Determine of Constant Coefficients to RelateTotal Dissolved Solids to Electrical Conductivity

Salinity is a measure of the amount of salts in the water. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as salinity parameter are often determined using laborious and time consuming laboratory tests, but it may be more appropriate and economical to develop a method which uses a more simple soil salinity index. Because dissolved ions increase salinity as well as conductivity, the two measures are related. The aim of this research was determine of constant coefficients for predicting of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) based on Electrical Conductivity (EC) with Statistics of Correlation coefficient, Root mean square error, Maximum error, Mean Bias error, Mean absolute error, Relative error and Coefficient of residual mass. For this purpose, two experimental areas (S1, S2) of Khuzestan province-IRAN were selected and four treatments with three replications by series of double rings were applied. The treatments were included 25cm, 50cm, 75cm and 100cm water application. The results showed the values 16.3 & 12.4 were the best constant coefficients for predicting of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) based on EC in Pilot S1 and S2 with correlation coefficient 0.977 & 0.997 and 191.1 & 106.1 Root mean square errors (RMSE) respectively.




References:
[1] C. Chang, TG. Sommerfeldt, JM. Carefoot, and GB. Schaalje,
"Relationships of electrical conductivity with total dissolved salts and
cation concentration of sulfate-dominant soil extracts," Canadian Journal
of Soil Science 63, 79-86, 1983.
[2] J. Barthel, H. Krienke, W. Kunz, H. Baumgartel, EV. Frank, and W.
Grunbein, "Physical chemistry of electrolyte solutions: modern aspects,"
(Springer-Verlag) New York, United States, 1998.
[3] G. Carlson, "Total Dissolved Solids from Conductivity," Technical note
14, www. In -situ. Com, 2005.
[4] M. Hayashi, "temperature-electrical conductivity relation of water for
environmental monitoring and geophysical data inversion,"
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Printed in the Netherlands 96: 119-128, 2004.
[5] R. Janardhana, "A Season wise estimation of total dissolved solids from
electrical Conductivity and Silica in ground waters of upper Gunjanaeru
River Basin, kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh," Page 123-126 Current
Science, Vol.92, No.3, India, 2007.
[6] Y. Shirokova, I. Forkutsa, and N. Sharafutdinova, "Use of electricity
conductivity instead of soluble salts for soil salinity monitoring in
central Asia," Central Asian research institute of irrigation, Kluwer
academic publishers, 2000.
[7] F. Visconti Reluy, J. M. de Paz Bécares, R. D. Zapata Hern├índez, and J.
Sánchez Díaz, "Development of an equation to relate electrical
conductivity to soil and water salinity in a Mediterranean agricultural
environment," Australian Journal of Soil Research 42(4) 381 - 388,
2004.
[8] J. D. Hem, "Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of
Natural Water," U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254,
1992.
[9] DHV Consultants BV & DELFT HYDRAULICS, "Hydrology Project
Training Module," New Delhi, 1999.
[10] A. Metcalf and Eddy, "Waste Water Engineering, Treatment and reuse,"
pp-. 56, Tata McGraw Hill edition, 2005.
[11] S. Thirumalini1, and K. Joseph, "Correlation between Electrical
Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids in Natural Waters," Malaysian
Journal of Science 28 (1): 55-61, 2009.
[12] S. Howard, Donald R Rowe George, Tchobanoglous, "Environmental
Engineering," McGraw -Hill International Editions, 1985.
[13] RA. Griffin, JJ. Jurinak, "Estimation of activity coefficients from the
electrical conductivity of natural aquatic systems and soil extracts," Soil
Science 116, 26-30, 1973.
[14] FN. Ponnamperuma, EM. Tianco, TA. Loy, "Ionic strengths of the
solutions of flooded soils and other natural aqueous solutions from
specific conductance," Soil Science 102, 408-413, 1966.