Effect of Stitching Pattern on Composite Tubular Structures Subjected to Quasi-Static Crushing
Extensive experimental investigation on the effect of stitching pattern on tubular composite structures was conducted. The effect of stitching reinforcement through thickness on using glass flux yarn on energy absorption of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) was investigated under high speed loading conditions at axial loading. Keeping the mass of the structure at 125 grams and applying different pattern of stitching at various locations in theory enables better energy absorption, and also enables the control over the behaviour of force-crush distance curve. The study consists of simple non-stitch absorber comparison with single and multi-location stitching behaviour and its effect on energy absorption capabilities. The locations of reinforcements are 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 10-20 mm, 10-30 mm, 20-30 mm, 10-20-30 mm and 10-15-20-25-30-35 mm from the top of the specimen. The effect of through the thickness reinforcements has shown increase in energy absorption capabilities and crushing load. The significance of this is that as the stitching locations are closer, the crushing load increases and consequently energy absorption capabilities are also increased. The implementation of this idea would improve the mean force by applying stitching and controlling the behaviour of force-crush distance curve.
[1] Mamalis A.G., Manolakos D.E., Demosthenous G.A. and Ioannidis M.B. (1996), "The static and dynamic collapse of fibreglass composite automotive frame rails", Composite Structures 34, 77X2. Author, Title of the Book, Publishing House, 200X.
[2] Jia X, Chen G, Yu Y, Li G, Zhu J, Luo X, et al. “Effect of geometric factor, winding angle and pre-crack angle on quasi-static crushing behavior of filament wound CFRP cylinder”. Composites Part B 2013; 45:1336–43.
[3] Yan L, Chouw N. “Crashworthiness characteristics of flax fibre reinforced epoxy tubes for energy absorption application”. Mater Des 2013; 51:629–40.
[4] Mahdi E, Sahari BB, Hamouda AMS, Khalid YA. “An experimental investigation into crushing behaviour of filament-wound laminated cone–cone intersection composite shell”. Compos Struct 2001; 51:211–9.
[5] Mahdi E, Hamouda AMS, Sahari BB, Khalid YA. “Experimental quasi-static axial crushing of cone tube cone composite system”. Composites Part B 2003;34: 285–302.
[6] Mahdi E, Hamouda AMS, Sahari BB, Khalid YA. “Effect of hybridisation on crushing behaviour of carbon/glass fibre/epoxy circular cylindrical shells”. J Mater Process Technol 2005; 132:49–57.
[7] Abosbaia AS, Mahdi E, Hamouda AMS, Sahari BB, Mokhtar AS. “Energy absorption capability of laterally loaded segmented composite tubes”. Compos Struct 2005; 70:356–73.
[8] DiPaolo BP, Tom JG. “A study on an axial crush configuration response of thin wall, steel box components: the quasi-static experiments.” Int J Solids Struct 2006; 43:7752–75.
[9] Santosa S, Wierzbicki T. “Crash behaviour of box columns filled with aluminium honeycomb or foam”. Compos Struct 1998;68(4):343–67.
[10] Santosa S, Wierzbicki T. “Effect of an ultralight metal filler on the bending collapse behaviour of thin walled prismatic columns”. Int J Mech Sci 1999;41(8):967–93.
[11] Cheng Q, Altenhof W, Jin SY, Powell C, Harte AM. “Energy absorption of aluminium foam filled braided stainless steel tubes under quasi-static tensile loading conditions”. Int J Mech Sci 2006; 48:1223–33.
[12] Kotzialis C, Derdas C, Kostopoulos V. “Blast behaviour of plates with sacrificial cladding”. In: 5th GRACM international congress on computational mechanics, June 29–July 1, Limassol, Cyprus; 2005.
[13] Guruprasad S, Mukherjee A. “Layered sacrificial claddings under blast loading Part II – experimental studies”. Int J Impact Eng 2000;24(9):975–84.
[14] Hanssen AG, Enstock L, Langseth M. “Close-range blast loading of aluminium foam panels”. Int J Impact Eng 2002;27(6):593–618.
[15] Beardmore P, Johnson CF. “The potential for composites in structural automotive applications”. Compos Sci Technol 1986;26(4):251–81.
[16] James A. “Performance comparison of plastic composites with metals for vertical body panel applications”. SAE Technical paper; 1999 (1999-01-08480).
[17] Kostopoulos V, Markopoulos YP, Vlachos DE, Galiotis C, Melanitis NE. “A heavy duty composite bridge made of glass polyester pultruded box beams”. In: Proceedings of RTO applied vehicle technology panel (AVT) specialists’ meeting on ‘‘Low cost composite structures”. Loen, Norway; May 7–11, 2001.
[18] Ramakrishna S. “Microstructural design of composite materials for crashworthy structural applications”. Mater Des 1997;18(3):167–73.
[19] Mamalis AG, Manolakos DE, Ioannidis MB, Papapostolou DP. “The static and dynamic and axial collapse of CFRP square tubes: finite element modeling”. Compos Struct 2006; 74:213–25.
[20] Mamalis AG, Manolakos DE, Ioannidis MB, Papapostolou DP. “On the experimental investigation of crack energy absorption in laminate splaying collapse mode of FRP tubular components”. Compos Struct 2005; 70:413–29.
[21] Palanivelu S, Van Paepegem W, Degrieck J, Kakogiannis D, Van Ackeren J, Van Hemelrijck D, et al. “Comparative study of the quasi-static energy absorption of small-scale composite tubes with different geometrical shapes for use in sacrificial cladding structures”. Polym Test 2010; 29:381–96.
[22] Song H-W, Wan Z-M, Xie Z-M, Du X-W. “Axial impact behavior and energy absorption efficiency of composite wrapped metal tubes”. Int J Impact Eng 2000;24(4):385–401.
[23] Ramakrishna S, Hamada H. “Energy absorption characteristics of crash worthy structural composite materials”. Key Engineering Materials 1998;141–143:585–620.
[24] Hull D. “A unified approach to progressive crushing of fibre-reinforced composite tubes”. Compos Sci Technol 1991;40(4):377–421.
[25] Abosbaia AAS, Mahdi E, Hamouda AMS, Sahari BB. “Quasi-static axial crushing of segmented and non-segmented composite tubes”. Compos Struct 2003; 60:327–43.
[26] Savona CS, Hogg PJ. “Effect of fracture toughness properties on the crushing of flat composite plates”. Compos Sci Technol 2006; 66:2317–28.
[27] Mamalis AG, Manolakos DE, Ioannidis MB, Papapostolou DP. “Crashworthy characteristics of axially statically compressed thin-walled square CFRP composite tubes: experimental”. Compos Struct 2004; 63:347–60.
[28] Solaimurugan S, Velmurugan R. “Progressive crushing of stitched glass/ polyester composite cylindrical shells”. Compos Sci Technol 2007;67(3– 4):422–37.
[29] Thronton PH, Edwards PJ. “Energy absorption in composite tubes”. J Compos Matter 1982; 16:521–45.
[30] Thronton PH, Harwood JJ, Beardmore P. “Fiber reinforced plastic composites for energy absorption purposes”. Compos Sci Technol 1985; 24:275–98.
[31] Solaimurugan S and Velmurugan R. Influence of fibre orientation and stacking sequence on petalling of glass/polyester composite cylindrical shell under axial compression. Int Jnl of Sol and Struc 2007; 44:6999-7020.
[32] Solaimurugan S and Velmurugan R. “Progressive crushing of stitched glass/polyester composite cylindrical shells”. Compos Sci Technol 2007; 67:422-437.
[33] Ghasemnejad H and Hadavinia H. “Off-axis crashworthiness characteristic of woven glass/epoxy composite box structures”. J. Reinf Plast Comp. 2010;29(15), 2306-2330.
[34] Ghafari-Namini, N. and Ghasemnejad, H. “Effect of natural stitched composites on the crashworthiness of box structures”. Materials & design, 2012;39:484-494.
[1] Mamalis A.G., Manolakos D.E., Demosthenous G.A. and Ioannidis M.B. (1996), "The static and dynamic collapse of fibreglass composite automotive frame rails", Composite Structures 34, 77X2. Author, Title of the Book, Publishing House, 200X.
[2] Jia X, Chen G, Yu Y, Li G, Zhu J, Luo X, et al. “Effect of geometric factor, winding angle and pre-crack angle on quasi-static crushing behavior of filament wound CFRP cylinder”. Composites Part B 2013; 45:1336–43.
[3] Yan L, Chouw N. “Crashworthiness characteristics of flax fibre reinforced epoxy tubes for energy absorption application”. Mater Des 2013; 51:629–40.
[4] Mahdi E, Sahari BB, Hamouda AMS, Khalid YA. “An experimental investigation into crushing behaviour of filament-wound laminated cone–cone intersection composite shell”. Compos Struct 2001; 51:211–9.
[5] Mahdi E, Hamouda AMS, Sahari BB, Khalid YA. “Experimental quasi-static axial crushing of cone tube cone composite system”. Composites Part B 2003;34: 285–302.
[6] Mahdi E, Hamouda AMS, Sahari BB, Khalid YA. “Effect of hybridisation on crushing behaviour of carbon/glass fibre/epoxy circular cylindrical shells”. J Mater Process Technol 2005; 132:49–57.
[7] Abosbaia AS, Mahdi E, Hamouda AMS, Sahari BB, Mokhtar AS. “Energy absorption capability of laterally loaded segmented composite tubes”. Compos Struct 2005; 70:356–73.
[8] DiPaolo BP, Tom JG. “A study on an axial crush configuration response of thin wall, steel box components: the quasi-static experiments.” Int J Solids Struct 2006; 43:7752–75.
[9] Santosa S, Wierzbicki T. “Crash behaviour of box columns filled with aluminium honeycomb or foam”. Compos Struct 1998;68(4):343–67.
[10] Santosa S, Wierzbicki T. “Effect of an ultralight metal filler on the bending collapse behaviour of thin walled prismatic columns”. Int J Mech Sci 1999;41(8):967–93.
[11] Cheng Q, Altenhof W, Jin SY, Powell C, Harte AM. “Energy absorption of aluminium foam filled braided stainless steel tubes under quasi-static tensile loading conditions”. Int J Mech Sci 2006; 48:1223–33.
[12] Kotzialis C, Derdas C, Kostopoulos V. “Blast behaviour of plates with sacrificial cladding”. In: 5th GRACM international congress on computational mechanics, June 29–July 1, Limassol, Cyprus; 2005.
[13] Guruprasad S, Mukherjee A. “Layered sacrificial claddings under blast loading Part II – experimental studies”. Int J Impact Eng 2000;24(9):975–84.
[14] Hanssen AG, Enstock L, Langseth M. “Close-range blast loading of aluminium foam panels”. Int J Impact Eng 2002;27(6):593–618.
[15] Beardmore P, Johnson CF. “The potential for composites in structural automotive applications”. Compos Sci Technol 1986;26(4):251–81.
[16] James A. “Performance comparison of plastic composites with metals for vertical body panel applications”. SAE Technical paper; 1999 (1999-01-08480).
[17] Kostopoulos V, Markopoulos YP, Vlachos DE, Galiotis C, Melanitis NE. “A heavy duty composite bridge made of glass polyester pultruded box beams”. In: Proceedings of RTO applied vehicle technology panel (AVT) specialists’ meeting on ‘‘Low cost composite structures”. Loen, Norway; May 7–11, 2001.
[18] Ramakrishna S. “Microstructural design of composite materials for crashworthy structural applications”. Mater Des 1997;18(3):167–73.
[19] Mamalis AG, Manolakos DE, Ioannidis MB, Papapostolou DP. “The static and dynamic and axial collapse of CFRP square tubes: finite element modeling”. Compos Struct 2006; 74:213–25.
[20] Mamalis AG, Manolakos DE, Ioannidis MB, Papapostolou DP. “On the experimental investigation of crack energy absorption in laminate splaying collapse mode of FRP tubular components”. Compos Struct 2005; 70:413–29.
[21] Palanivelu S, Van Paepegem W, Degrieck J, Kakogiannis D, Van Ackeren J, Van Hemelrijck D, et al. “Comparative study of the quasi-static energy absorption of small-scale composite tubes with different geometrical shapes for use in sacrificial cladding structures”. Polym Test 2010; 29:381–96.
[22] Song H-W, Wan Z-M, Xie Z-M, Du X-W. “Axial impact behavior and energy absorption efficiency of composite wrapped metal tubes”. Int J Impact Eng 2000;24(4):385–401.
[23] Ramakrishna S, Hamada H. “Energy absorption characteristics of crash worthy structural composite materials”. Key Engineering Materials 1998;141–143:585–620.
[24] Hull D. “A unified approach to progressive crushing of fibre-reinforced composite tubes”. Compos Sci Technol 1991;40(4):377–421.
[25] Abosbaia AAS, Mahdi E, Hamouda AMS, Sahari BB. “Quasi-static axial crushing of segmented and non-segmented composite tubes”. Compos Struct 2003; 60:327–43.
[26] Savona CS, Hogg PJ. “Effect of fracture toughness properties on the crushing of flat composite plates”. Compos Sci Technol 2006; 66:2317–28.
[27] Mamalis AG, Manolakos DE, Ioannidis MB, Papapostolou DP. “Crashworthy characteristics of axially statically compressed thin-walled square CFRP composite tubes: experimental”. Compos Struct 2004; 63:347–60.
[28] Solaimurugan S, Velmurugan R. “Progressive crushing of stitched glass/ polyester composite cylindrical shells”. Compos Sci Technol 2007;67(3– 4):422–37.
[29] Thronton PH, Edwards PJ. “Energy absorption in composite tubes”. J Compos Matter 1982; 16:521–45.
[30] Thronton PH, Harwood JJ, Beardmore P. “Fiber reinforced plastic composites for energy absorption purposes”. Compos Sci Technol 1985; 24:275–98.
[31] Solaimurugan S and Velmurugan R. Influence of fibre orientation and stacking sequence on petalling of glass/polyester composite cylindrical shell under axial compression. Int Jnl of Sol and Struc 2007; 44:6999-7020.
[32] Solaimurugan S and Velmurugan R. “Progressive crushing of stitched glass/polyester composite cylindrical shells”. Compos Sci Technol 2007; 67:422-437.
[33] Ghasemnejad H and Hadavinia H. “Off-axis crashworthiness characteristic of woven glass/epoxy composite box structures”. J. Reinf Plast Comp. 2010;29(15), 2306-2330.
[34] Ghafari-Namini, N. and Ghasemnejad, H. “Effect of natural stitched composites on the crashworthiness of box structures”. Materials & design, 2012;39:484-494.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:73972", author = "Ali Rabiee and Hessam Ghasemnejad", title = "Effect of Stitching Pattern on Composite Tubular Structures Subjected to Quasi-Static Crushing ", abstract = "Extensive experimental investigation on the effect of stitching pattern on tubular composite structures was conducted. The effect of stitching reinforcement through thickness on using glass flux yarn on energy absorption of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) was investigated under high speed loading conditions at axial loading. Keeping the mass of the structure at 125 grams and applying different pattern of stitching at various locations in theory enables better energy absorption, and also enables the control over the behaviour of force-crush distance curve. The study consists of simple non-stitch absorber comparison with single and multi-location stitching behaviour and its effect on energy absorption capabilities. The locations of reinforcements are 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 10-20 mm, 10-30 mm, 20-30 mm, 10-20-30 mm and 10-15-20-25-30-35 mm from the top of the specimen. The effect of through the thickness reinforcements has shown increase in energy absorption capabilities and crushing load. The significance of this is that as the stitching locations are closer, the crushing load increases and consequently energy absorption capabilities are also increased. The implementation of this idea would improve the mean force by applying stitching and controlling the behaviour of force-crush distance curve.", keywords = "Through-thickness, stitching, reinforcement, Tulbular composite structures, energy absorption.", volume = "10", number = "10", pages = "1261-5", }
