Effect of Fuel Spray Angle on Soot Formation in Turbulent Spray Flames
Results are presented from a combined experimental
and modeling study undertaken to understand the effect of fuel spray
angle on soot production in turbulent liquid spray flames. The
experimental work was conducted in a cylindrical laboratory furnace
at fuel spray cone angle of 30º, 45º and 60º. Soot concentrations
inside the combustor are measured by filter paper technique. The soot
concentration is modeled by using the soot particle number density
and the mass density based acetylene concentrations. Soot oxidation
occurred by both hydroxide radicals and oxygen molecules. The
comparison of calculated results against experimental measurements
shows good agreement. Both the numerical and experimental results
show that the peak value of soot and its location in the furnace
depend on fuel spray cone angle. An increase in spray angle enhances
the evaporating rate and peak temperature near the nozzle. Although
peak soot concentration increase with enhance of fuel spray angle but
soot emission from the furnace decreases.
[1] I. Glassman, "Sooting laminar diffusion flames, effect of dilution,
additives, pressure, and microgravity," Proc Combust Instit, 27:1589
(1998).
[2] J. F. Roesler, S. Martinot, C. S. McEnally, L. D. Pfefferle, J. L. Delfau,
and C. Vovelle, "Investigating the role of methane on the growth of
aromatic hydrocarbons and soot in fundamental combustion processes,"
Comb. Flame J., vol. 134, pp. 249-260, 2003.
[3] S. J. Brookes, and J. B. Moss, "Predictions of soot thermal radiation
properties in confined turbulent jet diffusion flames," Comb. Flame J.,
vol. 116, pp. 486-503, 1999.
[4] T. M. Gruenberger, M. Moghiman, P. J. Bowen and N. Syred,
"Dynamic of soot formation by turbulent combustion and thermal
decomposition of natural gas," Comb. sci. tech. J., vol. 174, pp. 67-86,
2002.
[5] B. Yang, and U. O. Koylu, "Detailed soot field in a turbulent nonpremixed
ethylene/air flame from laser scattering and extinction
experiments," Comb. Flame J., vol. 141, pp. 55-65, 2005.
[6] A. Beltrame, P. Porshnev, W. Merchan-Merchan, A. Saveliev, A.
Fridman, L. A. Kennedy, O. Petrova, S. Zhdanok, F. Amouri. O. and
Charon, "Soot and NO Formation in Methane-Oxygen Enriched
Diffusion Flames," Comb. Flame J., vol. 124, pp. 295-310, 2001.
[7] M. Moghiman, and M. R Maneshkarimi, "On the dependence of spray
evaporation and combustion on atomization techniques," Iranian Sci.
Tech. J., vol. 25, pp. 241-252, 2001.
[8] M. Sommerfeld, and H. H. Qiu, "Experimental studies of spray
evaporation in turbulent flows," Heat Fluid Flow J., vol. 19, pp. 10-22,
1998.
[9] AVL Smoke Measurement, AVL LIST GMBH, Graz (2001).
[10] A. E. German, and T. Mahmud, "Modeling of non-premixed swirl
burner flows using a Reynolds-stress turbulence closure," Fuel J., vol.
84, pp. 583-594, 2005.
[11] J. Zhang, S. Nieh, and L. Zhou, "A new version of algebraic stress
model for simulating strongly swirling flows," Numerical Heat Transfer
J., vol. 22, pp. 49-62, 1992.
[12] P. M. Patterson, A. G. Kyne, M. Pourkashanian, A. Williams, and C. W.
Wilson, "Combustion of kerosene in counter flow diffusion flames,"
Propulsion Power J., vol. 6, pp. 453-460, 2001.
[13] C. K. Westbrook, and F. L. Dryer, "Simplified reaction mechanisms for
the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels in flames," Comb. Sci. Tech. J., vol.
27, pp. 31-45, 1981.
[14] N. Y. Sharma, and S. K. Dom, "Influence of fuel volatility and spray
parameters on combustion characteristics and NOx emission in a gas
turbine combustor," Applied Thermal Eng. J., vol. 24, pp. 885-903,
2004.
[15] J. B. Moss, C. D. Stewart, and K. J. Young, "Modeling soot formation
and oxidation in a high temperature laminar diffusion flame burning
under oxygen-enriched conditions," Comb. Flame J., vol. 101, pp. 491-
500, 1995.
[16] G. M. Faeth,, "Evaporation and combustion of sprays," Prog. Energy
Comb. Sci. J., vol. 9 pp. 1-76, 1983.
[17] K. M Lueng, R. P. Lindstedt, and W. P. Jones, "A simplified reaction
mechanism for soot formation in non premixed flames," Comb. Flame
J., vol. 87, pp. 289-305, 1991.
[18] Z. Wen, S. Yun, M. J. Thomson, and M. F. Lightstone, "Modeling soot
formation in turbulent kerosene/air jet diffusion flames," Comb. Flame
J., vol. 135, pp. 323-340, 2003.
[1] I. Glassman, "Sooting laminar diffusion flames, effect of dilution,
additives, pressure, and microgravity," Proc Combust Instit, 27:1589
(1998).
[2] J. F. Roesler, S. Martinot, C. S. McEnally, L. D. Pfefferle, J. L. Delfau,
and C. Vovelle, "Investigating the role of methane on the growth of
aromatic hydrocarbons and soot in fundamental combustion processes,"
Comb. Flame J., vol. 134, pp. 249-260, 2003.
[3] S. J. Brookes, and J. B. Moss, "Predictions of soot thermal radiation
properties in confined turbulent jet diffusion flames," Comb. Flame J.,
vol. 116, pp. 486-503, 1999.
[4] T. M. Gruenberger, M. Moghiman, P. J. Bowen and N. Syred,
"Dynamic of soot formation by turbulent combustion and thermal
decomposition of natural gas," Comb. sci. tech. J., vol. 174, pp. 67-86,
2002.
[5] B. Yang, and U. O. Koylu, "Detailed soot field in a turbulent nonpremixed
ethylene/air flame from laser scattering and extinction
experiments," Comb. Flame J., vol. 141, pp. 55-65, 2005.
[6] A. Beltrame, P. Porshnev, W. Merchan-Merchan, A. Saveliev, A.
Fridman, L. A. Kennedy, O. Petrova, S. Zhdanok, F. Amouri. O. and
Charon, "Soot and NO Formation in Methane-Oxygen Enriched
Diffusion Flames," Comb. Flame J., vol. 124, pp. 295-310, 2001.
[7] M. Moghiman, and M. R Maneshkarimi, "On the dependence of spray
evaporation and combustion on atomization techniques," Iranian Sci.
Tech. J., vol. 25, pp. 241-252, 2001.
[8] M. Sommerfeld, and H. H. Qiu, "Experimental studies of spray
evaporation in turbulent flows," Heat Fluid Flow J., vol. 19, pp. 10-22,
1998.
[9] AVL Smoke Measurement, AVL LIST GMBH, Graz (2001).
[10] A. E. German, and T. Mahmud, "Modeling of non-premixed swirl
burner flows using a Reynolds-stress turbulence closure," Fuel J., vol.
84, pp. 583-594, 2005.
[11] J. Zhang, S. Nieh, and L. Zhou, "A new version of algebraic stress
model for simulating strongly swirling flows," Numerical Heat Transfer
J., vol. 22, pp. 49-62, 1992.
[12] P. M. Patterson, A. G. Kyne, M. Pourkashanian, A. Williams, and C. W.
Wilson, "Combustion of kerosene in counter flow diffusion flames,"
Propulsion Power J., vol. 6, pp. 453-460, 2001.
[13] C. K. Westbrook, and F. L. Dryer, "Simplified reaction mechanisms for
the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels in flames," Comb. Sci. Tech. J., vol.
27, pp. 31-45, 1981.
[14] N. Y. Sharma, and S. K. Dom, "Influence of fuel volatility and spray
parameters on combustion characteristics and NOx emission in a gas
turbine combustor," Applied Thermal Eng. J., vol. 24, pp. 885-903,
2004.
[15] J. B. Moss, C. D. Stewart, and K. J. Young, "Modeling soot formation
and oxidation in a high temperature laminar diffusion flame burning
under oxygen-enriched conditions," Comb. Flame J., vol. 101, pp. 491-
500, 1995.
[16] G. M. Faeth,, "Evaporation and combustion of sprays," Prog. Energy
Comb. Sci. J., vol. 9 pp. 1-76, 1983.
[17] K. M Lueng, R. P. Lindstedt, and W. P. Jones, "A simplified reaction
mechanism for soot formation in non premixed flames," Comb. Flame
J., vol. 87, pp. 289-305, 1991.
[18] Z. Wen, S. Yun, M. J. Thomson, and M. F. Lightstone, "Modeling soot
formation in turbulent kerosene/air jet diffusion flames," Comb. Flame
J., vol. 135, pp. 323-340, 2003.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:53942", author = "K. Bashirnezhad and M. Moghiman and M. Javadi Amoli and F. Tofighi and S. Zabetnia", title = "Effect of Fuel Spray Angle on Soot Formation in Turbulent Spray Flames", abstract = "Results are presented from a combined experimental
and modeling study undertaken to understand the effect of fuel spray
angle on soot production in turbulent liquid spray flames. The
experimental work was conducted in a cylindrical laboratory furnace
at fuel spray cone angle of 30º, 45º and 60º. Soot concentrations
inside the combustor are measured by filter paper technique. The soot
concentration is modeled by using the soot particle number density
and the mass density based acetylene concentrations. Soot oxidation
occurred by both hydroxide radicals and oxygen molecules. The
comparison of calculated results against experimental measurements
shows good agreement. Both the numerical and experimental results
show that the peak value of soot and its location in the furnace
depend on fuel spray cone angle. An increase in spray angle enhances
the evaporating rate and peak temperature near the nozzle. Although
peak soot concentration increase with enhance of fuel spray angle but
soot emission from the furnace decreases.", keywords = "Soot, spray angle, turbulent flames, liquid fuel.", volume = "2", number = "5", pages = "650-6", }
