of 94.55%, and 81.62% were achieved for IFAS and activated sludge system, respectively. Also, ammonia concentration significantly decreased by increasing the HRT in both systems. The average ammonia removal of 97.40 % and 96.34% were achieved for IFAS and activated sludge system, respectively. The removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP-P) was 60.64%, higher than AS process by 56.63% respectively.
[1] E.W. Wesley,"Activated Sludge Process Design and Control : Theory
and Practice Water Quality Management Library," 2nd ed. vol. 3, Taylor
& Francis Routledge, 1998.
[2] S. Chen , D. Sun, J.S. Chung," Simultaneous removal of COD and
ammonium from landfill leachate using an anaerobic-aerobic movingbed
biofilm reactor system," Waste Manag. J.,vol. 28, no. 2, pp.339-46,
2007.
[3] D. Elenter, K. Milferstedt, W. Zhang, M. Hausner, E. Morgenroth,
"Influence of detachment on substrate removal and microbial ecology in
a heterotrophic/autotrophic biofilm," Water research J., vol. 41, pp.
4657-4671, 2007.
[4] S.B. Hubbell, R. Pehrson, W. Flournoy, Advanced IFAS System
Addressee Common Fixed Media Concerns, Entex Technologies
Inc.Handbook. Chapel Hill, NC 27514, Water Environment Foundation,
2006.
[5] H. ├ÿdegaard , B. Rusten, T. Westrum," A new moving bed biofilm
reactor-applications and results," Water Sci. Technol.,vol. 29, pp.157-
165, 1994.
[6] M. Kermani, B. Bina, H. Movahedian, M.M. Amin, M. Nikaein,"
Application of Moving Bed Biofilm Process for Biological Organics and
Nutrients Removal from Municipal Wastewater," American Journal of
Environmental Sciences, vol.4, no. 6, pp.675-682, 2008.
[7] Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,"Wastewater engineering treatment and reuse,"
4nd ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Edition, 2003, pp.952-954.
[8] G. M. Huerta, B. P. Gero, F. O. Fernandez,"Design of a carrier for
wastewater treatment using moving bed bioreactor)," in Proc. 2th Annu.
Conf. on Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering, ISBN:
978-960-474-119-9, 2006.
[9] B. Ovez, S. Ozgen, M. Yuksel,"Biological denitrification in drinking
water using Glycyrrhiza glabra and Arunda donax as the carbon source,"
Process Biochemistry J., vol.41, pp.1539-1544, 2006.
[10] W. X.Ming, W. J. Long,"Removal of nitrate from groundwater by
heterotrophic denitrification using the solid carbon source," Sci China
Ser B-Chem J., vol.52, no. 2, pp.236-240, 2009.
[11] C. D. Rocca1, V. Belgiorno, S. Meriç,"Cotton-supported heterotrophic
denitrification of nitrate-rich drinking water with a sand filtration posttreatment,"
Water Science J., vol.31, no. 2, pp.229-236, 2005.
[12] A. M. Mshandete, L. Björnsson, A. K. Kivaisi, M. T.
Rubindamayugi,"Performance of biofilm carriers in anaerobic digestion
of sisal leaf waste leachate," Electronic Journal of Biotechnology,
vol.11, no.1, pp.0717-3458, 2008.
[13] M. Kermani, B. Bina, H. Movahedian, M. M. Amin, M.
Nikaeen,"Biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal from wastewater
using moving bed biofilm process," Iranian journal of biotechnology,
vol. 7, no. 1, 2009.
[14] J. Andersson a, L. Bjoornsson,"Evaluation of straw as a biofilm carrier
in the methanogenic stage of two-stage anaerobic digestion of crop
residues," Bioresource Technology J., vol. 85, pp. 51-56, 2002.
[15] T. E. Novotny, K. Lum, E. Smith, V. Wang, R. Barnes,"Filtered
Cigarettes and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Cigarette
Waste," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol.6, pp.1-14, 2009.
[16] N.S. Hon," Photodegradation of cellulose acetate fibers," Journal of
Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.725-
744, 1977.
[17] The monopolies commission, Cigarette Filter Rods, A Report on the
Supply and Exports of Cigarette Filter Rods, Ordered by The House of
Commons to be printed 23rd July 1969, LONDON HER MAJESTY'S
STATIONERY OFFICE 9s. 6d. net, pp.1-98.
[18] W.S. Guo, S. Vigneswaran, H.H. Ngo, W. Xing,"Comparison of
membrane bioreactor systems in wastewater treatment," Desalination J.,
vol. 231, pp. 61-70, 2008.
[19] APHA, AWWA, WEF, Standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater. 21th ed. Published jointly by the American Public
Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water
Environment Federation, 2005.
[20] B. Rusten, M. McCoy, R. Proctor, J. G. Siljudalen, "The innovative
moving bed biofilm reactor/solids contact reparation process for
secondary treatment of municipal wastewater," Water Environment
Research J., vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1083-1089, Aug. 1998.
[21] S. Ramaswamy, B.V. Ramarao, 3-D Characterization of the Structure of
Paper and Paperboard and Their Application to Optimize Drying and
Water Removal Processes and End-Use Applications, DOE Project DEFC07-
00ID13873, 2004, A Final Report to the U.S. Department of
Energy.
[22] S.L. Kim, S.H. Roh," Preparation of support carrier for removal of
biological nutrients," Applied chemistry, vol. 10, no.2, 721-724, 2006.
[23] H. Odegaard,"The moving bed biofilm reactor," water Env. Eng. and
Reuse of water, pp:250-305, 1999.
[24] N. Mehrdadi , A. A. Azimi , G. R. Nabi Bidhendi, B. Hooshyari,"
Determination of design criteria of an H-IFAS reactor in comparision
with an extended aeration activated sludge process," Iran. J. Environ.
Health. Sci. Eng., vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 53-64, 2006.
[25] G. Andreottola, R. Foladori, M. Ragazzi, F. Tatàno,"Experimental
comparison between MBBR and activated sludge system for the
treatment of municipal wastewater," Water Science and Technology, vol.
41, no. 4-5, pp. 375-382, 2000.
[26] G. Cemag,, P.S. Gorska,"Activated sludge and biofilm in the Anammox
reactor - cooperation or competition," in 2005 Proc. Towards the
integration of municipal sanitation systems Conf., pp. 129-138.
[27] S.L. Kim, S.H. Roh,"Preparation of support carrier for removal of
biological nutrients," Applied Chemistry J., vol.10, No.2,pp.721-724,
2006.
[1] E.W. Wesley,"Activated Sludge Process Design and Control : Theory
and Practice Water Quality Management Library," 2nd ed. vol. 3, Taylor
& Francis Routledge, 1998.
[2] S. Chen , D. Sun, J.S. Chung," Simultaneous removal of COD and
ammonium from landfill leachate using an anaerobic-aerobic movingbed
biofilm reactor system," Waste Manag. J.,vol. 28, no. 2, pp.339-46,
2007.
[3] D. Elenter, K. Milferstedt, W. Zhang, M. Hausner, E. Morgenroth,
"Influence of detachment on substrate removal and microbial ecology in
a heterotrophic/autotrophic biofilm," Water research J., vol. 41, pp.
4657-4671, 2007.
[4] S.B. Hubbell, R. Pehrson, W. Flournoy, Advanced IFAS System
Addressee Common Fixed Media Concerns, Entex Technologies
Inc.Handbook. Chapel Hill, NC 27514, Water Environment Foundation,
2006.
[5] H. ├ÿdegaard , B. Rusten, T. Westrum," A new moving bed biofilm
reactor-applications and results," Water Sci. Technol.,vol. 29, pp.157-
165, 1994.
[6] M. Kermani, B. Bina, H. Movahedian, M.M. Amin, M. Nikaein,"
Application of Moving Bed Biofilm Process for Biological Organics and
Nutrients Removal from Municipal Wastewater," American Journal of
Environmental Sciences, vol.4, no. 6, pp.675-682, 2008.
[7] Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,"Wastewater engineering treatment and reuse,"
4nd ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Edition, 2003, pp.952-954.
[8] G. M. Huerta, B. P. Gero, F. O. Fernandez,"Design of a carrier for
wastewater treatment using moving bed bioreactor)," in Proc. 2th Annu.
Conf. on Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering, ISBN:
978-960-474-119-9, 2006.
[9] B. Ovez, S. Ozgen, M. Yuksel,"Biological denitrification in drinking
water using Glycyrrhiza glabra and Arunda donax as the carbon source,"
Process Biochemistry J., vol.41, pp.1539-1544, 2006.
[10] W. X.Ming, W. J. Long,"Removal of nitrate from groundwater by
heterotrophic denitrification using the solid carbon source," Sci China
Ser B-Chem J., vol.52, no. 2, pp.236-240, 2009.
[11] C. D. Rocca1, V. Belgiorno, S. Meriç,"Cotton-supported heterotrophic
denitrification of nitrate-rich drinking water with a sand filtration posttreatment,"
Water Science J., vol.31, no. 2, pp.229-236, 2005.
[12] A. M. Mshandete, L. Björnsson, A. K. Kivaisi, M. T.
Rubindamayugi,"Performance of biofilm carriers in anaerobic digestion
of sisal leaf waste leachate," Electronic Journal of Biotechnology,
vol.11, no.1, pp.0717-3458, 2008.
[13] M. Kermani, B. Bina, H. Movahedian, M. M. Amin, M.
Nikaeen,"Biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal from wastewater
using moving bed biofilm process," Iranian journal of biotechnology,
vol. 7, no. 1, 2009.
[14] J. Andersson a, L. Bjoornsson,"Evaluation of straw as a biofilm carrier
in the methanogenic stage of two-stage anaerobic digestion of crop
residues," Bioresource Technology J., vol. 85, pp. 51-56, 2002.
[15] T. E. Novotny, K. Lum, E. Smith, V. Wang, R. Barnes,"Filtered
Cigarettes and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Cigarette
Waste," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol.6, pp.1-14, 2009.
[16] N.S. Hon," Photodegradation of cellulose acetate fibers," Journal of
Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.725-
744, 1977.
[17] The monopolies commission, Cigarette Filter Rods, A Report on the
Supply and Exports of Cigarette Filter Rods, Ordered by The House of
Commons to be printed 23rd July 1969, LONDON HER MAJESTY'S
STATIONERY OFFICE 9s. 6d. net, pp.1-98.
[18] W.S. Guo, S. Vigneswaran, H.H. Ngo, W. Xing,"Comparison of
membrane bioreactor systems in wastewater treatment," Desalination J.,
vol. 231, pp. 61-70, 2008.
[19] APHA, AWWA, WEF, Standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater. 21th ed. Published jointly by the American Public
Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water
Environment Federation, 2005.
[20] B. Rusten, M. McCoy, R. Proctor, J. G. Siljudalen, "The innovative
moving bed biofilm reactor/solids contact reparation process for
secondary treatment of municipal wastewater," Water Environment
Research J., vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1083-1089, Aug. 1998.
[21] S. Ramaswamy, B.V. Ramarao, 3-D Characterization of the Structure of
Paper and Paperboard and Their Application to Optimize Drying and
Water Removal Processes and End-Use Applications, DOE Project DEFC07-
00ID13873, 2004, A Final Report to the U.S. Department of
Energy.
[22] S.L. Kim, S.H. Roh," Preparation of support carrier for removal of
biological nutrients," Applied chemistry, vol. 10, no.2, 721-724, 2006.
[23] H. Odegaard,"The moving bed biofilm reactor," water Env. Eng. and
Reuse of water, pp:250-305, 1999.
[24] N. Mehrdadi , A. A. Azimi , G. R. Nabi Bidhendi, B. Hooshyari,"
Determination of design criteria of an H-IFAS reactor in comparision
with an extended aeration activated sludge process," Iran. J. Environ.
Health. Sci. Eng., vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 53-64, 2006.
[25] G. Andreottola, R. Foladori, M. Ragazzi, F. Tatàno,"Experimental
comparison between MBBR and activated sludge system for the
treatment of municipal wastewater," Water Science and Technology, vol.
41, no. 4-5, pp. 375-382, 2000.
[26] G. Cemag,, P.S. Gorska,"Activated sludge and biofilm in the Anammox
reactor - cooperation or competition," in 2005 Proc. Towards the
integration of municipal sanitation systems Conf., pp. 129-138.
[27] S.L. Kim, S.H. Roh,"Preparation of support carrier for removal of
biological nutrients," Applied Chemistry J., vol.10, No.2,pp.721-724,
2006.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:57015", author = "A. Sabzali and M. Nikaeen and B. Bina", title = "Evaluation of Cigarette Filters Rods as a Biofilm Carrier in Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge Process", abstract = "The purpose of the experiments described in this article was the comparison of integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) and activated sludge (AS) system. The IFAS applied system consists of the cigarette filter rods (wasted filter in tobacco factories) as a biofilm carrier. The comparison with activated sludge was performed by two parallel treatment lines. Organic substance, ammonia and TP removal was investigated over four month period. Synthetic wastewater was prepared with ordinary tap water and glucose as the main sources of carbon and energy, plus balanced macro and micro nutrients. COD removal percentages of 94.55%, and 81.62% were achieved for IFAS and activated sludge system, respectively. Also, ammonia concentration significantly decreased by increasing the HRT in both systems. The average ammonia removal of 97.40 % and 96.34% were achieved for IFAS and activated sludge system, respectively. The removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP-P) was 60.64%, higher than AS process by 56.63% respectively.
", keywords = "Wastewater, biofilm carrier, cigarette filters rods, Activated Sludge, IFAS, nitrification.", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "623-6", }
