Energy Efficiency: An Engineering Pathway towards Sustainability
Today global warming, climate change and energy supply are of greater concern as it is widely realized that the planet earth does not provide an infinite capacity for absorbing human industrialization in the 21st century. The aim of this paper is to analyze upstream and downstream electricity production in selected case studies: a coal power plant, a pump system and a microwave oven covering and consumption to explore the position of energy efficiency in engineering sustainability. Collectively, the analysis presents energy efficiency as a major pathway towards sustainability that requires an inclusive and a holistic supply chain response in the engineering design process.
[1] G. O. Brunt land, G., ed. Our Common Future. United Nations World
Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). 1987, Oxford
University Press: New York.
[2] Johnston, S.F. Sustainability and Globalization: a positive role for
engineering. in 4th Annual AAEE Australasian Association for
Engineering Education Conference,. 2003. Melbourne, Australia, 29
Sept - 1 Oct, 2003. Australasian Association for Engineering Education.
[3] (EESD), International Conference: Translating Sustainability into
Concrete Targets,. Lyons, France, ed. E.E.i.S. Development. 2006.
[4] Mohandas, Taher-shamsiA., and R. Maknoun, the role of environmental
engineering education in sustainable development in Iran: AUT
experience International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,
2007. 8(2): p. 123 - 130.
[5] "The engineer-s response to sustainable development." World
Federation of Engineering Organizations.
http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/ report/english/wfeo.htm)
(September 2007) in World Federation of Engineering Organizations
(WFEO). 1997.
[6] WFEO. Overview of Engineering Response at the International Level to
the call for Sustainable Development. (cited 2008 3 December); World
Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)]. Available from:
www.iies.es/FMOI-WFEO/desarrollosostenible/main/progress.htm.
[7] Mitchell, C.A., Integrating sustainability in chemical engineering
practice and education: concentricity and its consequences. Process
Safety and Environmental Protection, 2000. 78(B4): p. 237-242.
[8] Crofton, F., Educating for sustainability: opportunities in undergraduate
engineering. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2000. 8 p. 397-405.
[9] Cortes, A.D., The Critical Role of Higher Education in Creating a
Sustainable Future, planning for higher education. 2003, Boston,
Massachusetts.
[10] Wane, V., T. Gag, and S. Sharma, The role of technical institutions in
developing a techno-entrepreneurial workforce for sustainable
development of SMEs in India. International Journal of Management
and Enterprise Development, 2003. 1(1): p. 71 - 88.
[11] Mitchell, C.A., A. Care, and R. Cleft, The role of the professional
engineers and scientists in sustainable development, in Sustainable
development in practice: case studies for engineers and scientists, A.P.
Azapagic, Clift, R, Editor. 2004, John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK,.
p. 29-55.
[12] Mihelcic, J.R., et al., Sustainability Science and Engineering: The
Emergence of a New Metadiscipline. Environent Science Technol, 2003.
37: p. 5314-5324.
[13] Haghighi, 2005.
[14] Batterham, R.J., Sustainability The next chapter. Chemical Engineering
Science, 2006. 61(13): p. 4188-4193.
[15] Garcia, F.J.L., K. Kevany, and D. Huisingh, Sustainability in higher
education: what is happening? Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006.
14(9-11): p. 757-760.
[16] Dijkema, G.P.J., et al., Trends and opportunities framing innovation for
sustainability in the learning society. Technological Forecasting and
Social Change, 2006. 73(3).
[17] Costa, S. and M. Scoble, An interdisciplinary approach to integrating
sustainability into mining engineering education and research. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 2006. 14(3-4): p. 366-373.
[18] Chen, K.C., et al., Infusing the Materials Engineering Curriculum with
Sustainability Principles, in American Society for Engineering
Education Annual Conference Proceedings. 2006.
[19] Kamp, L., Engineering education in sustainable development at Delft
University of Technology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006. 14(9-
11): p. 928-931.
[20] Seliger, G., et al., Approaches to sustainable manufacturing.
International Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing, 2008. 1(1-2): p. 58 -
77.
[21] Holmberg, J., et al., Embedding sustainability in higher education
through interaction with lecturers: Case studies from three European
technical universities. European Journal of Engineering Education,
2008. 33(3): p. 271-282.
[22] Segalas, J., D. Ferrer-Balas, and K.F. Mulder, Conceptual maps:
measuring learning processes of engineering students concerning
sustainable development. European Journal of Engineering Education,
2008. 33(3): p. 297-306.
[23] Conlon, E., The new engineer: between employability and social
responsibility. European Journal of Engineering Education, 2008. 33(2):
p. 151 - 159.
[24] Manfred, F., Overcoming Established Thinking Models. The Role of
Engineering Education in Environmental Sustainabilit. Industry &
Higher Education, 2003. 17 (4): p. 283-89.
[25] Lockyer, J., Evolution of Engineering Education in Canada, New
Challenges for Canadian Universities. Canadian academy of
engineering, 1999. Engineering Issues (8,).
[26] Hammond, G.P., Energy, environment and sustainable development: a
UK perspective. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers,
2000. Part B: Process Safety and Environmental Protection (78): p. 304-
323.
[27] Duncan, R.C., World energy production, population growth, and the
road to the Olduvai Gorge. Population and Environment, 2001. 5.
[28] Edmonds, J. and J.M. Reiley, Global energy - assessing the future. 1985,
New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[29] Price, L., et al., Sectoral Trends and Driving Forces of Global Energy
Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Mitigation and Adaptation
Strategies for Global Change, 1998. 3(2-4).
[30] Bodart, M. and A. De Herde, Global energy savings in offices buildings
by the use of day lighting. Energy & Buildings, 2002. 34( 5): p. 421-
429.
[31] Leggett, J.K., Half gone: oil, gas, hot air, and the global energy crisis, in
Portobello Books. 2005.
[32] Lieberthal, K. and M. Herberg, China's Search for Energy Security:
Implications for US Policy. National Bureau of Asian Research NBR
analysis, 2006. 17(1).
[33] Kreith, F. and D.Y. Goswami, Handbook of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy. 2007: CRC Press.
[34] Kato, N. and H. Akimoto, Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in
Asia: Emission inventories. Atmospheric Environment, 2007. 41(1): p.
171-191.
[35] Heger, M., The Price Is Wrong for Oil Shale and Tar Sand Tech. IEEE
Spectrum, 2008.
[36] Bush, G.W., the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, in
President of United States of America,. 2007.
[37] Oktay, Z., Investigation of coal-fired power plants in Turkey and a case
study: Can plant. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2009. 29: p. 550-557.
[38] Anderson, D., Part IV, where do we go from here? Energy and economic
prosperity, in chapter11, World Energy Assessment: Energy and the
Challenge of Sustainability. 2004. p. 394.
[39] Lee, H. and S.K. Verma, Coal or Gas: The Cost of Cleaner Power in the
Midwest, in BCSIA Discussion Paper 2000-08, ENRP Discussion Paper
E-2000-08. 2000, Harvard University: Kennedy School of Government.
[40] Lovins, A.B., More Profit with Less Carbon, Science America. 2005.
293: p. 74-82.
[41] Himmelblau, D.M. and J.B. Riggs, Basic principles and calculations in
chemical engineering. 7th ed. 2004: Prentice-Hall.
[42] George, K.D., The Economics Of Nuclear And Conventional Coal-Fired
Stations in the United kingdom, in Oxford Economic Papers. 1960. p.
294.
[43] Pouris, A., On the Economics of Nuclear and Coal - Fired Electricity
Generation. South African Journal of Economics, 1987. 55(4): p. 267-
276.
[44] Johansson, T.B. and J. Goldemberg, World Energy Assessment
Overview: 2004 Update. 2004-05: UNDP, UN-DESA and the World
Energy Council.
[45] Engineering, T.R.A.O., Costs of Generating Electricity. 2004:
Westminster, London.
[46] Ramage, J., Energy A Guidebook. Oxford. 1997: Oxford University
Press.
[47] PERSPECTIVES, E.T., International Energy Agency. 2006, Paris,
France.
[48] Akmal, M. and D. Riwoe, AUSTRALIAN ENERGY, national and state
projections to 2029-30. ABARE eReport 05.9. 2005, Canberra:
Commonwealth of Australia.
[49] Kobayashi, K., Energy Efficiency in the Apec Region The Power Sector,
ed. A.A. Aponte. 2008, Tokyo, Japan: Asia Pacific Energy Research
Centre (APERC).
[50] Okura, R., et al., Completion of High-efficiency Coal-fired Power
Plant.Hitachi Review, 2003. 52(2): p. 79-83.
[51] Soares, C., Gas Turbines: A Handbook of Air, Land and Sea
Applications. 2007, Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
[52] Commission, E.E., Eurostat (historical data), Primes Energy Model,
(European Commission 2006) for projections, in EN19 Efficiency of
conventional thermal electricity production. 2006.
[53] IEA (2003) small hydro data from international association for small
hydro.
[54] Pacey, P., The Culture of Technology. 1983: Basil Blackwell.
[55] Sondreal, E.A., M.L. Jones, and G.H. Groenewold, Tides and Trends in
the World's Electric Power Industry. The Electricity Journal, 2001.
14(1): p. 61-79.
[56] DETR Department of the Environment Transport regions, Energy
savings in industrial water pumping systems. Good practice guide 249.
1998, Oxfordshire, England.
[57] Lovins, A.B., L.H. Lovins, and P. Hawken, A Road Map for Natural
Capitalism. Harvard business review, 1999.
[58] Norton, M., Science and Engineering and Society, in Environmental
Impacts and Global responses. 2004, Tokyo Institute of technology.
[59] Mott, R.L., Applied Fluid Mechanics. 6th ed. 2006, Jurong, Singapore:
Pearson Publication, Inc.
[60] Cengel, Y.A. and M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering
Approach. 5th ed ed. 2006, New York: McGraw-Hill.
[61] Shiels, S., Locating the greatest centrifugal pump energy savings.
Centrifugal Pump Academy, 1998. 1998(384): p. 56-59.
[62] Buffler, C.R., Microwave Cooking And Processing: Engineering
Fundamentals For The Food Scientist. 1992, New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
[63] Tetsuji, O., Microwave Oven Evaluation Standard Subcommittee
Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee
for Natural Resources and Energy, in Japan's "Top Runner" Standard.
2005.
[64] Ehrlich, P.R. and J.P. Holdren Impact of Population Growth. Science,
1971. 171 p. 1212-17.
[65] Holdren, J.P. and P.R. Ehrlich, Human population and the global
environment. American Scientist 1974. 62(3): p. 282-292.
[66] Schulze, P.C., I=PAT. Ecological Economics, 2002. 40: p. 149-150.
[67] Jacob, M., Sustainable Development: A Reconstructive Critique of the
United Nations Debate. 1996, Dept of Theory of Science and Research:
Göteborg, Sweden.
[68] Daily, G.C. and P.R. Ehrlich, Population, sustainability, and earth's
carrying capacity. Bioscience, 1992. 42(10): p. 761-771.
[69] Dietz, T. and E.A. Rosa Rethinking the environmental impacts of
Population, Affluence and Technology. Human Ecology Review, 1994.
Summer/Autumn, 1.
[70] Fuchs, D.A. and S. Lorek, An inquiry into the impact of globalization on
the potential for ÔÇÿsustainable consumption- in households, in Workshop
on Sustainable Household Consumption: Impacts, Goals and Indicators
for Energy-use, Transport and Food. 2000, ProSus/CSTM: Enschede,
Norway.
[71] Van der Wal, J. and K.J. Noorman, Analysis of Household Metabolic
Flows. In Green Households? Domestic Consumers, Environment, and
Sustainability, K.J.N.a.T.S. Uiterkamp, Editor. 1998, Earthscan:
London.
[72] D├╝rrenberger, G. and P. Nikola, Energy Metabolism of Swiss
Households, in the Second International Symposium on Sustainable
Household Consumption. 1999: Groningen-Paterswolde.
[73] Ferguson, R., et al., Benefits of electricity generation. Engineering
Science and Education Journal, 1997.
[74] Burkett, P., the Value Problem in Ecological Economics: Lessons from
the Physiocrats and Marx. Organization Environment, 2003. 16: p. 137-
167.
[75] Detchon, R., Over a Barrel? Myths and Facts about U.S. Dependence on
Foreign Oil. 2004: The Century Foundation, Inc.
[76] EIA, E.I.A., Annual Oil Market Chronology, in U.S. Department of
Energy. 2008.
[77] Factbook, O., Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics Energy -
Energy production and prices. Oil prices OECD, 2007.
[78] Flavin, C. and A.B. Durning, Building on success, The age of energy
efficiency. The Worldwatch Institute. 1988, Washington, DC.
[79] Hawken, P., A. Lovins, and L.H. Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating
the Next Industrial Revolution. 1999, London: Earthscan.
[80] Alexander, C., Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Harvard University
Press. 1964, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
[1] G. O. Brunt land, G., ed. Our Common Future. United Nations World
Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). 1987, Oxford
University Press: New York.
[2] Johnston, S.F. Sustainability and Globalization: a positive role for
engineering. in 4th Annual AAEE Australasian Association for
Engineering Education Conference,. 2003. Melbourne, Australia, 29
Sept - 1 Oct, 2003. Australasian Association for Engineering Education.
[3] (EESD), International Conference: Translating Sustainability into
Concrete Targets,. Lyons, France, ed. E.E.i.S. Development. 2006.
[4] Mohandas, Taher-shamsiA., and R. Maknoun, the role of environmental
engineering education in sustainable development in Iran: AUT
experience International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,
2007. 8(2): p. 123 - 130.
[5] "The engineer-s response to sustainable development." World
Federation of Engineering Organizations.
http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/rio/focus/ report/english/wfeo.htm)
(September 2007) in World Federation of Engineering Organizations
(WFEO). 1997.
[6] WFEO. Overview of Engineering Response at the International Level to
the call for Sustainable Development. (cited 2008 3 December); World
Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)]. Available from:
www.iies.es/FMOI-WFEO/desarrollosostenible/main/progress.htm.
[7] Mitchell, C.A., Integrating sustainability in chemical engineering
practice and education: concentricity and its consequences. Process
Safety and Environmental Protection, 2000. 78(B4): p. 237-242.
[8] Crofton, F., Educating for sustainability: opportunities in undergraduate
engineering. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2000. 8 p. 397-405.
[9] Cortes, A.D., The Critical Role of Higher Education in Creating a
Sustainable Future, planning for higher education. 2003, Boston,
Massachusetts.
[10] Wane, V., T. Gag, and S. Sharma, The role of technical institutions in
developing a techno-entrepreneurial workforce for sustainable
development of SMEs in India. International Journal of Management
and Enterprise Development, 2003. 1(1): p. 71 - 88.
[11] Mitchell, C.A., A. Care, and R. Cleft, The role of the professional
engineers and scientists in sustainable development, in Sustainable
development in practice: case studies for engineers and scientists, A.P.
Azapagic, Clift, R, Editor. 2004, John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK,.
p. 29-55.
[12] Mihelcic, J.R., et al., Sustainability Science and Engineering: The
Emergence of a New Metadiscipline. Environent Science Technol, 2003.
37: p. 5314-5324.
[13] Haghighi, 2005.
[14] Batterham, R.J., Sustainability The next chapter. Chemical Engineering
Science, 2006. 61(13): p. 4188-4193.
[15] Garcia, F.J.L., K. Kevany, and D. Huisingh, Sustainability in higher
education: what is happening? Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006.
14(9-11): p. 757-760.
[16] Dijkema, G.P.J., et al., Trends and opportunities framing innovation for
sustainability in the learning society. Technological Forecasting and
Social Change, 2006. 73(3).
[17] Costa, S. and M. Scoble, An interdisciplinary approach to integrating
sustainability into mining engineering education and research. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 2006. 14(3-4): p. 366-373.
[18] Chen, K.C., et al., Infusing the Materials Engineering Curriculum with
Sustainability Principles, in American Society for Engineering
Education Annual Conference Proceedings. 2006.
[19] Kamp, L., Engineering education in sustainable development at Delft
University of Technology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006. 14(9-
11): p. 928-931.
[20] Seliger, G., et al., Approaches to sustainable manufacturing.
International Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing, 2008. 1(1-2): p. 58 -
77.
[21] Holmberg, J., et al., Embedding sustainability in higher education
through interaction with lecturers: Case studies from three European
technical universities. European Journal of Engineering Education,
2008. 33(3): p. 271-282.
[22] Segalas, J., D. Ferrer-Balas, and K.F. Mulder, Conceptual maps:
measuring learning processes of engineering students concerning
sustainable development. European Journal of Engineering Education,
2008. 33(3): p. 297-306.
[23] Conlon, E., The new engineer: between employability and social
responsibility. European Journal of Engineering Education, 2008. 33(2):
p. 151 - 159.
[24] Manfred, F., Overcoming Established Thinking Models. The Role of
Engineering Education in Environmental Sustainabilit. Industry &
Higher Education, 2003. 17 (4): p. 283-89.
[25] Lockyer, J., Evolution of Engineering Education in Canada, New
Challenges for Canadian Universities. Canadian academy of
engineering, 1999. Engineering Issues (8,).
[26] Hammond, G.P., Energy, environment and sustainable development: a
UK perspective. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers,
2000. Part B: Process Safety and Environmental Protection (78): p. 304-
323.
[27] Duncan, R.C., World energy production, population growth, and the
road to the Olduvai Gorge. Population and Environment, 2001. 5.
[28] Edmonds, J. and J.M. Reiley, Global energy - assessing the future. 1985,
New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[29] Price, L., et al., Sectoral Trends and Driving Forces of Global Energy
Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Mitigation and Adaptation
Strategies for Global Change, 1998. 3(2-4).
[30] Bodart, M. and A. De Herde, Global energy savings in offices buildings
by the use of day lighting. Energy & Buildings, 2002. 34( 5): p. 421-
429.
[31] Leggett, J.K., Half gone: oil, gas, hot air, and the global energy crisis, in
Portobello Books. 2005.
[32] Lieberthal, K. and M. Herberg, China's Search for Energy Security:
Implications for US Policy. National Bureau of Asian Research NBR
analysis, 2006. 17(1).
[33] Kreith, F. and D.Y. Goswami, Handbook of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy. 2007: CRC Press.
[34] Kato, N. and H. Akimoto, Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in
Asia: Emission inventories. Atmospheric Environment, 2007. 41(1): p.
171-191.
[35] Heger, M., The Price Is Wrong for Oil Shale and Tar Sand Tech. IEEE
Spectrum, 2008.
[36] Bush, G.W., the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, in
President of United States of America,. 2007.
[37] Oktay, Z., Investigation of coal-fired power plants in Turkey and a case
study: Can plant. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2009. 29: p. 550-557.
[38] Anderson, D., Part IV, where do we go from here? Energy and economic
prosperity, in chapter11, World Energy Assessment: Energy and the
Challenge of Sustainability. 2004. p. 394.
[39] Lee, H. and S.K. Verma, Coal or Gas: The Cost of Cleaner Power in the
Midwest, in BCSIA Discussion Paper 2000-08, ENRP Discussion Paper
E-2000-08. 2000, Harvard University: Kennedy School of Government.
[40] Lovins, A.B., More Profit with Less Carbon, Science America. 2005.
293: p. 74-82.
[41] Himmelblau, D.M. and J.B. Riggs, Basic principles and calculations in
chemical engineering. 7th ed. 2004: Prentice-Hall.
[42] George, K.D., The Economics Of Nuclear And Conventional Coal-Fired
Stations in the United kingdom, in Oxford Economic Papers. 1960. p.
294.
[43] Pouris, A., On the Economics of Nuclear and Coal - Fired Electricity
Generation. South African Journal of Economics, 1987. 55(4): p. 267-
276.
[44] Johansson, T.B. and J. Goldemberg, World Energy Assessment
Overview: 2004 Update. 2004-05: UNDP, UN-DESA and the World
Energy Council.
[45] Engineering, T.R.A.O., Costs of Generating Electricity. 2004:
Westminster, London.
[46] Ramage, J., Energy A Guidebook. Oxford. 1997: Oxford University
Press.
[47] PERSPECTIVES, E.T., International Energy Agency. 2006, Paris,
France.
[48] Akmal, M. and D. Riwoe, AUSTRALIAN ENERGY, national and state
projections to 2029-30. ABARE eReport 05.9. 2005, Canberra:
Commonwealth of Australia.
[49] Kobayashi, K., Energy Efficiency in the Apec Region The Power Sector,
ed. A.A. Aponte. 2008, Tokyo, Japan: Asia Pacific Energy Research
Centre (APERC).
[50] Okura, R., et al., Completion of High-efficiency Coal-fired Power
Plant.Hitachi Review, 2003. 52(2): p. 79-83.
[51] Soares, C., Gas Turbines: A Handbook of Air, Land and Sea
Applications. 2007, Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
[52] Commission, E.E., Eurostat (historical data), Primes Energy Model,
(European Commission 2006) for projections, in EN19 Efficiency of
conventional thermal electricity production. 2006.
[53] IEA (2003) small hydro data from international association for small
hydro.
[54] Pacey, P., The Culture of Technology. 1983: Basil Blackwell.
[55] Sondreal, E.A., M.L. Jones, and G.H. Groenewold, Tides and Trends in
the World's Electric Power Industry. The Electricity Journal, 2001.
14(1): p. 61-79.
[56] DETR Department of the Environment Transport regions, Energy
savings in industrial water pumping systems. Good practice guide 249.
1998, Oxfordshire, England.
[57] Lovins, A.B., L.H. Lovins, and P. Hawken, A Road Map for Natural
Capitalism. Harvard business review, 1999.
[58] Norton, M., Science and Engineering and Society, in Environmental
Impacts and Global responses. 2004, Tokyo Institute of technology.
[59] Mott, R.L., Applied Fluid Mechanics. 6th ed. 2006, Jurong, Singapore:
Pearson Publication, Inc.
[60] Cengel, Y.A. and M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering
Approach. 5th ed ed. 2006, New York: McGraw-Hill.
[61] Shiels, S., Locating the greatest centrifugal pump energy savings.
Centrifugal Pump Academy, 1998. 1998(384): p. 56-59.
[62] Buffler, C.R., Microwave Cooking And Processing: Engineering
Fundamentals For The Food Scientist. 1992, New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
[63] Tetsuji, O., Microwave Oven Evaluation Standard Subcommittee
Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee
for Natural Resources and Energy, in Japan's "Top Runner" Standard.
2005.
[64] Ehrlich, P.R. and J.P. Holdren Impact of Population Growth. Science,
1971. 171 p. 1212-17.
[65] Holdren, J.P. and P.R. Ehrlich, Human population and the global
environment. American Scientist 1974. 62(3): p. 282-292.
[66] Schulze, P.C., I=PAT. Ecological Economics, 2002. 40: p. 149-150.
[67] Jacob, M., Sustainable Development: A Reconstructive Critique of the
United Nations Debate. 1996, Dept of Theory of Science and Research:
Göteborg, Sweden.
[68] Daily, G.C. and P.R. Ehrlich, Population, sustainability, and earth's
carrying capacity. Bioscience, 1992. 42(10): p. 761-771.
[69] Dietz, T. and E.A. Rosa Rethinking the environmental impacts of
Population, Affluence and Technology. Human Ecology Review, 1994.
Summer/Autumn, 1.
[70] Fuchs, D.A. and S. Lorek, An inquiry into the impact of globalization on
the potential for ÔÇÿsustainable consumption- in households, in Workshop
on Sustainable Household Consumption: Impacts, Goals and Indicators
for Energy-use, Transport and Food. 2000, ProSus/CSTM: Enschede,
Norway.
[71] Van der Wal, J. and K.J. Noorman, Analysis of Household Metabolic
Flows. In Green Households? Domestic Consumers, Environment, and
Sustainability, K.J.N.a.T.S. Uiterkamp, Editor. 1998, Earthscan:
London.
[72] D├╝rrenberger, G. and P. Nikola, Energy Metabolism of Swiss
Households, in the Second International Symposium on Sustainable
Household Consumption. 1999: Groningen-Paterswolde.
[73] Ferguson, R., et al., Benefits of electricity generation. Engineering
Science and Education Journal, 1997.
[74] Burkett, P., the Value Problem in Ecological Economics: Lessons from
the Physiocrats and Marx. Organization Environment, 2003. 16: p. 137-
167.
[75] Detchon, R., Over a Barrel? Myths and Facts about U.S. Dependence on
Foreign Oil. 2004: The Century Foundation, Inc.
[76] EIA, E.I.A., Annual Oil Market Chronology, in U.S. Department of
Energy. 2008.
[77] Factbook, O., Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics Energy -
Energy production and prices. Oil prices OECD, 2007.
[78] Flavin, C. and A.B. Durning, Building on success, The age of energy
efficiency. The Worldwatch Institute. 1988, Washington, DC.
[79] Hawken, P., A. Lovins, and L.H. Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating
the Next Industrial Revolution. 1999, London: Earthscan.
[80] Alexander, C., Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Harvard University
Press. 1964, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:54231", author = "A. M. Hasna", title = "Energy Efficiency: An Engineering Pathway towards Sustainability", abstract = "Today global warming, climate change and energy supply are of greater concern as it is widely realized that the planet earth does not provide an infinite capacity for absorbing human industrialization in the 21st century. The aim of this paper is to analyze upstream and downstream electricity production in selected case studies: a coal power plant, a pump system and a microwave oven covering and consumption to explore the position of energy efficiency in engineering sustainability. Collectively, the analysis presents energy efficiency as a major pathway towards sustainability that requires an inclusive and a holistic supply chain response in the engineering design process.
", keywords = "Sustainability, technology, efficiency, engineering,energy.", volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "806-9", }
