Entrepreneurial Intention and Social Entrepreneurship among Students in Malaysian Higher Education
The recent instability in economy was found to be
influencing the situation in Malaysia whether directly or indirectly.
Taking that into consideration, the government needs to find the best
approach to balance its citizen’s socio-economic strata level urgently.
Through education platform is among the efforts planned and acted
upon for the purpose of balancing the effects of the influence,
through the exposure of social entrepreneurial activity towards youth
especially those in higher institution level. Armed with knowledge
and skills that they gained, with the support by entrepreneurial
culture and environment while in campus; indirectly, the students will
lean more on making social entrepreneurship as a career option when
they graduate. Following the issues of marketability and workability
of current graduates that are becoming dire, research involving how
far the willingness of student to create social innovation that
contribute to the society without focusing solely on personal gain is
relevant enough to be conducted. With that, this research is
conducted with the purpose of identifying the level of entrepreneurial
intention and social entrepreneurship among higher institution
students in Malaysia. Stratified random sampling involves 355
undergraduate students from five public universities had been made
as research respondents and data were collected through surveys. The
data was then analyzed descriptively using min score and standard
deviation. The study found that the entrepreneurial intention of higher
education students are on moderate level, however it is the contrary
for social entrepreneurship activities, where it was shown on a high
level. This means that while the students only have moderate level of
willingness to be a social entrepreneur, they are very committed to
created social innovation through the social entrepreneurship
activities conducted. The implication from this study can be
contributed towards the higher institution authorities in prediction the
tendency of student in becoming social entrepreneurs. Thus, the
opportunities and facilities for realizing the courses related to social
entrepreneurship must be created expansively so that the vision of
creating as many social entrepreneurs as possible can be achieved.
[1] Schumpeter, J.A, The Theory of Economic Development. Beijing: The
Commercial Press, 1990. [2] Weber, M, The Protestant Work Ethics and The Spirit of Capitalism.
New York: C. Scribners and Sons, 1958.
[3] Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational
behavior and human decision process, vol. 50, pp. 179-211, 1991.
[4] Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M, Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social
Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980.
[5] Shapero, A. & Sokol, L. (1982). “The social dimensions of
entrepreneurship” in C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton & K. H. Vesper (Eds.),
Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982, pp. 72-90.
[6] Carr, J.C. & Sequeira, J. M., “Prior family business exposure as
intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: a theory of
planned behavior approach”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 60, pp.
1090–1098, 2007.
[7] Hmieleski, K. M., & Corbett, A. C., “Proclivity for improvisation as a
predictor of entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Small Business
Management, vol. 44(1), pp. 45-63, 2006.
[8] Wilson, F., Kickul, J. & Marlino, D., “Gender, entrepreneurial selfefficacy,
and entrepreneurial career intentions: implications for
entrepreneurship education”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,
vol. 31 (3), pp. 387-406, 2007.
[9] Afsaneh Bagheri & Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie. The Factors Shaping
Entrepreneurial Intentions. Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK:
Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.
[10] Ashoka. What is a social entrepreneur? Retrieved November 9, 2011,
from http://www.ashoka.org/social_entrepreneur., 2009.
[11] Shaw, E. & Carter, S., “Social entrepreneurship: theoretical antecedents
and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes”,
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 14(3), pp.
418-434, 2007.
[12] Hulgard, L., “Discourses of social entrepreneurship in USA and Europe
– Variations of the same theme?” Presented at the EMES International
Summer School, Corte, France, July 3–7 2008.
[13] General Entrepreneurship Monitor, “Adult Population Survey. Global
Report on Entrepreneurship 2011”, Babson College, 2009.
[14] Thompson, E. R., “Individual entrepreneurial intent: construct
clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric”,
Entrepreneurship: theory & practice, vol. 33(3), pp. 669-694, 2009.
[15] D'Orazio, Pina, Tonelli, Marcello & Monaco, Eleonora. “Social and
traditional entrepreneurial intention : what is the difference?” in RENT
XXVII: Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Vilnius,
Lithuania, 20 – 22 November 2013.
[16] de Leon, M., “Social engagement and successful aging”, European
Journal of Aging, vol. 2, pp. 64-66, 2005.
[17] Mair, J. & Marti, I., “Social entrepreneurship research: A source of
explanation, prediction and delight”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41,
pp. 32-44, 2006.
[18] Seelos, C. & Mair, J., “Profitable Business Models and Market Creation
in the Context of Deep Poverty: A Strategic View”, IESE Working
Paper, No. OP 07/6. Barcelona: IESE Business School of Navarra,
2006.
[19] Vasakarla, V., “A study on social entrepreneurship and the
characteristics of social entrepreneurs”, ICFAI Journal of management
research, vol. 7(4), pp. 32-40, 2008.
[20] Zahra, S. A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O. & Shulman, J. M., “A
typology of social entrepreneurs: motives, search processes and ethical
challenges”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 24(5), pp. 519-532,
2009.
[21] Noorseha, Ching, Dewi & Md. Zabid, “Social entrepreneurial intention
among business undergraduates: an emerging economy perspective”,
Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, Vol. 15 (3), pp. 249-
267, 2013.
[22] Hariyaty Ab Wahid, “Keusahawanan sosial, daya tahan dan daya saing
pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi di Malaysia” PhD’s thesis, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia. (In Malay), 2014.
[23] Social Enterprise UK. “The People’s Business: State of Social
Enterprise Survey 2013”,
(http://www.socialenterprise.org.uk/uploads/files/2013/07/the_peoples_b
usiness.pdf), 2013.
[24] Naffziger, D. W., Hornsby, J. S. & Kuratko, D. F., “A proposed research
model of entrepreneurial motivation”, Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, vol. 18(3), pp. 29-41, 1994.
[25] Townsend, David M. & Hart, Timothy A. “Perceived institutional
ambiguity and the choice of organizational form in social entrepreneurial
ventures”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32/4, pp. 685–700,
2008.
[26] Massetti, B. L., “The social entrepreneurship matrix as a “tipping point”
for economic change”, Emergence: Complexity and Organization, vol.
10(3), pp. 1–8, 2008.
[27] Nicholls, A., ‘We do good things, don’t we?: Blended value accounting
in social entrepreneurship’, Accounting, Organizations and society, Vol.
34(6-7), pp. 755-769, 2009.
[28] Schlange, L.E., “Stakeholder Identification in Sustainability
Entrepreneurship”, Greener Management International, vol. 5, pp. 1-21,
2009.
[29] Seelos, C. & Mair, J., “Hope for sustainable development: how social
entrepreneurs make it happen”, in Ziegler, R. (Ed.), an introduction to
social entrepreneurship: Voices, preconditions, contexts, Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar, pp. 228–246, 2009.
[30] Mair, J. & Schoen, O., “Successful social entrepreneurial business
models in the context of developing economies: An exploratory study”,
International Journal of Emerging Markets, vol. 2(1), pp. 54-68, 2007.
[31] Kautonen, T., Tornikoski, E & Kibler, E., “Entrepreneurial Intentions in
the Third Age: The Impact of Perceived Age Norms”, Small business
Economics, 2009, DOI: 10.1007/s11187–009–9238–y.
[32] Linan, F. & Chen, Y., “Development and cross-cultural application of a
specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions”,
Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, pp. 593-617, 2009.
[33] Autio, E., Keeley, R. H., Klofsten, M. & Parker, G. G. C., & Hay, M.,
“Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA”,
Enterprise & Innovation Management Studies, vol. 2(2), pp. 145-160,
2001.
[34] Kolvereid, L., “Organisational employment versus self-employment:
reason for career choice intentions”, Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, vol. 20(3), pp. 23-31, 1996.
[35] Krueger, N. F., “The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence”,
Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 24(3), pp. 9-27, 2000.
[36] Hisyamuddin Hassan. “Relationship between the selected factors with
entrepreneurial intentions according to students’ perceptions”, Master’s
thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (In Malay), 2007.
[37] Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie, Afsaneh Bagheri, & Z. Haslinda
Abdullah Sani, “Knowledge of cognition and entrepreneurial intentions:
Implications for learning entrepreneurship in public and private
universities”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 97, pp.
174 – 181, 2013.
[38] Mazura Mansor, “Keberkesanan pembelajaran berasaskan konsultasi
terhadap tekad keusahawanan pelajar Politeknik”, PhD thesis draft,
Faculty of Education, The National University of Malaysia, 2015. (In
Malay).
[39] Ernst, K., Heart over mind- an empirical analysis of social
entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned
behaviour., Ph.D Dissertation, University of Wuppertal, Berlin, 2011.
[40] Nga, J. K. H. & Shamuganathan, G., “The Influence of Personality
Traits and Demographic Factors on Social Entrepreneurship Start Up
Intentions”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 95(2), pp. 259-282, 2010.
[41] Kai Hockerts, “The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS): A
validation study", Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. 11(3), pp. 260 – 280,
2015.
[42] Dyer, W.G., Jr., “Towards a theory of entrepreneurial careers”,
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 19(2), pp. 7-21, 1994.
[43] Krueger, N. F. “The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on
perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability”,
Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 18 (1), pp. 5-21, 1993.
[44] Ernst, K. “Heart over mind- an empirical analysis of social
entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned
behaviour”, Ph.D Dissertation: University of Wuppertal, Berlin, 2011.
[45] Ernst, K. “Social entrepreneurs and their personality” in C. Volkmann,
K. Tokarski & K. Ernst (Eds.). Social entrepreneurship and social
business: an introduction and discussion with case studies, Wiesbaden,
Germany: Springer Gabler, pp.51-63, 2012.
[46] Mair, J. & E. Noboa, “Social entrepreneurship: how intentions to create
a social venture are formed”, In social entrepreneurship, ed. J. Mair,
J.A. Robinson, and K. Hockerts, 121–35. Basingstoke and New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
[47] Department of Statistics, Malaysia, “Labour Force Statistics, Malaysia”,
March 2015. Release Date: 25 May 2015. Retrieved on 3 June 2015
from http://www.statistics.gov.my.[48] Graduate Tracer Study, Graduate employability management scheme,
Retrieved on 16 June from (http://graduat.mohe.gov.my/skpg2013/),
2015.
[49] Nooriah Yusof, Zakiah Jamaluddin & Norain Mat Lazim, “The
perception of undergraduates’ student towards the marketability of
graduate and competition in the job market”, Jurnal Personalia Pelajar,
vol. 16, pp. 77-92, 2013. ISSN 0128-2735. (In Malay).
[50] Cochran, W. G., Sampling Techniques. Third Edition. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1977.
[51] Salkind, N. J., Exploring research, (seventh edition). New Jersey:
Pearson Educational International, 2009.
[52] Nicholls, A. and Cho, A.H, “Social entrepreneurship: the structuration of
a field”, In Nicholls, A. (Ed.), Social entrepreneurship: new models of
sustainable social change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 99-118,
2006.
[53] Bornstein, D., How to change the world: social entrepreneurs and the
power of new ideas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.
[54] Bornstein, D., How to change the world: social entrepreneurship and
the power of new ideas. USA: Oxford University Press, 2007.
[55] Pallant, J., SPSS Survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis
using SPSS (Fourth edition). Berkshire, UK: McGraw Hill, 2010.
[56] Prieto, L. C., “The influence of proactive personality on social
entrepreneurial intentions among African American and Hispanic
undergraduate students: the moderating role of hope”, Doctor in
Philosophy: Dissertation. Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State
University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2010.
[57] Tan, W-L., William, J. & Tan, T-M., “Defining the ‘social’ in ‘social
entrepreneurship’: altruism and entrepreneurship”, International
Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, vol. 1, pp. 353-365, 2005.
[58] Rotefoss, B. & Kolveroid, L., “Aspiring nascent and fledging
entrepreneurs, an investigation of the business start-up process”,
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 17, pp. 109-127,
2005.
[59] Hortovanyi, L., “Entrepreneurial management”, Ph.D Theses.
Department of Strategic Management, University of Budapest, Hungary,
2012.
[60] Kamariah. O., Yaacob, A. & Wan Jamaliah, W.J., “Demographics and
personal characteristics of urban Malaysian entrepreneurs: an ethnic
comparison”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on SMEs
in a Global Economy. 6-7th July. University Teknologi Mara, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004.
[61] Norasmah Othman, Norshidah Hashim & Hariyaty Ab Wahid.
“Readiness toward entrepreneurship education: students and Malaysia
universities”, Education & Training, vol. 54(8/9), pp. 697-708, 2012.
[62] GUESS International Report 2013-2014. In Sieger, P., Fueglistaller, U.
& Zellweger, T., Student entrepreneurship across the globe: a look at
intentions and activities, St.Gallen: Swiss Research Institute of Small
Business and Entrepreneurship at the University of St.Gallen (KMUHSG),
2014.
[1] Schumpeter, J.A, The Theory of Economic Development. Beijing: The
Commercial Press, 1990. [2] Weber, M, The Protestant Work Ethics and The Spirit of Capitalism.
New York: C. Scribners and Sons, 1958.
[3] Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational
behavior and human decision process, vol. 50, pp. 179-211, 1991.
[4] Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M, Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social
Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980.
[5] Shapero, A. & Sokol, L. (1982). “The social dimensions of
entrepreneurship” in C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton & K. H. Vesper (Eds.),
Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982, pp. 72-90.
[6] Carr, J.C. & Sequeira, J. M., “Prior family business exposure as
intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: a theory of
planned behavior approach”, Journal of Business Research, vol. 60, pp.
1090–1098, 2007.
[7] Hmieleski, K. M., & Corbett, A. C., “Proclivity for improvisation as a
predictor of entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Small Business
Management, vol. 44(1), pp. 45-63, 2006.
[8] Wilson, F., Kickul, J. & Marlino, D., “Gender, entrepreneurial selfefficacy,
and entrepreneurial career intentions: implications for
entrepreneurship education”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,
vol. 31 (3), pp. 387-406, 2007.
[9] Afsaneh Bagheri & Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie. The Factors Shaping
Entrepreneurial Intentions. Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK:
Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.
[10] Ashoka. What is a social entrepreneur? Retrieved November 9, 2011,
from http://www.ashoka.org/social_entrepreneur., 2009.
[11] Shaw, E. & Carter, S., “Social entrepreneurship: theoretical antecedents
and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes”,
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 14(3), pp.
418-434, 2007.
[12] Hulgard, L., “Discourses of social entrepreneurship in USA and Europe
– Variations of the same theme?” Presented at the EMES International
Summer School, Corte, France, July 3–7 2008.
[13] General Entrepreneurship Monitor, “Adult Population Survey. Global
Report on Entrepreneurship 2011”, Babson College, 2009.
[14] Thompson, E. R., “Individual entrepreneurial intent: construct
clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric”,
Entrepreneurship: theory & practice, vol. 33(3), pp. 669-694, 2009.
[15] D'Orazio, Pina, Tonelli, Marcello & Monaco, Eleonora. “Social and
traditional entrepreneurial intention : what is the difference?” in RENT
XXVII: Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Vilnius,
Lithuania, 20 – 22 November 2013.
[16] de Leon, M., “Social engagement and successful aging”, European
Journal of Aging, vol. 2, pp. 64-66, 2005.
[17] Mair, J. & Marti, I., “Social entrepreneurship research: A source of
explanation, prediction and delight”, Journal of World Business, vol. 41,
pp. 32-44, 2006.
[18] Seelos, C. & Mair, J., “Profitable Business Models and Market Creation
in the Context of Deep Poverty: A Strategic View”, IESE Working
Paper, No. OP 07/6. Barcelona: IESE Business School of Navarra,
2006.
[19] Vasakarla, V., “A study on social entrepreneurship and the
characteristics of social entrepreneurs”, ICFAI Journal of management
research, vol. 7(4), pp. 32-40, 2008.
[20] Zahra, S. A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O. & Shulman, J. M., “A
typology of social entrepreneurs: motives, search processes and ethical
challenges”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 24(5), pp. 519-532,
2009.
[21] Noorseha, Ching, Dewi & Md. Zabid, “Social entrepreneurial intention
among business undergraduates: an emerging economy perspective”,
Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, Vol. 15 (3), pp. 249-
267, 2013.
[22] Hariyaty Ab Wahid, “Keusahawanan sosial, daya tahan dan daya saing
pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi di Malaysia” PhD’s thesis, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia. (In Malay), 2014.
[23] Social Enterprise UK. “The People’s Business: State of Social
Enterprise Survey 2013”,
(http://www.socialenterprise.org.uk/uploads/files/2013/07/the_peoples_b
usiness.pdf), 2013.
[24] Naffziger, D. W., Hornsby, J. S. & Kuratko, D. F., “A proposed research
model of entrepreneurial motivation”, Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, vol. 18(3), pp. 29-41, 1994.
[25] Townsend, David M. & Hart, Timothy A. “Perceived institutional
ambiguity and the choice of organizational form in social entrepreneurial
ventures”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32/4, pp. 685–700,
2008.
[26] Massetti, B. L., “The social entrepreneurship matrix as a “tipping point”
for economic change”, Emergence: Complexity and Organization, vol.
10(3), pp. 1–8, 2008.
[27] Nicholls, A., ‘We do good things, don’t we?: Blended value accounting
in social entrepreneurship’, Accounting, Organizations and society, Vol.
34(6-7), pp. 755-769, 2009.
[28] Schlange, L.E., “Stakeholder Identification in Sustainability
Entrepreneurship”, Greener Management International, vol. 5, pp. 1-21,
2009.
[29] Seelos, C. & Mair, J., “Hope for sustainable development: how social
entrepreneurs make it happen”, in Ziegler, R. (Ed.), an introduction to
social entrepreneurship: Voices, preconditions, contexts, Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar, pp. 228–246, 2009.
[30] Mair, J. & Schoen, O., “Successful social entrepreneurial business
models in the context of developing economies: An exploratory study”,
International Journal of Emerging Markets, vol. 2(1), pp. 54-68, 2007.
[31] Kautonen, T., Tornikoski, E & Kibler, E., “Entrepreneurial Intentions in
the Third Age: The Impact of Perceived Age Norms”, Small business
Economics, 2009, DOI: 10.1007/s11187–009–9238–y.
[32] Linan, F. & Chen, Y., “Development and cross-cultural application of a
specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions”,
Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, pp. 593-617, 2009.
[33] Autio, E., Keeley, R. H., Klofsten, M. & Parker, G. G. C., & Hay, M.,
“Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA”,
Enterprise & Innovation Management Studies, vol. 2(2), pp. 145-160,
2001.
[34] Kolvereid, L., “Organisational employment versus self-employment:
reason for career choice intentions”, Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, vol. 20(3), pp. 23-31, 1996.
[35] Krueger, N. F., “The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence”,
Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 24(3), pp. 9-27, 2000.
[36] Hisyamuddin Hassan. “Relationship between the selected factors with
entrepreneurial intentions according to students’ perceptions”, Master’s
thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (In Malay), 2007.
[37] Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie, Afsaneh Bagheri, & Z. Haslinda
Abdullah Sani, “Knowledge of cognition and entrepreneurial intentions:
Implications for learning entrepreneurship in public and private
universities”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 97, pp.
174 – 181, 2013.
[38] Mazura Mansor, “Keberkesanan pembelajaran berasaskan konsultasi
terhadap tekad keusahawanan pelajar Politeknik”, PhD thesis draft,
Faculty of Education, The National University of Malaysia, 2015. (In
Malay).
[39] Ernst, K., Heart over mind- an empirical analysis of social
entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned
behaviour., Ph.D Dissertation, University of Wuppertal, Berlin, 2011.
[40] Nga, J. K. H. & Shamuganathan, G., “The Influence of Personality
Traits and Demographic Factors on Social Entrepreneurship Start Up
Intentions”, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 95(2), pp. 259-282, 2010.
[41] Kai Hockerts, “The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS): A
validation study", Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. 11(3), pp. 260 – 280,
2015.
[42] Dyer, W.G., Jr., “Towards a theory of entrepreneurial careers”,
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 19(2), pp. 7-21, 1994.
[43] Krueger, N. F. “The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on
perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability”,
Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 18 (1), pp. 5-21, 1993.
[44] Ernst, K. “Heart over mind- an empirical analysis of social
entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned
behaviour”, Ph.D Dissertation: University of Wuppertal, Berlin, 2011.
[45] Ernst, K. “Social entrepreneurs and their personality” in C. Volkmann,
K. Tokarski & K. Ernst (Eds.). Social entrepreneurship and social
business: an introduction and discussion with case studies, Wiesbaden,
Germany: Springer Gabler, pp.51-63, 2012.
[46] Mair, J. & E. Noboa, “Social entrepreneurship: how intentions to create
a social venture are formed”, In social entrepreneurship, ed. J. Mair,
J.A. Robinson, and K. Hockerts, 121–35. Basingstoke and New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
[47] Department of Statistics, Malaysia, “Labour Force Statistics, Malaysia”,
March 2015. Release Date: 25 May 2015. Retrieved on 3 June 2015
from http://www.statistics.gov.my.[48] Graduate Tracer Study, Graduate employability management scheme,
Retrieved on 16 June from (http://graduat.mohe.gov.my/skpg2013/),
2015.
[49] Nooriah Yusof, Zakiah Jamaluddin & Norain Mat Lazim, “The
perception of undergraduates’ student towards the marketability of
graduate and competition in the job market”, Jurnal Personalia Pelajar,
vol. 16, pp. 77-92, 2013. ISSN 0128-2735. (In Malay).
[50] Cochran, W. G., Sampling Techniques. Third Edition. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1977.
[51] Salkind, N. J., Exploring research, (seventh edition). New Jersey:
Pearson Educational International, 2009.
[52] Nicholls, A. and Cho, A.H, “Social entrepreneurship: the structuration of
a field”, In Nicholls, A. (Ed.), Social entrepreneurship: new models of
sustainable social change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 99-118,
2006.
[53] Bornstein, D., How to change the world: social entrepreneurs and the
power of new ideas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.
[54] Bornstein, D., How to change the world: social entrepreneurship and
the power of new ideas. USA: Oxford University Press, 2007.
[55] Pallant, J., SPSS Survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis
using SPSS (Fourth edition). Berkshire, UK: McGraw Hill, 2010.
[56] Prieto, L. C., “The influence of proactive personality on social
entrepreneurial intentions among African American and Hispanic
undergraduate students: the moderating role of hope”, Doctor in
Philosophy: Dissertation. Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State
University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2010.
[57] Tan, W-L., William, J. & Tan, T-M., “Defining the ‘social’ in ‘social
entrepreneurship’: altruism and entrepreneurship”, International
Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, vol. 1, pp. 353-365, 2005.
[58] Rotefoss, B. & Kolveroid, L., “Aspiring nascent and fledging
entrepreneurs, an investigation of the business start-up process”,
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 17, pp. 109-127,
2005.
[59] Hortovanyi, L., “Entrepreneurial management”, Ph.D Theses.
Department of Strategic Management, University of Budapest, Hungary,
2012.
[60] Kamariah. O., Yaacob, A. & Wan Jamaliah, W.J., “Demographics and
personal characteristics of urban Malaysian entrepreneurs: an ethnic
comparison”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on SMEs
in a Global Economy. 6-7th July. University Teknologi Mara, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004.
[61] Norasmah Othman, Norshidah Hashim & Hariyaty Ab Wahid.
“Readiness toward entrepreneurship education: students and Malaysia
universities”, Education & Training, vol. 54(8/9), pp. 697-708, 2012.
[62] GUESS International Report 2013-2014. In Sieger, P., Fueglistaller, U.
& Zellweger, T., Student entrepreneurship across the globe: a look at
intentions and activities, St.Gallen: Swiss Research Institute of Small
Business and Entrepreneurship at the University of St.Gallen (KMUHSG),
2014.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:71922", author = "Radin Siti Aishah Radin A Rahman and Norasmah Othman and Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie and Hariyaty Ab. Wahid", title = "Entrepreneurial Intention and Social Entrepreneurship among Students in Malaysian Higher Education", abstract = "The recent instability in economy was found to be
influencing the situation in Malaysia whether directly or indirectly.
Taking that into consideration, the government needs to find the best
approach to balance its citizen’s socio-economic strata level urgently.
Through education platform is among the efforts planned and acted
upon for the purpose of balancing the effects of the influence,
through the exposure of social entrepreneurial activity towards youth
especially those in higher institution level. Armed with knowledge
and skills that they gained, with the support by entrepreneurial
culture and environment while in campus; indirectly, the students will
lean more on making social entrepreneurship as a career option when
they graduate. Following the issues of marketability and workability
of current graduates that are becoming dire, research involving how
far the willingness of student to create social innovation that
contribute to the society without focusing solely on personal gain is
relevant enough to be conducted. With that, this research is
conducted with the purpose of identifying the level of entrepreneurial
intention and social entrepreneurship among higher institution
students in Malaysia. Stratified random sampling involves 355
undergraduate students from five public universities had been made
as research respondents and data were collected through surveys. The
data was then analyzed descriptively using min score and standard
deviation. The study found that the entrepreneurial intention of higher
education students are on moderate level, however it is the contrary
for social entrepreneurship activities, where it was shown on a high
level. This means that while the students only have moderate level of
willingness to be a social entrepreneur, they are very committed to
created social innovation through the social entrepreneurship
activities conducted. The implication from this study can be
contributed towards the higher institution authorities in prediction the
tendency of student in becoming social entrepreneurs. Thus, the
opportunities and facilities for realizing the courses related to social
entrepreneurship must be created expansively so that the vision of
creating as many social entrepreneurs as possible can be achieved.", keywords = "Entrepreneurial intention, higher education
institutions (HEIs), social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurial
activity, gender.", volume = "10", number = "1", pages = "175-7", }
