Evaluation of Antifungal Potential of Cenchrus pennisetiformis for the Management of Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolina is a devastating soil-borne
fungal plant pathogen that causes charcoal rot disease in many
economically important crops worldwide. So far, no registered
fungicide is available against this plant pathogen. This study was
planned to examine the antifungal activity of an allelopathic grass
Cenchrus pennisetiformis (Hochst. & Steud.) Wipff. for the
management of M. phaseolina isolated from cowpea [Vigna
unguiculata (L.) Walp.] plants suffering from charcoal rot disease.
Different parts of the plants viz. inflorescence, shoot and root were
extracted in methanol. Laboratory bioassays were carried out using
different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, …, 3.0 g mL-1) of methanolic
extracts of the test allelopathic grass species to assess the antifungal
activity against the pathogen. In general, extracts of all parts of the
grass exhibited antifungal activity. All the concentrations of
methanolic extracts of shoot and root significantly reduced fungal
biomass by 20–73% and 40–80%, respectively. Methanolic shoot
extract was fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate
and n-butanol. Different concentrations of these fractions (3.125,
6.25, …, 200 mg mL-1) were analyzed for their antifungal activity.
All the concentrations of n-hexane fraction significantly reduced
fungal biomass by 15–96% over corresponding control treatments.
Higher concentrations (12.5–200 mg mL-1) of chloroform, ethyl
acetate and n-butanol also reduced the fungal biomass significantly
by 29–100%, 46–100% and 24–100%, respectively.
[1] S. Kaur , G.S. Dhillon, S.K. Brar, G. E.Vallad, R. Chand, and V. B.
Chauhan, "Emerging phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina:
biology, economic importance and current diagnostic trends," Crit. Rev.
Microbiol., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 136-151, 2012.
[2] S Lodha, G.K. Gupta, and S. Singh, "Crop disease situation and some
new records in Indian arid zone" Ann. Arid Zone, vol. 25, pp.311-320,
1986..
[3] M. Diourte, J.L. Starr, M.J. Jeger, J.P. Stack, and D.T. Rosenow,
"Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) resistance and the effects of
water stress on disease development in sorghum" Plant Pathol., vol.
44,pp.196-202, 1995.
[4] S. Kaur,, G.S. Dhillon, S.K. Brar, G. E.Vallad, R. Chand, and V. B.
Chauhan, "Emerging phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina:
biology, economic importance and current diagnostic trends" Crit. Rev.
Microbiol., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 136-151, 2012.
[5] A.H. McCain, and R.F. Scharpf, "Effect of inoculum density of
Macrophomina phaseolina on seedling susceptibility of six conifer
species," Eur. J. Forest Pathol., vol.19, pp.119-123, 1989.
[6] N. Singh, P. Pandey, R.C. Dubey, and D.K. Maheshwari, 2008.
Biological control of root rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and
growth enhancement of Pinus roxburghii (Sarg.) by rhizosphere
competent Bacillus subtilis BN1," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.,
vol.24, no. 9, pp. 1669-1679, 2008.
[7] G. Su, S.O. Suh, R.W. Schneider, and J.S. Russin, "Host specialization
in the charcoal rot fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina,"
Phytopathology, vol. 91, pp.120-126, 2001.
[8] G.K. Gupta, S.K. Sharma, and R. Ramteke, "Biology, Epidemiology
and Management of the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina
(Tassi) Goid with special reference to charcoal rot of soybean (Glycine
max (L.) Merrill)," J. Phytopathol., vol. 160, no. 4, pp. 167-180, 2012.
[9] Shafique, S., S. Shafique and R. Bajwa, "Antifungal activity of
allelopathic plant extracts V: Inhibition in biomass production of
Fusarium solani - by aqueous extracts of allelopathic grasses,"
Mycopath, vol. 2, pp. 83-86, 2004.
[10] A. Javaid, and T. Anjum, "Control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. by
aqueous extracts of allelopathic grasses," Pak. J. Bot., vol. 38, no. 1,
pp.: 139-145, June 2006.
[11] T.D. Wyllie, Charcoal rot. In: J.B. Sinclair & P.A. Bachman (Eds.),
Compendium of soybean diseases (3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: APS Press.
pp. 30-33., 1993,
[12] A. Javaid, and A. Saddique, "Control of charcoal rot fungus
Macrophomina phaseolina by extracts of Datura mete," Nat. Prod.
Res., vol. 26, no. 18, pp. 1715-1720, 2012.
[13] R.G.D. Steel, and J.H. Torrie, Principles and procedures of statistics. A
biometrical approach. 2nd edition. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New
York, USA, 1980.
[14] K. Jabeen, A. Javaid, and M. Athar,. "Antistatic activity of aqueous and
organic solvent extracts of Melia azedarach against Ascochyta
rabiei,"ak. J. Phytopathol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 143-149, June 2008.
[1] S. Kaur , G.S. Dhillon, S.K. Brar, G. E.Vallad, R. Chand, and V. B.
Chauhan, "Emerging phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina:
biology, economic importance and current diagnostic trends," Crit. Rev.
Microbiol., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 136-151, 2012.
[2] S Lodha, G.K. Gupta, and S. Singh, "Crop disease situation and some
new records in Indian arid zone" Ann. Arid Zone, vol. 25, pp.311-320,
1986..
[3] M. Diourte, J.L. Starr, M.J. Jeger, J.P. Stack, and D.T. Rosenow,
"Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) resistance and the effects of
water stress on disease development in sorghum" Plant Pathol., vol.
44,pp.196-202, 1995.
[4] S. Kaur,, G.S. Dhillon, S.K. Brar, G. E.Vallad, R. Chand, and V. B.
Chauhan, "Emerging phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina:
biology, economic importance and current diagnostic trends" Crit. Rev.
Microbiol., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 136-151, 2012.
[5] A.H. McCain, and R.F. Scharpf, "Effect of inoculum density of
Macrophomina phaseolina on seedling susceptibility of six conifer
species," Eur. J. Forest Pathol., vol.19, pp.119-123, 1989.
[6] N. Singh, P. Pandey, R.C. Dubey, and D.K. Maheshwari, 2008.
Biological control of root rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and
growth enhancement of Pinus roxburghii (Sarg.) by rhizosphere
competent Bacillus subtilis BN1," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.,
vol.24, no. 9, pp. 1669-1679, 2008.
[7] G. Su, S.O. Suh, R.W. Schneider, and J.S. Russin, "Host specialization
in the charcoal rot fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina,"
Phytopathology, vol. 91, pp.120-126, 2001.
[8] G.K. Gupta, S.K. Sharma, and R. Ramteke, "Biology, Epidemiology
and Management of the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina
(Tassi) Goid with special reference to charcoal rot of soybean (Glycine
max (L.) Merrill)," J. Phytopathol., vol. 160, no. 4, pp. 167-180, 2012.
[9] Shafique, S., S. Shafique and R. Bajwa, "Antifungal activity of
allelopathic plant extracts V: Inhibition in biomass production of
Fusarium solani - by aqueous extracts of allelopathic grasses,"
Mycopath, vol. 2, pp. 83-86, 2004.
[10] A. Javaid, and T. Anjum, "Control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. by
aqueous extracts of allelopathic grasses," Pak. J. Bot., vol. 38, no. 1,
pp.: 139-145, June 2006.
[11] T.D. Wyllie, Charcoal rot. In: J.B. Sinclair & P.A. Bachman (Eds.),
Compendium of soybean diseases (3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: APS Press.
pp. 30-33., 1993,
[12] A. Javaid, and A. Saddique, "Control of charcoal rot fungus
Macrophomina phaseolina by extracts of Datura mete," Nat. Prod.
Res., vol. 26, no. 18, pp. 1715-1720, 2012.
[13] R.G.D. Steel, and J.H. Torrie, Principles and procedures of statistics. A
biometrical approach. 2nd edition. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New
York, USA, 1980.
[14] K. Jabeen, A. Javaid, and M. Athar,. "Antistatic activity of aqueous and
organic solvent extracts of Melia azedarach against Ascochyta
rabiei,"ak. J. Phytopathol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 143-149, June 2008.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:62444", author = "Arshad Javaid and Syeda F. Naqvi", title = "Evaluation of Antifungal Potential of Cenchrus pennisetiformis for the Management of Macrophomina phaseolina", abstract = "Macrophomina phaseolina is a devastating soil-borne
fungal plant pathogen that causes charcoal rot disease in many
economically important crops worldwide. So far, no registered
fungicide is available against this plant pathogen. This study was
planned to examine the antifungal activity of an allelopathic grass
Cenchrus pennisetiformis (Hochst. & Steud.) Wipff. for the
management of M. phaseolina isolated from cowpea [Vigna
unguiculata (L.) Walp.] plants suffering from charcoal rot disease.
Different parts of the plants viz. inflorescence, shoot and root were
extracted in methanol. Laboratory bioassays were carried out using
different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, …, 3.0 g mL-1) of methanolic
extracts of the test allelopathic grass species to assess the antifungal
activity against the pathogen. In general, extracts of all parts of the
grass exhibited antifungal activity. All the concentrations of
methanolic extracts of shoot and root significantly reduced fungal
biomass by 20–73% and 40–80%, respectively. Methanolic shoot
extract was fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate
and n-butanol. Different concentrations of these fractions (3.125,
6.25, …, 200 mg mL-1) were analyzed for their antifungal activity.
All the concentrations of n-hexane fraction significantly reduced
fungal biomass by 15–96% over corresponding control treatments.
Higher concentrations (12.5–200 mg mL-1) of chloroform, ethyl
acetate and n-butanol also reduced the fungal biomass significantly
by 29–100%, 46–100% and 24–100%, respectively.", keywords = "Antifungal activity, Cenchrus pennisetiformis,
Macrophomina phaseolina, natural fungicides", volume = "6", number = "9", pages = "796-4", }