Does the Polysemic Nature of Energy Security Make it a 'Wicked' Problem?
Governments around the world are expending
considerable time and resources framing strategies and policies to
deliver energy security. The term 'energy security' has quietly
slipped into the energy lexicon without any meaningful discourse
about its meaning or assumptions. An examination of explicit and
inferred definitions finds that the concept is inherently slippery
because it is polysemic in nature having multiple dimensions and
taking on different specificities depending on the country (or
continent), timeframe or energy source to which it is applied. But
what does this mean for policymakers? Can traditional policy
approaches be used to address the problem of energy security or does
its- polysemic qualities mean that it should be treated as a 'wicked'
problem? To answer this question, the paper assesses energy security
against nine commonly cited characteristics of wicked policy
problems and finds strong evidence of 'wickedness'.
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http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-
NUN20071017.113919/
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energy security: a study of the UK and Singapore electricity markets-,
International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 29(1/2): 109-32.
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problem?, An online Q & A in The Financial Times, 10 January,
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11dc-8052-0000779fd2ac.html
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06-039/CIEP, April, The Hague: ECN Clingendael International Energy
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Costantini, V., Gracceva, F., Markandya, A., and Vicini, G. (2004),
Market-based options for security of energy supply, INDES Working
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http://shop.ceps.eu/BookDetail.php?item_id=1114.
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An introduction-, in Chang, H-J (ed), Institutional change and economic
development, New York: United Nations University Press, pp.1-14.
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markets-, Issues in Regulation Theory, No.53, September.
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theory of planning-, Policy Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2, June, pp.155-69.
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wicked problems, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
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26(1): 5-17.
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The case of energy-, Energy Studies Review, 1(1): 55-69.
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the Third Bi-Annual Research Conference of the International Public
Management Network, Sydney, Australia, 4-6 March.
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with wicked problems in networks: Analyzing an environmental debate
from a network perspective, Journal of Public Administration Research
and Theory, 13(2): 193-212.
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problems-, Proceedings of the International Group for Lean Construction
10th Annual Conference, August, Brazil: 375-87.
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Singapore Management University, Humanities and Social Sciences
Working Paper Series, No.5-2004.
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electricity market-, Economic Papers, Vol.25, No.4, December, pp. 362-
77.
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electricity generation and transmission-, IAEE Energy Forum, Second
quarter, pp. 29-35.
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electricity markets, Paris: OECD/IEA.
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liberalisation on consumer prices, January, London: Public Services
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UK fuel poverty strategy, November, London: Department for Business,
Enterprise & Regulatory Reform.
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economics of climate change mitigation, Canberra: Treasury.
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public subsidies and guarantees?, March, London: Public Services
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experience, September, London: Public Services International Research
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[1] United Nations Development Program (2000), World energy assessment:
energy and the challenge of sustainability, New York: UNDP.
[2] Chester, L. (2007), What are the outcomes and who benefits from the
restructuring of the Australian electricity sector? Unpublished PhD
thesis, University of New South Wales, Available at:
http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-
NUN20071017.113919/
[3] Yergin, D. (2005), ÔÇÿEnergy security and markets-, in Kalicki, J.H. and
Goldwyn, D. L. (eds), Energy and security: Toward a new foreign policy
strategy, Washington: Woodrow Wilson Press, pp. 51-64.
[4] International Energy Agency (2008), World energy outlook 2008, Paris:
OECD/IEA.
[5] Kalicki, J.H. and Goldwyn, D. L. (eds) (2005), Energy and security:
Toward a new foreign policy strategy, Washington: Woodrow Wilson
Press.
[6] M├╝ller-Kraenner, S. (2008), Energy security: Re-measuring the world,
London: Earthscan.
[7] United Nations Development Program (2004), World energy assessment:
overview 2004 update, New York: UNDP.
[8] Wesley, M. (ed) (2007), Energy security in Asia, London: Routledge.
[9] Van Doren, P. (2006), ÔÇÿEnergy & security: Toward a new foreign policy
strategy, by Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn eds - Book review-,
The Energy Journal, 27(2): 182-87.
[10] Chang, Y. and Liang Lee, J. (2008), ÔÇÿElectricity market deregulation and
energy security: a study of the UK and Singapore electricity markets-,
International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 29(1/2): 109-32.
[11] Bohi, D.R. and Toman, M.A. (1993), ÔÇÿEnergy security: externalities and
policies-, Energy Policy, Vol.21, No.11, pp.1093-109.
[12] Bohi, D.R. and Toman, M.A. (1996), The Economics of energy security,
Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[13] International Energy Agency (1985), Energy technology policy, Paris:
OECD/IEA.
[14] International Energy Agency (1995), The IEA natural gas security study,
Paris: OECD/IEA.
[15] International Energy Agency (2007), Energy security and climate policy:
Assessing interactions, Paris: OECD/IEA.
[16] Stern, J. (2007), European gas security: what does it mean and what are
the most important issues, Presentation to CESSA Conference, 14
December, Cambridge, Retrieved 6 July 2008 from
http://www.energypolicyblog.com/?p=110
[17] Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2007a),
Energy markets outlook, October, London: Department for Business,
Enterprise & Regulatory Reform.
[18] Department of Trade and Industry (2006), The energy challenge: Energy
review report 2006, July, London: Department of Trade and Industry.
[19] Department of Trade and Industry (2007), Meeting the energy challenge:
A white paper on energy, May, London: Department of Trade and
Industry.
[20] Bielecki, J. (2002). 'Energy security: is the wolf at the door?', The
Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol.42, pp.235-50.
[21] Scheepers, M., Seebregts, A., de Jong, J. and Maters, H. (2006), EU
standards for energy security of supply, ECN-C-06-039/CIEP, June, The
Hague: ECN Clingendael International Energy Programme.
[22] Noël, P. (2008), Is energy security a political, military or market
problem?, An online Q & A in The Financial Times, 10 January,
Retrieved on 16 August 2008 from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/fd6ef84abf85-
11dc-8052-0000779fd2ac.html
[23] Stern, J. (2002), Security of European natural gas supplies: the impact of
import dependence and liberalization, Chatham House Report, July,
Retrieved 2 July 2008 from
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/58/
[24] Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2007b),
Expected energy unserved: a quantitative measure of security of supply,
URN 07/1522, Contribution to the Energy Markets Outlook Report,
October, London: Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory
Reform.
[25] Tönjes, C. and de Jong, J.J. (2007), Perspectives on security of supply in
European natural gas markets, Working Paper, August, The Hague:
Clingendael International Energy Program.
[26] Scheepers, M., Seebregts, A., de Jong, J. and Maters, H. (2007), EU
standards for energy security of supply; Updates on the crisis capability
index and the supply/demand index quantification for EU-27,, ECN-C-
06-039/CIEP, April, The Hague: ECN Clingendael International Energy
Programme.
[27] Neumann, A. (2007), How to measure security of supply?, Posted 9
September, Retrieved 29 June 2008 from
http://www.energypolicyblog.com/?p=55.
[28] European Commission (2000), Green paper: Towards a European
strategy for the security of energy supply, Commission of the European
Communities, COM/2000/0769 Final, Brussels, Retrieved 12 August
2008 from http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l27037.htm.
[29] European Parliament (2001), Report on the Commission Green Paper
Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply (COM
(2000) 769 - C5-0145/2001 - 2001/2071(COS)), Committee on Industry,
External Trade, Research and Energy, 17 October, Rapporteur: Giles
Chichester, Retrieved 13 October 2008, from
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/plenary/reports/sidesSearch.do#
[30] Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (2007), A quest for energy security
in the 21st century: resources and constraints, Tokyo: APEC.
[31] European Commission (2006), Green paper: A European strategy for
sustainable, competitive and secure energy, COM(2006) 105 Final,
Brussels, 8 March, Retrieved 12 August 2008 from
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l27062.htm
[32] European Commission (2007), Communication from the Commission to
the European Council and the European Parliament: An energy policy
for Europe, COM (2007) 1 Final, Brussels, 10 January, Retrieved 12
August 2008 from http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l27067.htm
[33] Egenhofer, C. and Legge, T. (2001), Security of energy supply: A
question for policy or the markets?, Report of a CEPS Working Party,
November, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies.
[34] Youngs, R. (2007), Europe-s external energy policy: Between
geopolitics and the market, CEPS Working Document
No.278/November, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies,
Retrieved on 14 April 2008 from
http://shop.ceps.eu/BookDetail.php?item_id=1560
[35] Egenhofer, C., Gialoglu, K., Luciani., G., Boots, M., Scheepers, M.,
Costantini, V., Gracceva, F., Markandya, A., and Vicini, G. (2004),
Market-based options for security of energy supply, INDES Working
Paper No.1 March, Retrieved 30 May 2008 from
http://shop.ceps.eu/BookDetail.php?item_id=1114.
[36] Chang, H-J. (2007), ÔÇÿInstitutional change and economic development:
An introduction-, in Chang, H-J (ed), Institutional change and economic
development, New York: United Nations University Press, pp.1-14.
[37] Coriat, B. and Weinstein, O. (2005), ÔÇÿThe social construction of
markets-, Issues in Regulation Theory, No.53, September.
[38] Blaug, M. (2002), ÔÇÿUgly currents in economics-, in M├ñki, U. (ed), Fact
and fiction in economics: Models, realism, and social construction,
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp.35-56.
[39] Behrens, A. and Egenhofer, C. (2008), Energy policy for Europe:
Identifying the European added-value, CEPS Task Force Report, 6
March, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, Retrieved 26 April
2008 from http://shop.ceps.eu/BookDetail.php?item_id=1623
[40] Goodin, R.E., Rein, M., Moran, M. (2006), ÔÇÿThe public and its policies-,
in Moran, M., Rein, M. and Goodin, R.E. (eds), The Oxford handbook
of public policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-35.
[41] Australian Public Service Commission (2007), Tackling wicked
problems: A public policy perspective, Australian Government,
Canberra: Australian Public Service Commission.
[42] Rittel, H.W.J., and Webber, M. M. (1973), ÔÇÿDilemmas in a general
theory of planning-, Policy Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2, June, pp.155-69.
[43] Clark, M. And Stewart, J. (1997), Handling the wicked issues - A
challenge for government-, Discussion paper, School of Public Policy,
University of Birmingham
[44] Conkin, J. (2006), Dialogue mapping: Building shared understanding of
wicked problems, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
[45] Coyne, R. (2005), ÔÇÿWicked problems revisited-, Design Studies, January,
26(1): 5-17.
[46] Paquet, G. (1989), ÔÇÿA social learning framework for a wicked problem:
The case of energy-, Energy Studies Review, 1(1): 55-69.
[47] Roberts, N. (2000), Coping with wicked problems, Paper presented to
the Third Bi-Annual Research Conference of the International Public
Management Network, Sydney, Australia, 4-6 March.
[48] Van Bueren, E.M., Klijn, E-H. And Koppenjan, J.F.M. (2003), ÔÇÿDealing
with wicked problems in networks: Analyzing an environmental debate
from a network perspective, Journal of Public Administration Research
and Theory, 13(2): 193-212.
[49] Whelton, M. And Ballard, G. (2001), ÔÇÿProject definition and wicked
problems-, Proceedings of the International Group for Lean Construction
10th Annual Conference, August, Brazil: 375-87.
[50] Thompson, M. And Verweij, M. (2004), The case for clumsiness,
Singapore Management University, Humanities and Social Sciences
Working Paper Series, No.5-2004.
[51] Chester, L. (2006), ÔÇÿThe conundrums facing Australia-s national
electricity market-, Economic Papers, Vol.25, No.4, December, pp. 362-
77.
[52] Chester, L. (2008), ÔÇÿThe parlous investment environment for Australian
electricity generation and transmission-, IAEE Energy Forum, Second
quarter, pp. 29-35.
[53] International Energy Agency (2003), Power generation investment in
electricity markets, Paris: OECD/IEA.
[54] Showalter, M. (2007), Electricity price trends in deregulated vs regulated
states, Olympia: Power in the Public Interest, November.
[55] Thomas, S. (2006), Recent evidence on the impact of electricity
liberalisation on consumer prices, January, London: Public Services
International Research Unit, University of Greenwich.
[56] Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2001), The
UK fuel poverty strategy, November, London: Department for Business,
Enterprise & Regulatory Reform.
[57] Australian Government (2008), Australia-s low pollution future: The
economics of climate change mitigation, Canberra: Treasury.
[58] Greenpeace International (2007), The economics of nuclear power, June,
Amsterdam: Greenpeace International.
[59] Thomas, S. (2008), Can nuclear power plants be built in Britain without
public subsidies and guarantees?, March, London: Public Services
International Research Unit, University of Greenwich.
[60] Thomas, S. (2002), Regulation in a deregulated energy market: British
experience, September, London: Public Services International Research
Unit, University of Greenwich.
[61] Lindblom, C.E. (1959), ÔÇÿThe science of "muddling through"-, Public
Administration Review, 19(2): 79-88.
[62] Weinstein, S. and Hall, D., (2001), The California electricity crisis -
overview and international lessons, February, London: Public Services
International Research Unit, University of Greenwich.
[63] Food and Agricultural Organisation (1996), Rome declaration on world
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@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:57136", author = "Lynne Chester", title = "Does the Polysemic Nature of Energy Security Make it a 'Wicked' Problem?", abstract = "Governments around the world are expending
considerable time and resources framing strategies and policies to
deliver energy security. The term 'energy security' has quietly
slipped into the energy lexicon without any meaningful discourse
about its meaning or assumptions. An examination of explicit and
inferred definitions finds that the concept is inherently slippery
because it is polysemic in nature having multiple dimensions and
taking on different specificities depending on the country (or
continent), timeframe or energy source to which it is applied. But
what does this mean for policymakers? Can traditional policy
approaches be used to address the problem of energy security or does
its- polysemic qualities mean that it should be treated as a 'wicked'
problem? To answer this question, the paper assesses energy security
against nine commonly cited characteristics of wicked policy
problems and finds strong evidence of 'wickedness'.", keywords = "Energy security, policy making, wicked problems.", volume = "3", number = "6", pages = "917-13", }
