Enhancing Operational Effectiveness in the Norwegian Army through Simulation-Based Training
The Norwegian Military Academy (Army) has
initiated a project with the main ambition to explore possible avenues
to enhancing operational effectiveness through an increased use of
simulation-based training and exercises. Within a cost/benefit
framework, we discuss opportunities and limitations of vertical and
horizontal integration of the existing tactical training system. Vertical
integration implies expanding the existing training system to span the
full range of training from tactical level (platoon, company) to
command and staff level (battalion, brigade). Horizontal integration
means including other domains than army tactics and staff
procedures in the training, such as military ethics, foreign languages,
leadership and decision making. We discuss each of the integration
options with respect to purpose and content of training, "best
practice" for organising and conducting simulation-based training,
and suggest how to evaluate training procedures and measure
learning outcomes. We conclude by giving guidelines towards further
explorative work and possible implementation.
[1] B. Herz, and W. Merz, "Experiential Learning and the Effectiveness for
Economic Simulation Games". Simulation and Gaming, 29(2):238-250,
1998.
[2] P. J. Smith, and E. Sadler-Smith, Learning in organizations.
Complexities and diversities. Routledge, 2006.
[3] C. Argyris, and D. A. Schön, D. A, Organizational Learning II: Theory,
Method and Practice. Addison-Wesley, 1996.
[4] B. Brehmer, Dynamic Decision Making in Command and Control. In:
McCann and Pigeau (eds): The Human in Command: exploring the
modern military experience. Pp. 233-248. Kluwer, New York, 2000.
[5] Brehmer, B. 2002. Learning to control a dynamic system. Unpublished
manuscript, Swedish National Defence College, Stockholm.
[6] Brehmer, B. 2006. One loop to rule them all. Proceedings of the 11th
International Command and Control Research and Technology
Symposium, Cambridge, UK.
[7] Rogers, C.T. 1994. Intuition: An imperative of command. Military
Review, March 1994, 38-50.
[8] G. Klein, Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions. Cambridge,
MA: The MIT Press, 1998
[9] G. Klein, Intuition at Work. New York: Doubleday, 2003.
[10] S. Valaker, "Collective sensemaking and information structures in
network based operations - a human factor perspective (Kollektiv
sensemaking og informasjonsstruktur i nettverksbaserte operasjoner - et
human factor perspektiv)". FFI-Rapport 2007/02251. ISBN: 978-82-
464-1292-4.
[11] 14.1.2008:http://www.mil.no/start/article.jhtml?articleID=149865
[12] Haerem, T., Kuvaas, B., Karlsen, T., Bakken, B.T. 2008. Preference
reversal versus consistent risk seeking among military decision makers.
Manuscript submitted to Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.
[13] NDJOC. 2007. Norwegian Defence Joint Operational Doctrine (FFOD),
Norwegian Defence Staff.
[1] B. Herz, and W. Merz, "Experiential Learning and the Effectiveness for
Economic Simulation Games". Simulation and Gaming, 29(2):238-250,
1998.
[2] P. J. Smith, and E. Sadler-Smith, Learning in organizations.
Complexities and diversities. Routledge, 2006.
[3] C. Argyris, and D. A. Schön, D. A, Organizational Learning II: Theory,
Method and Practice. Addison-Wesley, 1996.
[4] B. Brehmer, Dynamic Decision Making in Command and Control. In:
McCann and Pigeau (eds): The Human in Command: exploring the
modern military experience. Pp. 233-248. Kluwer, New York, 2000.
[5] Brehmer, B. 2002. Learning to control a dynamic system. Unpublished
manuscript, Swedish National Defence College, Stockholm.
[6] Brehmer, B. 2006. One loop to rule them all. Proceedings of the 11th
International Command and Control Research and Technology
Symposium, Cambridge, UK.
[7] Rogers, C.T. 1994. Intuition: An imperative of command. Military
Review, March 1994, 38-50.
[8] G. Klein, Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions. Cambridge,
MA: The MIT Press, 1998
[9] G. Klein, Intuition at Work. New York: Doubleday, 2003.
[10] S. Valaker, "Collective sensemaking and information structures in
network based operations - a human factor perspective (Kollektiv
sensemaking og informasjonsstruktur i nettverksbaserte operasjoner - et
human factor perspektiv)". FFI-Rapport 2007/02251. ISBN: 978-82-
464-1292-4.
[11] 14.1.2008:http://www.mil.no/start/article.jhtml?articleID=149865
[12] Haerem, T., Kuvaas, B., Karlsen, T., Bakken, B.T. 2008. Preference
reversal versus consistent risk seeking among military decision makers.
Manuscript submitted to Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.
[13] NDJOC. 2007. Norwegian Defence Joint Operational Doctrine (FFOD),
Norwegian Defence Staff.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:55419", author = "B. Bakken and O. Boe", title = "Enhancing Operational Effectiveness in the Norwegian Army through Simulation-Based Training", abstract = "The Norwegian Military Academy (Army) has
initiated a project with the main ambition to explore possible avenues
to enhancing operational effectiveness through an increased use of
simulation-based training and exercises. Within a cost/benefit
framework, we discuss opportunities and limitations of vertical and
horizontal integration of the existing tactical training system. Vertical
integration implies expanding the existing training system to span the
full range of training from tactical level (platoon, company) to
command and staff level (battalion, brigade). Horizontal integration
means including other domains than army tactics and staff
procedures in the training, such as military ethics, foreign languages,
leadership and decision making. We discuss each of the integration
options with respect to purpose and content of training, "best
practice" for organising and conducting simulation-based training,
and suggest how to evaluate training procedures and measure
learning outcomes. We conclude by giving guidelines towards further
explorative work and possible implementation.", keywords = "Effectiveness, integration, simulation, training.", volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "870-5", }