Do Persistent and Transitory Hybrid Entrepreneurs Differ?
In this study, we compare the profiles of transitory
hybrid entrepreneurs and persistent hybrid entrepreneurs to determine
how they differ. Hybrid entrepreneurs (HEs) represent a significant
share of entrepreneurial activity yet little is known about them. We
define HEs as individuals who are active as entrepreneurs but do no
support themselves primarily by their enterprise. Persistent HEs
(PHEs) are not planning to transition to fulltime entrepreneurship
whereas transitory HEs (THEs) consider it probable. Our results
show that THEs and PHEs are quite similar in background. THEs are
more interested in increasing their turnover than PHEs, as expected,
but also emphasize self-fulfillment as a motive for entrepreneurship
more than PHEs. The clearest differences between THEs and PHEs
are found in their views on how well their immediate circle supports
full-time entrepreneurship, and their views of their own
entrepreneurial abilities and the market potential of their firm. Our
results support earlier arguments that hybrids should be considered
separately in research on entrepreneurial entry and self-employment.
[1] T. Folta, F. Delmar, F. and K. Wennberg, K. “Hybrid Entrepreneurship,”
Management Science, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 253–269, 2010.
[2] P. Reynolds, N. Carter, W. Gartner and P. Greene, “The Prevalence of
Nascent Entrepreneurs in the United States, Small Business Economics,
vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 263–284, 2004.
[3] K. Petrova, “Part-time entrepreneurship and financial constraints:
evidence from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics,” Small
Business Economics, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 473–493, 2012.
[4] M. van Gelderen, R. Thurik, R. and N. Bosma, “Success and Risk
Factors in the Pre-Startup Phase,” Small Business Economics, vol. 24,
pp. 365–380, 2005.
[5] E. Varamäki, K. Sorama, A. Viljamaa, T. Heikkilä and K. Salo,
Eteläpohjalaisten sivutoimiyrittäjien kasvutavoitteet sekä kasvun
mahdollisuudet. Publications of Seinäjoki University of Applied
Sciences Research Reports A 11. Seinäjoki: Seinäjoki University of
Applied Sciences, 2012.
[6] A. Viljamaa, E. Varamäki, E. Tornikoski and K. Sorama, “Hybrid
Entrepreneurship – Exploration of Motives, Ambitions and Growth,”
Proceedings of ICSB World Conference on Entrepreneurship, June 11th
– 14th 2014, Dublin.
[7] K. Petrova, “Part-Time Entrepreneurship, Learning and Ability,” Journal
of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 64–75, 2011.
[8] J. Gruenert, “Second job entrepreneurs,” Occupational Outlook
Quarterly, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 18–26, 1999.
[9] A. Mungaray and M. Ramirez-Urquidy, “Full and part-time
entrepreneurship and the supply of entrepreneurial effort: Evidence from
Mexican microenterprises,” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship,
vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 441–458, 2011.
[10] P. Lith, “Yrittäjäksi palkkatyön tai eläkkeen ohella”, Tieto & Trendit,
vol. 7. Available at http://www.stat.fi/artikkelit/2010/art_2010-11-
10_005.html (date accessed 14 April 2014), 2010.
[11] I. Grilo and J.-M. Irigoyen, “Entrepreneurship in the EU: To wish and
not to be,” Small Business Economics vol. 26, pp. 305–318, 2006.
[12] C. M. van Praag and P. H. Versloot, “What is the value of
entrepreneurship? A review of recent research,” Small Business
Economics vol. 29, pp. 351–382, 2007.
[13] I. Ajzen, “The theory of planned behavior,” Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 179–211, 1991.
[14] C. Schlaegel and M. Koenig, “Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A
meta-analytic test and integration of competing models,”
Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, March 2014, 291–332.
[15] W. Swan, C. Chang-Schneider and K. McClarity, “Do people’s selfviews
matter?” American Psychologist vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 84–94, 2007.
[16] M. Teruel and G. de Wit, “Determinants of high-growth firms: why do
some countries have more high-growth firms than others? Universitat
Rovira I Virgili, Department D’Economia. Working paper, 2011.
[17] G. Cassar, “Money, money, money? A longitudinal investigation of
entrepreneur career reasons, growth preferences and achieved growth,”
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 19, pp. 89–107, 2007
[18] P. Davidsson, “Continued entrepreneurship: ability, need, and
opportunity as determinants of small firm growth,” Journal of Business
Venturing, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 405–429, 1991.
[19] G. N. Chandler and S. H. Hanks, “Founder competence, the
environment, and venture performance,” Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, Spring 1994, pp. 77–89.
[20] P. Mäki-Fränti, “Pk-yritysten kasvu ja kasvuhakuisuus: Tutkimus
suomalaisella yrityskysely-aineistolla”, KTM Julkaisuja 41. Helsinki:
Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriö, 2006.
[21] F. Wilson, D. Marlino and J. Kickul, “Our entrepreneurial future:
examining the diverse attitudes and motivations of teens across gender
and ethnic identity,” Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, vol. 9,
no. 3, pp. 177–197, 2004.
[22] F. Linan and Y.-W. Chen, “Development and cross-cultural application
of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions,”
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 593–617, 2009.
[23] Entrepreneurship Review 2011, Employment and entrepreneurship
34/2011, Helsinki: Ministry of Employment and the Economy. (In
Finnish).
[24] P. Davidsson and B. Honig, “The role of social and human capital
among nascent entrepreneurs,” Journal of Business Venturing vol. 18,
pp. 301–331, 2003.
[25] C. Gray, “Age effects on small firm growth and strategic objectives”,
The 34th efmd EISB Conference Abstracts Proceedings, 8–10
September 2004, Turku.
[1] T. Folta, F. Delmar, F. and K. Wennberg, K. “Hybrid Entrepreneurship,”
Management Science, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 253–269, 2010.
[2] P. Reynolds, N. Carter, W. Gartner and P. Greene, “The Prevalence of
Nascent Entrepreneurs in the United States, Small Business Economics,
vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 263–284, 2004.
[3] K. Petrova, “Part-time entrepreneurship and financial constraints:
evidence from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics,” Small
Business Economics, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 473–493, 2012.
[4] M. van Gelderen, R. Thurik, R. and N. Bosma, “Success and Risk
Factors in the Pre-Startup Phase,” Small Business Economics, vol. 24,
pp. 365–380, 2005.
[5] E. Varamäki, K. Sorama, A. Viljamaa, T. Heikkilä and K. Salo,
Eteläpohjalaisten sivutoimiyrittäjien kasvutavoitteet sekä kasvun
mahdollisuudet. Publications of Seinäjoki University of Applied
Sciences Research Reports A 11. Seinäjoki: Seinäjoki University of
Applied Sciences, 2012.
[6] A. Viljamaa, E. Varamäki, E. Tornikoski and K. Sorama, “Hybrid
Entrepreneurship – Exploration of Motives, Ambitions and Growth,”
Proceedings of ICSB World Conference on Entrepreneurship, June 11th
– 14th 2014, Dublin.
[7] K. Petrova, “Part-Time Entrepreneurship, Learning and Ability,” Journal
of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 64–75, 2011.
[8] J. Gruenert, “Second job entrepreneurs,” Occupational Outlook
Quarterly, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 18–26, 1999.
[9] A. Mungaray and M. Ramirez-Urquidy, “Full and part-time
entrepreneurship and the supply of entrepreneurial effort: Evidence from
Mexican microenterprises,” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship,
vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 441–458, 2011.
[10] P. Lith, “Yrittäjäksi palkkatyön tai eläkkeen ohella”, Tieto & Trendit,
vol. 7. Available at http://www.stat.fi/artikkelit/2010/art_2010-11-
10_005.html (date accessed 14 April 2014), 2010.
[11] I. Grilo and J.-M. Irigoyen, “Entrepreneurship in the EU: To wish and
not to be,” Small Business Economics vol. 26, pp. 305–318, 2006.
[12] C. M. van Praag and P. H. Versloot, “What is the value of
entrepreneurship? A review of recent research,” Small Business
Economics vol. 29, pp. 351–382, 2007.
[13] I. Ajzen, “The theory of planned behavior,” Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 179–211, 1991.
[14] C. Schlaegel and M. Koenig, “Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A
meta-analytic test and integration of competing models,”
Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, March 2014, 291–332.
[15] W. Swan, C. Chang-Schneider and K. McClarity, “Do people’s selfviews
matter?” American Psychologist vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 84–94, 2007.
[16] M. Teruel and G. de Wit, “Determinants of high-growth firms: why do
some countries have more high-growth firms than others? Universitat
Rovira I Virgili, Department D’Economia. Working paper, 2011.
[17] G. Cassar, “Money, money, money? A longitudinal investigation of
entrepreneur career reasons, growth preferences and achieved growth,”
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 19, pp. 89–107, 2007
[18] P. Davidsson, “Continued entrepreneurship: ability, need, and
opportunity as determinants of small firm growth,” Journal of Business
Venturing, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 405–429, 1991.
[19] G. N. Chandler and S. H. Hanks, “Founder competence, the
environment, and venture performance,” Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, Spring 1994, pp. 77–89.
[20] P. Mäki-Fränti, “Pk-yritysten kasvu ja kasvuhakuisuus: Tutkimus
suomalaisella yrityskysely-aineistolla”, KTM Julkaisuja 41. Helsinki:
Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriö, 2006.
[21] F. Wilson, D. Marlino and J. Kickul, “Our entrepreneurial future:
examining the diverse attitudes and motivations of teens across gender
and ethnic identity,” Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, vol. 9,
no. 3, pp. 177–197, 2004.
[22] F. Linan and Y.-W. Chen, “Development and cross-cultural application
of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions,”
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 593–617, 2009.
[23] Entrepreneurship Review 2011, Employment and entrepreneurship
34/2011, Helsinki: Ministry of Employment and the Economy. (In
Finnish).
[24] P. Davidsson and B. Honig, “The role of social and human capital
among nascent entrepreneurs,” Journal of Business Venturing vol. 18,
pp. 301–331, 2003.
[25] C. Gray, “Age effects on small firm growth and strategic objectives”,
The 34th efmd EISB Conference Abstracts Proceedings, 8–10
September 2004, Turku.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:69430", author = "Anmari H. Viljamaa and Elina M. Varamäki", title = "Do Persistent and Transitory Hybrid Entrepreneurs Differ?", abstract = "In this study, we compare the profiles of transitory
hybrid entrepreneurs and persistent hybrid entrepreneurs to determine
how they differ. Hybrid entrepreneurs (HEs) represent a significant
share of entrepreneurial activity yet little is known about them. We
define HEs as individuals who are active as entrepreneurs but do no
support themselves primarily by their enterprise. Persistent HEs
(PHEs) are not planning to transition to fulltime entrepreneurship
whereas transitory HEs (THEs) consider it probable. Our results
show that THEs and PHEs are quite similar in background. THEs are
more interested in increasing their turnover than PHEs, as expected,
but also emphasize self-fulfillment as a motive for entrepreneurship
more than PHEs. The clearest differences between THEs and PHEs
are found in their views on how well their immediate circle supports
full-time entrepreneurship, and their views of their own
entrepreneurial abilities and the market potential of their firm. Our
results support earlier arguments that hybrids should be considered
separately in research on entrepreneurial entry and self-employment.
", keywords = "Hybrid entrepreneurship, part-time entrepreneurship,
self-employment, Theory of Planned Behavior.", volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "936-5", }
