Epidemiology of Waterborne Diarrhoeal Diseases among Children Aged 6-36 Months Old in Busia - Western Kenya
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the
epidemiology of waterborne diarrhoeal among children aged 6-36
months old in Busia town, western Kenya. The study was carried out
between Feb. 2008 and Feb. 2010. Cases of diarrhoea reported in 385
households were linked to household water handling practices. A
mother with a child of 6-36 months old was also included in the
study. Diarrhoea prevalence among children 6-36 months was 16.7%
in Busia town, Bwamani (19.6%) and Mayenje (10.6%) clustered in
Mayenje sub-location reported the highest and the lowest prevalence
of diarrhoea. There was a positive correlation between the prevalence
of diarrhoea in children and the level of the mother-s education,
29.9% (n= 100). Diarrhoea cases decreased in range from 35.5% (n
=102) to 4.8% (n= 16), corresponding to increase in age from 6-35
months on average. In conclusion, prevalence of diarrhoea in
children of 6-36 months old was 16.7% in Busia town. This was
higher in children whose mother-s age was below 18 years and with
low level of education, the rate decreased with increase in age of
children. Prevalence of diarrhoea in children aged 6-36months in
households was higher in children aged 6-17 and 36 months and
whose mothers were less educated and fell between the ages of 18-24
years. The Influence of human activities at the main source of
drinking water on the prevalence of diarrhoea in these children was
insignificant.
[1] Magum A. Diarrhoea and related infections. Microsoft Encarta
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[2] WHO Justin DeNormandie and Janette Sunita. Combating diarrhoeal
disease in India through safe drinking water, Population Services
International,Delhi,2000,http://www.who.int/mdiacenter/2002/ind_sanit
ation/en/print.html.
[3] J. Bartram, "New water forum will repeat old message". Bulletin of the
World Health Organization., 83 (3): 158, 2003.
[4] WHO. Selected publications and documents on diarrhoeal diseases
(including cholera), 1999.
url:http//www.who.int/aboutwho/en/preventing/preventing.htm.
[5] WHO. Water and sanitation; Fact sheet Nº 112: Health Communications
and Public Relations, WHO, Geneva, http://www.who.ch/, 1999.
[6] W. N. Kung-, P. M. Musau, A. Ochieng, E. G. Wachira, R. T. A. Omol,
J. Rakwar, S. M. Muthwii, Y. Honda, M. Mudenyo, G. Koyengo and Y.
Osaki, "Diarrhoea prevalence and risk factors in slums". Journal of
National Institute for Public Health, 51(1): 73-76, 2002.
[7] M. Robert and P. Christine, "Water testing/solar water pasteurization in
Kenya and Tanzania", Biological Sciences, Califonia University,
Scramento, www.imageevent.com/bobmetcalf. 2005.
[8] Health Sector Reform Secretariat (HSSR). The National Health Sector
Strategic Plan, Ministry of Health; Republic of Kenya; 1999-2004.
[9] Central Bureau of Statistics. Statistical (CBS) abstract; Office of the
vice-President, Ministry of Planning and National Development,
Nairobi, Republic of Kenya; 1999.
[10] District Medical Officer of -Busia. Busia District Health Strategy work
plan, Republic of Kenya; 1999-2001.
[11] S. R. A Huttly, "The impact of inadequate sanitary conditions on health
in developing countries". World Health Statistics Quarterly, 43: 118-
126, 1990.
[12] GOK/UNICEF. Master plan of operations; programme of co-operation;
Draft for presentation at preview meeting 1993 (1994-1998).
[13] Centre for Disease Control (CDC). Public Health and drinking water
news brief; CDC issues health surveillance data on U.SA, E.coli
outbreaks. http://www/waterandhealth.org/news_centere, 2005.
[14] M. J. Blaser, P. D. Smith, J. I. Ravdin, H. B. Greenberg and R.
L.Guerrant "Infections of the gastrointestinal tract". New York: Raven
Press.1995.
[15] R. E. Black. Persistent diarrhoea in children of developing countries.
Paediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 12 (9): 751-61, 1993.
[16] P. R. Hunter, "Waterborne disease epidemiology and ecology".
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 1997.
[17] M. Kosek, C. Bern, R. L. Guerrant, "The global burden of diarrhoeal
disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000".
Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 81 (3): 197-204, 2003.
[18] D. I. Guerrant, S. R. Moore, A. A. Lima , P. D. Patrick, J. B. Schorling,
R. L. Guerrant. Association of early childhood diarrhoea and
cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function
four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil.
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 61 (5): 707-13,
1999.
[19] A. H. Baqui, R. E. Black, R. B. Sack, H. R. Chowdhury, M. Yunus, A.
K. Siddique, "Malnutrition, cell-mediated immune deficiency, and
diarrhoea: a community-based longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh
children", American journal of epidemiology, 137 (3): 355-65, 1993.
[20] D. Rogers, J. McEwen, R. Beaglehole and H. Tanaka, "The practice of
public health",Oxford text book of Public Health; 4th ed. 2002.
[21] K. E. Byers, R. L. Guerrant, B. M. Farr, Fecal-oral transmission, In:
Thomas JC, Webber DJ editor(s). "Epidemiologic methods for the study
of infectious disease". Oxford University Press. 228-48, 2001.
[22] WHO /INICEF/WSSCC. Global water supply and sanitation assessment
report. 2000; 92 (4): 1562021, 2000.
[23] WHO, 1993.
[24] J. C. Semenza, I. Robert, A. Henderson, J. Bogan, C. H. Rubin, "Water
distribution system and diarrhoeal disease transmission; A case study in
Uzbekistan", American Journal for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59
(6); 941-946, 1998.
[25] J. Gasana, J. Morin, A. Ndikuyeze, P. Kamoso, "Impact of water supply
and sanitation of diarrhoeal morbidity among young children in the
socioeconomic and cultural context of Rwanda (Africa)", Environmental
Research, 90 (2): 76-88, 2002.
[26] S. Luby, M. Agboatwalla, A. Raza A, J. Sobel, E. Mintz, K. Baier K, M.
Rahbar, S. Quereshi, R. Hassan, F. Ghouri,, R. M. Hoekstra, E.
Gangarosa, "A low-cost intervention for cleaner drinking water in
Karachi, Pakistan". International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 5 (3);
144 - 150. 2001.
[27] C. C. Sudhakumari, T Kobayashi, H. Kajiura-Kobayashi, D. S. Wang, P.
Makutsa, K. Nzaku, P. Ogutu,, P. Barasa, S. Ombeki, S. Mwaki, and R.
Quick, "Challenges in implementing a point-of-use water quality
intervention in rural Kenya". American Journal of Public Health, 91:
5171-1573. 2001.
[28] Central Bureau of Statistics. Ministry of Health (MOH-Kenya) and ORC
Marco. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Calverton, Maryland;
CBS, MOH, and ORC Marco.2003.
[29] A. H. El-Gilany and S. Hammad "Epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases
among under age 5 years in Dakalia, Egypt". Eastern Mediterranean
Health Journal, 11 (4): 763-774. 2005.
[30] Central Bureau of Statistics. Statistics abstract; Office of the Vice-
President, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Nairobi;
Republic of Kenya. 2001.
[31] C. Gleeson and N. Gray, "The coliform index and waterborne disease:
problems of microbial drinking water assessment". London: Spon Press.
1997.
[32] L. S. Clesceri, A. E. Greenberg, A. D. Eaton, editors, "Standard methods
for the examination of water and wastewater". 20th edition. Washington,
DC: American Public Health Association and American Water Works
Association. 1998.
[33] D. Onyango, F. Machoni, R. Kakai, E. N. Waindi, "Multidrug resistance
of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Typhimurium isolated from
clinical samples at two rural hospitals in western Kenya", J Infect
Developing Countries. 2 (2): 106-111. 2008
[34] H. Chabalala and M. Hailmariam, "A dissertation on prevalence of
waterborne diseases within Health facilities in Nakuru district, Kenya"
12-17, 2000.
[35] P. Ogutu, V. Garrett, P. Barasa, S. Ombeki, A. Mwaki and R. Quick,
"Seeking safe storage: A comparison of drinking water quality in clay
and plastic vessels"; water systems publications,
http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/pub/pub/ogutu_phtm, 2001.
[36] E. E. N. Nyangeri, "Rehabilitation of hand-dug wells and protected
springs in Kisii, Kenya". Report Tampere University of Technology in
co-operation with Finnish International Development Agency, FINNIDA
No 29, 1986.
[1] Magum A. Diarrhoea and related infections. Microsoft Encarta
Encyclopaedia.; pp. 2067-2072, 2000.
[2] WHO Justin DeNormandie and Janette Sunita. Combating diarrhoeal
disease in India through safe drinking water, Population Services
International,Delhi,2000,http://www.who.int/mdiacenter/2002/ind_sanit
ation/en/print.html.
[3] J. Bartram, "New water forum will repeat old message". Bulletin of the
World Health Organization., 83 (3): 158, 2003.
[4] WHO. Selected publications and documents on diarrhoeal diseases
(including cholera), 1999.
url:http//www.who.int/aboutwho/en/preventing/preventing.htm.
[5] WHO. Water and sanitation; Fact sheet Nº 112: Health Communications
and Public Relations, WHO, Geneva, http://www.who.ch/, 1999.
[6] W. N. Kung-, P. M. Musau, A. Ochieng, E. G. Wachira, R. T. A. Omol,
J. Rakwar, S. M. Muthwii, Y. Honda, M. Mudenyo, G. Koyengo and Y.
Osaki, "Diarrhoea prevalence and risk factors in slums". Journal of
National Institute for Public Health, 51(1): 73-76, 2002.
[7] M. Robert and P. Christine, "Water testing/solar water pasteurization in
Kenya and Tanzania", Biological Sciences, Califonia University,
Scramento, www.imageevent.com/bobmetcalf. 2005.
[8] Health Sector Reform Secretariat (HSSR). The National Health Sector
Strategic Plan, Ministry of Health; Republic of Kenya; 1999-2004.
[9] Central Bureau of Statistics. Statistical (CBS) abstract; Office of the
vice-President, Ministry of Planning and National Development,
Nairobi, Republic of Kenya; 1999.
[10] District Medical Officer of -Busia. Busia District Health Strategy work
plan, Republic of Kenya; 1999-2001.
[11] S. R. A Huttly, "The impact of inadequate sanitary conditions on health
in developing countries". World Health Statistics Quarterly, 43: 118-
126, 1990.
[12] GOK/UNICEF. Master plan of operations; programme of co-operation;
Draft for presentation at preview meeting 1993 (1994-1998).
[13] Centre for Disease Control (CDC). Public Health and drinking water
news brief; CDC issues health surveillance data on U.SA, E.coli
outbreaks. http://www/waterandhealth.org/news_centere, 2005.
[14] M. J. Blaser, P. D. Smith, J. I. Ravdin, H. B. Greenberg and R.
L.Guerrant "Infections of the gastrointestinal tract". New York: Raven
Press.1995.
[15] R. E. Black. Persistent diarrhoea in children of developing countries.
Paediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 12 (9): 751-61, 1993.
[16] P. R. Hunter, "Waterborne disease epidemiology and ecology".
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 1997.
[17] M. Kosek, C. Bern, R. L. Guerrant, "The global burden of diarrhoeal
disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000".
Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 81 (3): 197-204, 2003.
[18] D. I. Guerrant, S. R. Moore, A. A. Lima , P. D. Patrick, J. B. Schorling,
R. L. Guerrant. Association of early childhood diarrhoea and
cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function
four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil.
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 61 (5): 707-13,
1999.
[19] A. H. Baqui, R. E. Black, R. B. Sack, H. R. Chowdhury, M. Yunus, A.
K. Siddique, "Malnutrition, cell-mediated immune deficiency, and
diarrhoea: a community-based longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh
children", American journal of epidemiology, 137 (3): 355-65, 1993.
[20] D. Rogers, J. McEwen, R. Beaglehole and H. Tanaka, "The practice of
public health",Oxford text book of Public Health; 4th ed. 2002.
[21] K. E. Byers, R. L. Guerrant, B. M. Farr, Fecal-oral transmission, In:
Thomas JC, Webber DJ editor(s). "Epidemiologic methods for the study
of infectious disease". Oxford University Press. 228-48, 2001.
[22] WHO /INICEF/WSSCC. Global water supply and sanitation assessment
report. 2000; 92 (4): 1562021, 2000.
[23] WHO, 1993.
[24] J. C. Semenza, I. Robert, A. Henderson, J. Bogan, C. H. Rubin, "Water
distribution system and diarrhoeal disease transmission; A case study in
Uzbekistan", American Journal for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59
(6); 941-946, 1998.
[25] J. Gasana, J. Morin, A. Ndikuyeze, P. Kamoso, "Impact of water supply
and sanitation of diarrhoeal morbidity among young children in the
socioeconomic and cultural context of Rwanda (Africa)", Environmental
Research, 90 (2): 76-88, 2002.
[26] S. Luby, M. Agboatwalla, A. Raza A, J. Sobel, E. Mintz, K. Baier K, M.
Rahbar, S. Quereshi, R. Hassan, F. Ghouri,, R. M. Hoekstra, E.
Gangarosa, "A low-cost intervention for cleaner drinking water in
Karachi, Pakistan". International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 5 (3);
144 - 150. 2001.
[27] C. C. Sudhakumari, T Kobayashi, H. Kajiura-Kobayashi, D. S. Wang, P.
Makutsa, K. Nzaku, P. Ogutu,, P. Barasa, S. Ombeki, S. Mwaki, and R.
Quick, "Challenges in implementing a point-of-use water quality
intervention in rural Kenya". American Journal of Public Health, 91:
5171-1573. 2001.
[28] Central Bureau of Statistics. Ministry of Health (MOH-Kenya) and ORC
Marco. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Calverton, Maryland;
CBS, MOH, and ORC Marco.2003.
[29] A. H. El-Gilany and S. Hammad "Epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases
among under age 5 years in Dakalia, Egypt". Eastern Mediterranean
Health Journal, 11 (4): 763-774. 2005.
[30] Central Bureau of Statistics. Statistics abstract; Office of the Vice-
President, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Nairobi;
Republic of Kenya. 2001.
[31] C. Gleeson and N. Gray, "The coliform index and waterborne disease:
problems of microbial drinking water assessment". London: Spon Press.
1997.
[32] L. S. Clesceri, A. E. Greenberg, A. D. Eaton, editors, "Standard methods
for the examination of water and wastewater". 20th edition. Washington,
DC: American Public Health Association and American Water Works
Association. 1998.
[33] D. Onyango, F. Machoni, R. Kakai, E. N. Waindi, "Multidrug resistance
of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Typhimurium isolated from
clinical samples at two rural hospitals in western Kenya", J Infect
Developing Countries. 2 (2): 106-111. 2008
[34] H. Chabalala and M. Hailmariam, "A dissertation on prevalence of
waterborne diseases within Health facilities in Nakuru district, Kenya"
12-17, 2000.
[35] P. Ogutu, V. Garrett, P. Barasa, S. Ombeki, A. Mwaki and R. Quick,
"Seeking safe storage: A comparison of drinking water quality in clay
and plastic vessels"; water systems publications,
http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/pub/pub/ogutu_phtm, 2001.
[36] E. E. N. Nyangeri, "Rehabilitation of hand-dug wells and protected
springs in Kisii, Kenya". Report Tampere University of Technology in
co-operation with Finnish International Development Agency, FINNIDA
No 29, 1986.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:59752", author = "D. M. Onyango and P. O. Angienda", title = "Epidemiology of Waterborne Diarrhoeal Diseases among Children Aged 6-36 Months Old in Busia - Western Kenya", abstract = "The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the
epidemiology of waterborne diarrhoeal among children aged 6-36
months old in Busia town, western Kenya. The study was carried out
between Feb. 2008 and Feb. 2010. Cases of diarrhoea reported in 385
households were linked to household water handling practices. A
mother with a child of 6-36 months old was also included in the
study. Diarrhoea prevalence among children 6-36 months was 16.7%
in Busia town, Bwamani (19.6%) and Mayenje (10.6%) clustered in
Mayenje sub-location reported the highest and the lowest prevalence
of diarrhoea. There was a positive correlation between the prevalence
of diarrhoea in children and the level of the mother-s education,
29.9% (n= 100). Diarrhoea cases decreased in range from 35.5% (n
=102) to 4.8% (n= 16), corresponding to increase in age from 6-35
months on average. In conclusion, prevalence of diarrhoea in
children of 6-36 months old was 16.7% in Busia town. This was
higher in children whose mother-s age was below 18 years and with
low level of education, the rate decreased with increase in age of
children. Prevalence of diarrhoea in children aged 6-36months in
households was higher in children aged 6-17 and 36 months and
whose mothers were less educated and fell between the ages of 18-24
years. The Influence of human activities at the main source of
drinking water on the prevalence of diarrhoea in these children was
insignificant.", keywords = "Diarrhoea, Children, Mortality, Waterborne disease,", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "37-8", }
