Effects of Intrauterine and Extrauterine Exposure to 1800 MHz GSM-Like Radiofrequency Radiation on Liver Regulatory Enzymes Activities in Infant Female Rabbits
In the present study, we aimed to design the
intrauterine and extrauterine exposure to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF
radiation and investigate its possible bio-effects on infant female
rabbits. Totally thirty-six New Zealand White female rabbits, onemonth
old, were randomly divided into four groups which are
composed of 9 rabbits; i. Group I [Intrauterine (IU) exposure(-);
Extrauterine (EU) exposure (-)], Group II [IU exposure (-); EU
exposure (+)], Group III [IU exposure(+);EU exposure(-)], Group IV
[IU exposure (+);EU exposure(+)]. The master regulatory enzymes
activities of pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase, G-6PD; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 6-
PGDH) and glutathione-dependent metabolism (glutathione
peroxidase, GSH-Px; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione Stransferase,
GST, thioredoxin reductase, TRx) were analyzed in liver
tissues of young female rabbits. Decreased G-6PD, 6-PGD, GSH-Px,
GR activities were found in Group III compared to Group I (p<0.05,
Mann Whitney). Increased GSH-px and TRx activities were found in
Group IV compared to Group I (p<0.05, Mann Whitney). It can be
concluded that the intrauterine and extrauterine exposure to GSMlike
RF radiation may influence the liver regulatory enzymes
activities.
[1] S. Milham and E.M. Ossiander, " Historical evidence that residential
electrification caused the emergence of the childhood leukemia peak",
Medical Hypothesis, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 290-295, 2001.
[2] L. Hardell and C. Sage, " Biologial effects from electromagnetic field
exposure and public exposure standards", Biomedicine &
Pharmacotherapy, vol. 62, pp. 104-109, 2008.
[3] IARC. 2002. Non-ionizing radiation, part 1: Static and extremely lowfrequency
(ELF) electric and magnetic fields. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer.
[4] H. Merzenich, S. Schmiedel, S. Bennack, H. Br├╝ggemeyer, J. Philipp,
M. Blettner and J. Sch├╝z, " Childhood leukemia in relation to
radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of TV and radio
broadcast transmitters", American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 168,
no. 10, pp. 1169-1178, 2008.
[5] P.A. McKinney, O.Y. Raji, M. van Tongeren and R.G. Feltbower, "The
UK Childhood cancer study: Maternal occupational exposures and
childhood leukemia and lymphoma", Radiation Protection Dosimetry,
vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 232-240, 2008.
[6] M. Ha, H. Im, M. Lee, H.J. Kim, B.C. Kim, Y.M. Gimm and J.K. Pack,
"Radio-frequency radiation exposure from AM radio transmitters and
childhood leukemia and brain cancer", American Journal of
Epidemiology, 2007.
[7] J. Sch├╝z and A. Ahlbom, " Exposure to electromagnetic fields and the
risk of childhood leukemia: A review", Radiation Protection Dosimetry,
vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 202-211, 2008.
[8] L. Kheifets, M. Repacholi, R. Saunders, E. van Deventer " The
sensitivity of children to electromagnetic fields", Pediatrics, vol 116, pp.
e303-e313, 2005.
[9] M.H. Repacholi, " Radiofrequency field exposure and cancer: What do
the laboratory studies suggest?", Environmental Health Perspectives,
vol. 105, no. suppl 6, pp. 1565-1568, 1997.
[10] A. Ahlbom, A. Green, L. Kheifets, D. Savitz, A. Swerdlow,
"Epidemiology of Health Effects of Radiofrequency Exposure",
Environmental Health Perspect,ives, vol. 112, pp. 1741-1754, 2004.
[11] M. Zmyślony, P. Politanski, E. Rajkowska, W. Szymczak, J. Jajte,
"Acute exposure to 930 MHz CW electromagnetic radiation in vitro
affects reactive oxygen species level in rat lymphocytes treated by iron
ions", Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 25, pp. 324-328, 2004.
[12] Levy H.R.. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. Adv Enzymol In: A.
Meister Ed. Vol 48, p. 97-192, John Wiley and Sons, New York. (1979)
[13] J. Mohit, A.D. Brenner, C.C. Jui Lei, Lim, B..Wang, D.R. Pinentel,
"Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Modulates Cytosolic redox status
and contractile phenotype in adult cardiomyocytes", Circ Res, vol. 93,
pp. 9-16, 2003.
[14] H. Cabezas, R.R. Raposo, E. Melendez-Hevia, "Activity and metabolic
roles of the pentose phosphate cycle in several rat tissues", Mol. Cell.
Biochem., vol. 201, no. 1-2, pp. 57-63, 1999.
[15] R.I. van Haaften, G.R. Haenen, C.T. Evelo, A. Bast, " Effect of vitamin
E on glutathione-dependent enzymes", Drug Metab Rev., vol. 35, no.
2-3, pp. 215-53, 2003.
[16] W.H. Habig, M.J. Pabst, and W.B. Jakoby, "Glutathione S-transferase.
The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation", J. Biol. Chem.,
vol. 249, pp. 7130-7139, 1974.
[17] S. Gromer, J. Wissing, D. Behne, K. Ashman, R.H. Schirmer, L. Flohe,
K. , Becker A., "Hypothesis on the catalytic mechanism of the
selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase", Biochem J, vol. 332, no. Pt 2, pp.
591-592, 1998.
[18] E. Beutler, Red cell metabolism. In: A Manual of Biochemical Methods.
Grone & Stratton, New York. 1971; 66-8.
[19] K. Betke, G. J. Brewer, H.N. Kirkman et al. "Standardized method for
G-6-PD assay of haemolysates", WHO Tech. Rep. Ser., vol. 366, pp.
30-32, 1967.
[20] B.M. Pearse, M.A. Rosemeyer , " 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
from human erythrocytes", Methods Enzymol., vol. 41, pp. 220-226,
1975.
[21] N.L. Acan, E.F. Tezcan, "Sheep brain glutathione reductase: Purification
and general properties" FEBS Lett. , vol. 250, pp. 72-74, 1989.
[22] V. Garaj-Vrhovac, A. Fucic, and D. Horvat, "The correlation between
the frequency of nuclei and specific chromosome aberrations in human
lymphocytes exposed to microwave radiation in vitro", Mutation
Research, vol. 281, no. 3,pp. 181-186, 1992.
[23] S. Sarkar, S. Ali, and J. Behari, "Effect of low power microwave on the
mouse genome: a direct DNA analysis", Mutation Research, vol. 320,
no. 1-2, pp. 141-147, 1994.
[24] H. Lai ,and N.P. Singh, "Melatonin and spin-trap compoundblock
radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation- induced DNA strand breaks in
rat brain cells", Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 18,pp. 446-454, 1997.
[25] V. Garaj-Vrhovac, and V. Orescanin, "Assessment of DNA sensitivity
in peripheral blood leukocytes after occupational exposure to microwave
radiation: The alkaline comet assay and chromatid breakage assay", Cell
Biology and Toxicology, vol. 25, pp. 33-43, 2009.
[26] I.Y. Belyaev, E. Markova, L. Hillert, L.O. Malmgren, and B.R. Persson,
"Microwaves from UMTS/GSM mobile phones induce long-lasting
inhibition of 53BP1/gamma-H2AX DNA repair foci in human
lymphocytes", Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 30, pp. 129-141, 2009.
[27] B. Hocking, and R. Westerman, "Neurological abnormalities associated
with CDMA exposure", Occupational Medicine, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 410-
413, 2001.
[28] D. Leszczynski, S. Joenvaara, J. Reivinien, and R. Kuokka, "Nonthermal
activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stres pathway by mobile
phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for
cancer and blood brain barrier-related effects", Differentiation, vol. 70,
pp. 120-129, 2002.
[29] F. Tian, T. Nakahara, K. Wake, M. Taki, and J. Miyokoshi, "Exposure
to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields induces hsp70 at a high SAR of more
than 20 W/kg but not at 5 W/kg in human glioma MO54 cells",
International Journal of Radiation Biology, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 433-440,
2002.
[30] M.E. Lopez-Martin, J. Brogains, J.L. Relova-Quinteiro, C. Cadarso-
Suarez, F.J. Jorge-Barreiro, and F.J. Ares-Pena, "The action of pulsemodulated
GSM radiation increases regional changes in brain activity
and c-Fos expression in cortical and subcortical areas in a rat model of
picrotoxin-induced seizure proneness", Journal of Neuroscience
Research, vol. 87, pp. 1484-1499, 2009.
[31] L. Hardell, M. Carlberg, and K. Mild Hansson, "Epidemiological
evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor
diseases", Pathophysiology, vol. 16, pp. 113-122, 2009.
[32] F. Marinelli, D. La Sala, G. Cicciotti, L. Cattini, C. Trimarchi, S. Putti, "
Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field induces an unbalance
between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival signals in T-lymphoblastoid
leukemia CCRF-CEM cells", Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 198,
pp. 324-332, 2004.
[33] I. Trosic, I. Busljeta, and B. Modlic, "Investigation of genotoxic effect
of microwave irradiation in rat bone marrow cells: In vivo exposure",
Mutagenesis, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 361-364, 2004.
[34] M. Lantow, M. Lupke, J. Frahm, M.O. Mattsson, N. Kuster, and M.
Simko, "ROS release and HSp 70 expression after exposure to 1800
MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in primary human
monocytes and lymphocytes", Radiation and Environmental Biophysics,
vol. 45, pp. 55-62, 2006.
[35] S. Sanchez, A. Milochau, G. Ruffie, F. Poulletier de Gannes, I. Lagroye,
E. Haro, "Human skin cell stres response to GSM-900 mobile phone
signals: In vitro study on isolated primary cells and reconstructed
epidermis", The FEBS Journal, vol. 273, pp. 5491-5507, 2006.
[36] Y.M. Moustafa, R.M. Moustafa, A. Belacy, S.H. Abou-El-Ela, F.M. Ali,
" Effects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular
phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human
erythrocytes", Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol.
26, pp. 605-608, 2001.
[37] A. Koyu, F. Ozguner, G. Cesur, O. Gokalp, H. Mollaoglu, S. Caliskan,
N. Delibas, " No effects of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz electromagnetic
field emitted from cellular phone on nocturnal serum melatonin levels in
rats", Toxicology and Industrial Health, vol. 21, pp. 27-31, 2005.
[38] Belyaev, I. (2005). Non-thermal biological effects of microwaves.
Microwave Review, 11, 13-29.
[39] Stewart Report (2000) Mobile Phones and Health. Report of
Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones. National Radiation
Protection Board NRPB, London, UK (http://www.iegmp.org.uk).
[40] G. Daston, E. Faustman, G. Ginsberg, P. Fenner-Crisp, S. Olin, B.
sonawane, J. Bruckner and W. Breslin, " A Framework for assessing
risks to children from exposure to environmental agents", Environmental
health Perspectives, vol. 112, pp. 238-256, 2004.
[1] S. Milham and E.M. Ossiander, " Historical evidence that residential
electrification caused the emergence of the childhood leukemia peak",
Medical Hypothesis, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 290-295, 2001.
[2] L. Hardell and C. Sage, " Biologial effects from electromagnetic field
exposure and public exposure standards", Biomedicine &
Pharmacotherapy, vol. 62, pp. 104-109, 2008.
[3] IARC. 2002. Non-ionizing radiation, part 1: Static and extremely lowfrequency
(ELF) electric and magnetic fields. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer.
[4] H. Merzenich, S. Schmiedel, S. Bennack, H. Br├╝ggemeyer, J. Philipp,
M. Blettner and J. Sch├╝z, " Childhood leukemia in relation to
radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of TV and radio
broadcast transmitters", American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 168,
no. 10, pp. 1169-1178, 2008.
[5] P.A. McKinney, O.Y. Raji, M. van Tongeren and R.G. Feltbower, "The
UK Childhood cancer study: Maternal occupational exposures and
childhood leukemia and lymphoma", Radiation Protection Dosimetry,
vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 232-240, 2008.
[6] M. Ha, H. Im, M. Lee, H.J. Kim, B.C. Kim, Y.M. Gimm and J.K. Pack,
"Radio-frequency radiation exposure from AM radio transmitters and
childhood leukemia and brain cancer", American Journal of
Epidemiology, 2007.
[7] J. Sch├╝z and A. Ahlbom, " Exposure to electromagnetic fields and the
risk of childhood leukemia: A review", Radiation Protection Dosimetry,
vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 202-211, 2008.
[8] L. Kheifets, M. Repacholi, R. Saunders, E. van Deventer " The
sensitivity of children to electromagnetic fields", Pediatrics, vol 116, pp.
e303-e313, 2005.
[9] M.H. Repacholi, " Radiofrequency field exposure and cancer: What do
the laboratory studies suggest?", Environmental Health Perspectives,
vol. 105, no. suppl 6, pp. 1565-1568, 1997.
[10] A. Ahlbom, A. Green, L. Kheifets, D. Savitz, A. Swerdlow,
"Epidemiology of Health Effects of Radiofrequency Exposure",
Environmental Health Perspect,ives, vol. 112, pp. 1741-1754, 2004.
[11] M. Zmyślony, P. Politanski, E. Rajkowska, W. Szymczak, J. Jajte,
"Acute exposure to 930 MHz CW electromagnetic radiation in vitro
affects reactive oxygen species level in rat lymphocytes treated by iron
ions", Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 25, pp. 324-328, 2004.
[12] Levy H.R.. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. Adv Enzymol In: A.
Meister Ed. Vol 48, p. 97-192, John Wiley and Sons, New York. (1979)
[13] J. Mohit, A.D. Brenner, C.C. Jui Lei, Lim, B..Wang, D.R. Pinentel,
"Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Modulates Cytosolic redox status
and contractile phenotype in adult cardiomyocytes", Circ Res, vol. 93,
pp. 9-16, 2003.
[14] H. Cabezas, R.R. Raposo, E. Melendez-Hevia, "Activity and metabolic
roles of the pentose phosphate cycle in several rat tissues", Mol. Cell.
Biochem., vol. 201, no. 1-2, pp. 57-63, 1999.
[15] R.I. van Haaften, G.R. Haenen, C.T. Evelo, A. Bast, " Effect of vitamin
E on glutathione-dependent enzymes", Drug Metab Rev., vol. 35, no.
2-3, pp. 215-53, 2003.
[16] W.H. Habig, M.J. Pabst, and W.B. Jakoby, "Glutathione S-transferase.
The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation", J. Biol. Chem.,
vol. 249, pp. 7130-7139, 1974.
[17] S. Gromer, J. Wissing, D. Behne, K. Ashman, R.H. Schirmer, L. Flohe,
K. , Becker A., "Hypothesis on the catalytic mechanism of the
selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase", Biochem J, vol. 332, no. Pt 2, pp.
591-592, 1998.
[18] E. Beutler, Red cell metabolism. In: A Manual of Biochemical Methods.
Grone & Stratton, New York. 1971; 66-8.
[19] K. Betke, G. J. Brewer, H.N. Kirkman et al. "Standardized method for
G-6-PD assay of haemolysates", WHO Tech. Rep. Ser., vol. 366, pp.
30-32, 1967.
[20] B.M. Pearse, M.A. Rosemeyer , " 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
from human erythrocytes", Methods Enzymol., vol. 41, pp. 220-226,
1975.
[21] N.L. Acan, E.F. Tezcan, "Sheep brain glutathione reductase: Purification
and general properties" FEBS Lett. , vol. 250, pp. 72-74, 1989.
[22] V. Garaj-Vrhovac, A. Fucic, and D. Horvat, "The correlation between
the frequency of nuclei and specific chromosome aberrations in human
lymphocytes exposed to microwave radiation in vitro", Mutation
Research, vol. 281, no. 3,pp. 181-186, 1992.
[23] S. Sarkar, S. Ali, and J. Behari, "Effect of low power microwave on the
mouse genome: a direct DNA analysis", Mutation Research, vol. 320,
no. 1-2, pp. 141-147, 1994.
[24] H. Lai ,and N.P. Singh, "Melatonin and spin-trap compoundblock
radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation- induced DNA strand breaks in
rat brain cells", Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 18,pp. 446-454, 1997.
[25] V. Garaj-Vrhovac, and V. Orescanin, "Assessment of DNA sensitivity
in peripheral blood leukocytes after occupational exposure to microwave
radiation: The alkaline comet assay and chromatid breakage assay", Cell
Biology and Toxicology, vol. 25, pp. 33-43, 2009.
[26] I.Y. Belyaev, E. Markova, L. Hillert, L.O. Malmgren, and B.R. Persson,
"Microwaves from UMTS/GSM mobile phones induce long-lasting
inhibition of 53BP1/gamma-H2AX DNA repair foci in human
lymphocytes", Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 30, pp. 129-141, 2009.
[27] B. Hocking, and R. Westerman, "Neurological abnormalities associated
with CDMA exposure", Occupational Medicine, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 410-
413, 2001.
[28] D. Leszczynski, S. Joenvaara, J. Reivinien, and R. Kuokka, "Nonthermal
activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stres pathway by mobile
phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for
cancer and blood brain barrier-related effects", Differentiation, vol. 70,
pp. 120-129, 2002.
[29] F. Tian, T. Nakahara, K. Wake, M. Taki, and J. Miyokoshi, "Exposure
to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields induces hsp70 at a high SAR of more
than 20 W/kg but not at 5 W/kg in human glioma MO54 cells",
International Journal of Radiation Biology, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 433-440,
2002.
[30] M.E. Lopez-Martin, J. Brogains, J.L. Relova-Quinteiro, C. Cadarso-
Suarez, F.J. Jorge-Barreiro, and F.J. Ares-Pena, "The action of pulsemodulated
GSM radiation increases regional changes in brain activity
and c-Fos expression in cortical and subcortical areas in a rat model of
picrotoxin-induced seizure proneness", Journal of Neuroscience
Research, vol. 87, pp. 1484-1499, 2009.
[31] L. Hardell, M. Carlberg, and K. Mild Hansson, "Epidemiological
evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor
diseases", Pathophysiology, vol. 16, pp. 113-122, 2009.
[32] F. Marinelli, D. La Sala, G. Cicciotti, L. Cattini, C. Trimarchi, S. Putti, "
Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field induces an unbalance
between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival signals in T-lymphoblastoid
leukemia CCRF-CEM cells", Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 198,
pp. 324-332, 2004.
[33] I. Trosic, I. Busljeta, and B. Modlic, "Investigation of genotoxic effect
of microwave irradiation in rat bone marrow cells: In vivo exposure",
Mutagenesis, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 361-364, 2004.
[34] M. Lantow, M. Lupke, J. Frahm, M.O. Mattsson, N. Kuster, and M.
Simko, "ROS release and HSp 70 expression after exposure to 1800
MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in primary human
monocytes and lymphocytes", Radiation and Environmental Biophysics,
vol. 45, pp. 55-62, 2006.
[35] S. Sanchez, A. Milochau, G. Ruffie, F. Poulletier de Gannes, I. Lagroye,
E. Haro, "Human skin cell stres response to GSM-900 mobile phone
signals: In vitro study on isolated primary cells and reconstructed
epidermis", The FEBS Journal, vol. 273, pp. 5491-5507, 2006.
[36] Y.M. Moustafa, R.M. Moustafa, A. Belacy, S.H. Abou-El-Ela, F.M. Ali,
" Effects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular
phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human
erythrocytes", Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol.
26, pp. 605-608, 2001.
[37] A. Koyu, F. Ozguner, G. Cesur, O. Gokalp, H. Mollaoglu, S. Caliskan,
N. Delibas, " No effects of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz electromagnetic
field emitted from cellular phone on nocturnal serum melatonin levels in
rats", Toxicology and Industrial Health, vol. 21, pp. 27-31, 2005.
[38] Belyaev, I. (2005). Non-thermal biological effects of microwaves.
Microwave Review, 11, 13-29.
[39] Stewart Report (2000) Mobile Phones and Health. Report of
Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones. National Radiation
Protection Board NRPB, London, UK (http://www.iegmp.org.uk).
[40] G. Daston, E. Faustman, G. Ginsberg, P. Fenner-Crisp, S. Olin, B.
sonawane, J. Bruckner and W. Breslin, " A Framework for assessing
risks to children from exposure to environmental agents", Environmental
health Perspectives, vol. 112, pp. 238-256, 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:60900", author = "A. Tomruk and G. Guler and B. Tandogan and E. Ozgur and N.N. Ulusu and N. Seyhan", title = "Effects of Intrauterine and Extrauterine Exposure to 1800 MHz GSM-Like Radiofrequency Radiation on Liver Regulatory Enzymes Activities in Infant Female Rabbits", abstract = "In the present study, we aimed to design the
intrauterine and extrauterine exposure to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF
radiation and investigate its possible bio-effects on infant female
rabbits. Totally thirty-six New Zealand White female rabbits, onemonth
old, were randomly divided into four groups which are
composed of 9 rabbits; i. Group I [Intrauterine (IU) exposure(-);
Extrauterine (EU) exposure (-)], Group II [IU exposure (-); EU
exposure (+)], Group III [IU exposure(+);EU exposure(-)], Group IV
[IU exposure (+);EU exposure(+)]. The master regulatory enzymes
activities of pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase, G-6PD; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 6-
PGDH) and glutathione-dependent metabolism (glutathione
peroxidase, GSH-Px; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione Stransferase,
GST, thioredoxin reductase, TRx) were analyzed in liver
tissues of young female rabbits. Decreased G-6PD, 6-PGD, GSH-Px,
GR activities were found in Group III compared to Group I (p", keywords = "Radiofrequency (RF), intrauterine (IU) andextrauterine (EU) exposure, infant female rabbits.", volume = "4", number = "8", pages = "638-5", }
