Determination of Acute Toxicity of Atrazine Herbicide in Caspian Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum, Larvae
Pesticides and drugs used in agriculture and veterinary
medicine may end up in aquatic environments and bioaccumulate in
the food chain, thus causing serious problems for fauna and human
health. For determination of the toxic effects of atrazine herbicide on
Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum larvae, the 96-h LC50 of atrazine
was measured for newly hatched larvae as 18.53 ppm. Toxicity of
atrazine herbicide on Caspian kutum larvae was investigated using
concentrations: 9.25ppm, 4.62 ppm and 2.31 ppm for 7 days.
Comparison of the length, weight and condition factor showed that
no significant differences between atrazine exposed and control
groups. The concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- in whole
body of larvae in control and atrazine exposure groups were
measured and the results showed that concentrations of all these ions
is higher in atrazine exposure group than control group. It is obvious
from this study that atrazine negatively affects osmoregulation
process and changes ion compositions of the body even at sublethal
concentration and acute exposure but have no effects on growth
parameters of the body.
[1] Solomon, K.R., Baker, D.B., Richards, R.P., Dixon, D.R., Klaine, S.J.,
LaPoint, T.W., Kendall, R.J., Weisskopf, R.J., Giddings, J.M., Giesy,
J.P., Hall, L.W., Williams, W.M., 1996. Ecological risk assessment of
atrazine in North American surface waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15,
pp. 31–74.
[2] Giddings, J.M., Anderson, T.A., Hall Jr., L.W., Kendall, R.J., Richards,
R.P., Solomon, K.R.,Williams,W.M., 2004. A Probabilistic Aquatic
Ecological Risk Assessment of Atrazine in North American Surface
Waters. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA.
[3] Moore, A., Lower, N., 2001. The impact of two pesticides on olfactorymediated
endocrine function in mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar L.) parr. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 129, pp
269–276.
[4] Hanke, W., Gluth, G., Bubel, H., Muller, R., 1983. Physiological
changes in carps induced by pollution. Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety 7, pp229–241.
[5] Bisson, M., Hontela, A. 2002. Cytotoxic and endocrine-disrupting
potential of atrazine, diazinon, endosulfan, and mancozeb in
adrenocortical steroidogenic cells of rainbow trout exposed in vitro.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 180, pp110–117.
[6] Weis, J.S., Weis, P., 1987. Pollutants as developmental toxicants in
aquatic organisms. Environmental Health Perspectives 71,pp 77–85.
[7] Houde, E.D., 1987. Fish early life dynamics and recruitment variability.
American Fisheries Society Symposium 2, pp17–29.
[8] Sclafani, M., Stirling, G., Leggett, W.C., 1997. Osmoregulation,
nutritional effects and buoyancy of marine larval fish: a bioassay for
assessing density changes during the earliest life-history stages. Marine
Biology 129, pp1–9.
[9] Alvarez, M.d.C., Fuiman, L.A., 2005. Environmental levels of atrazine
and its degradation products impair survival skills and growth of red
drum larvae. Aquatic Toxicology 74, pp229–241.
[10] Benguira, S., Leblond, V.S., Webert, J.P., Hontela, A., 2002. Loss of
capacity to elevate plasma cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) treated with a single injection of o,p’-
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 21, pp1753–1756.
[11] Gravel, A., Campbell, P.G.C., Hontela, A., 2005. Disruption of the
hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis in 1+ yellow perch (Perca
flavescens) chronically exposed to metals in the environment. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, pp982–990.
[12] Kennedy, C.J., Farrell, A.P., 2005. Ion homeostasis and interregnal
stress responses in juvenile Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, exposed to
the water-soluble fraction of crude oil. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology 323, pp43–56.
[13] Ghaninejad, D., and S. Abdulmaleki. 2007. Annual stocks assessment of
bony fish in the Caspian Sea. Iranian Fisheries research Institute (IFRO),
Tehran, Iran. 65pp.
[14] Williams .J. E.2000. Manual of fisheries survey methods II: With
periodic updates. Chapter 13: The Coefficient of Condition of Fish.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Special Report
25, Ann Arbor.
[15] APHA, A.W.W.A., W.P.C.F., 2005. Standard methods for the
examination of water and wastewater, 21st ed. American Publication of
Health Association, Washington, DC.
[16] Pluta, H.J. Toxicity of several xenobiotics and waste water effluents
measured with a new fish early life stage test. Ger. J. Applied Zool.
1989, 76, pp195–220.
[17] Finney, D.T. Probit Analysis; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge,
UK, 1971.
[18] Ramesh, M., Srinivasan, R., and Saravanan, M. 2009. Effect of atrazine
(Herbicide) on blood parameters of common carp Cyprinus carpio
(Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes). African Journal of Environmental
Science and Technology. Vol. 3 (12): pp453-458.
[19] Cavas, T.; Ergene-Gözükara, S. Micronucleus test in fish cells, a
bioassay for in situ monitoring of genotoxic pollution in the marine
environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2005, 46, pp64–70.
[20] Lopez-Barea, J. Biomarkers to detect environmental pollution. Toxicol.
Lett. 1996, 88, pp79-86
[21] Van Der Oost, R.; Beyer, J.; Vermeulen, N.P.E. Fish bioaccumulation
and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ.
Toxicol. Pharm. 2003, 13, pp57–149.
[22] Sunderam, R.I.M.; Thompson, G.B.; Chapman, J.C.; Cheng, D.M.H.
Acute and chronic toxicity of endosulfan to two Australian Cladocerans
and their applicability in deriving water quality criteria. Arch. Environ.
Cont. Toxicol. 1994, 27, pp541–545.
[23] Lakota, S.; Razska, A.; Utracki, T.; Chmiel, Z. Side effect of
deltamethrin and cypermthrin in the environment of water biocenoses.
Organika 1989, 71, pp71–77.
[24] Bathe, R.; Ullmann, L.; Sachsse, K. Determination of pesticide toxicity
to fish. Berlin-Dahlem 1973, 37, pp241–246.
[25] Neškovic, N.K.; Elezonic, I.; Karan, V.; Poleksic, V.; Budimir, M.
Acute and sub acute toxicity of atrazine to Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 1993, 25, pp173–182.
[26] Hussein, S.Y.; El-Nasser, M.A.; Ahmed, S.M. Comparative studies on
the effects of herbicide Atrazine on freshwater fish Oreochromis
niloticus and Chrysichthys auratus at Assiut Egypt. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 1996, 57, pp503–510.
[27] Abdul-Farah, M.; Ateeq, B.; Ali, M.N.; Ahmad, W. 2004. Studies on
lethal concentrations and toxicity stress of some xenobiotics on aquatic
organisms. Chemosphere, 55, pp257–265.
[28] Gupta, P.K.; Khangant, B.S.; Durve, V.S. The temperature dependence
of the acute toxicity of copper to freshwater pond snail, Viviparus
bengalensis L. Hydrobiologia 1981, 83, pp461–464.
[29] De Mel, G.W.J.L.M.V.T.M.; Pathiratne, A. Toxicity assessment of
insecticides commonly used in rice pest management to the fry of
common carp, Cyprinus carpio, a food fish culturable in rice fields. J.
Appl. Icthyol. 2005, 21, pp146–150.
[30] Tilak, K.S.; Veeraiah, K.; Bhaskara, P.; Butchiram, M.S. Toxicity
studies of Butachlor to the freshwater fish Channa punctata (Bloch). J.
Environ. Biol. 2007, 28, pp285–487.
[31] Ayoola, S.O. Toxicity of glyphosate herbicide on Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) juveline. African J. Agric. Res. 2008, 3, pp825–
834.
[32] Pandey, S.; Kumar, R.; Sharma, S.; Nagpure, N.S.; Sirivastava, S.K.;
Verma, M.S. Acute toxicity bioassays of mercuric chloride and
malathion on air breathing fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Saf. 2005, 61, pp114–120.
[33] Chandra, S. Toxic effect of Malathion on acetylcholinesterase activity of
liver, brain and gills of freshwater catfish Heteropneutes fossilis.
Environ. Conserv. 2008, 9, pp45–52.
[34] Beyer, J.E., 1987. On length-weight relationship computing the mean
weight of the fish of a given length class. Fishbyte, 5(1): pp11-13.
[35] Bolger, T. and P.L. Connoly, 1989. The selection indices for the
measurement and analysis of fish condition. J. Fish Biol., 17(3): pp1-
182.
[36] Shenouda, T.S., F.A. Faten, M.R. Mahmoud and M.M. Ray, 1994. A
detail study on age and growth for Chrysichthys auratus and
Chrysichthys rueppelli from the southern most part of the River Nile
(Egypt). J. Egypt Ger. Soc., 200(1412): pp73-101.
[37] Alfred-Ockiya, J.F. and D.C. Njoku, 1995. A comparative analysis of
the length weight relationship and condition factors of four species of
grey mullet (pisces/mugildae) from New Calabar River Rivers State, N
igeria. J. Tech. Educ., pp 5-10.
[38] Ahmed, K.K. and S.B. Saha, 1996. Length-weight relationship of major
carps in Kaptai lake. Bangladash. NAGA. The ICLARM Q., 19(2):
pp28.
[39] King, R.P., 1996. Population dynamics of the mud skipper
Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobidae) in the estuarine swamps of Cross
River Nigeria. J. Aquat. Sci., 11, pp31-34.
[40] Hart, S.A., 1997. The Biology of Mugil cephalus in Bonny River
estuary. M.Sc. Thesis University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, pp: 42. Hart,
A.I. and J.F.N. Abowei, 2007. A study of the length-weight relationship,
condition factor and age of ten fish species from the lower Nun river.
NigerDelta. Afr. J. A ppl. Zool. Environ. Biol., 9, pp13-19.
[41] Diri, M.S., 2002. Length-weight relationship of Sarotheredon
melanotheron and Tilapia guineensis in Elechi creek Niger Delta,
Nigeria B.Sc. project Rivers State University of Science and Technology
Port Harcourt, pp: 33.
[42] Bagenal, T.B. and A.T. Tesch, 1978. Conditions and Growth Patterns in
Fresh Water Habitats. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Bakare, O., 1970. Bottom Deposits as Food of Inland Fresh Water Fish.
In: Kainji, A Nigerian Manmade Lake. Visser, S.A., (Ed.), Kanyi Lake
Studies, Vol.1. Ecology Published for the Nigerian Institute.
[43] Fagade, S.O., 1979. Observation of the biology of two species of Tilapia
from the Lagos lagoon Nigeria. Bull. Inst. Fond Afr. Nore (Ser. A), 41,
pp627-658.
[44] Welcome, R.L., 1979. Fisheries Ecology of Flood Plain Rivers.
Longman Press, London, pp: 317.
[45] Siddique, A.Q., 1977. Reproductive biology, lengthweight and relative
condition of Tilapia leucostica (Trewaeva in lake Naivasha, Kenya). J.
Fish. B iol. 10, pp351-260.
[46] Fagade, S.O., 1978. Age determination of Tilapia melanotheron
(Ruppel) in the Lagos lagoon, Nigeria. International Symposium on
Ageing of Fish (In Bagenal), Teseh, pp: 71-77.
[47] Fagade, S., 1983: The biology of chromido Tilapia guntheri from a small
lake. Arch. Hydobil., 97, pp60-72.
[48] Dodzie, S. and B.C.C. Wangila, 1980. Reproductive biology, lengthweight
relationship and relative condition of pond raised tilapia zilli
(Gervas). J. Fish Biol., 17, pp243-253.
[49] Arawomo, G.A.A., 1982. The growth of Sarotherodon niloticus. In:
Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of the Institute. New Bussa,
Nigeria. pp: 221-227.
[50] Oni, S.K., J.Y. Olayemi and J.D. Adegboye, 1983. The comparative
physiology of three ecologically (Rupel). Synodonts schall. Block and
Schneider and Tilapia zilli (Gervais). J. Fish. Biol., 22, pp105-109.
[51] Alfred-Ockiya, J.F., 2000. The length-weight relationship of snake head
(Chana chana) from the fresh water swamps of Niger Delta. J. Aquat.
Sci., 15, pp12-14.
[52] Abowei, J.F.N and A.I. Hart, 2007. Size, Composition, age, growth,
mortality and exploitation rate of Chysichthys nigrodigitatus from Nun
River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Afr. J. Appl. Zool. Environ. Biol., 9, pp44-
50.
[53] Abowei, J.F.N. and A.O. Davies, 2009. Some population parameters of
Clarotes laticeps (Rupell, 1829) from the fresh water reaches of the
lower river, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Am. J. Sci. Res., (2), pp15-19.
[54] Waring, C.P., Moore, A., 2004. The effects of atrazine on Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in fresh water and after sea water transfer.
Aquat. Toxicol. 66, pp93–104.
[55] Nieves-Puigdoller, K., Björnsson, B. T., McCormick, S. D. 2007.
Effects of hexazinone and atrazine on the physiology and endocrinology
of smolt development in Atlantic salmon. Aquatic Toxicology. 84, pp27-
37.
[56] Cassano, G., Bellantuono,V., Ardizzone, C., Lippe, C., 2006. Atrazine
increases the sodium absorption in frog (Rana esculenta) skin. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 25, pp509–513.
[1] Solomon, K.R., Baker, D.B., Richards, R.P., Dixon, D.R., Klaine, S.J.,
LaPoint, T.W., Kendall, R.J., Weisskopf, R.J., Giddings, J.M., Giesy,
J.P., Hall, L.W., Williams, W.M., 1996. Ecological risk assessment of
atrazine in North American surface waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15,
pp. 31–74.
[2] Giddings, J.M., Anderson, T.A., Hall Jr., L.W., Kendall, R.J., Richards,
R.P., Solomon, K.R.,Williams,W.M., 2004. A Probabilistic Aquatic
Ecological Risk Assessment of Atrazine in North American Surface
Waters. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA.
[3] Moore, A., Lower, N., 2001. The impact of two pesticides on olfactorymediated
endocrine function in mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar L.) parr. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 129, pp
269–276.
[4] Hanke, W., Gluth, G., Bubel, H., Muller, R., 1983. Physiological
changes in carps induced by pollution. Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety 7, pp229–241.
[5] Bisson, M., Hontela, A. 2002. Cytotoxic and endocrine-disrupting
potential of atrazine, diazinon, endosulfan, and mancozeb in
adrenocortical steroidogenic cells of rainbow trout exposed in vitro.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 180, pp110–117.
[6] Weis, J.S., Weis, P., 1987. Pollutants as developmental toxicants in
aquatic organisms. Environmental Health Perspectives 71,pp 77–85.
[7] Houde, E.D., 1987. Fish early life dynamics and recruitment variability.
American Fisheries Society Symposium 2, pp17–29.
[8] Sclafani, M., Stirling, G., Leggett, W.C., 1997. Osmoregulation,
nutritional effects and buoyancy of marine larval fish: a bioassay for
assessing density changes during the earliest life-history stages. Marine
Biology 129, pp1–9.
[9] Alvarez, M.d.C., Fuiman, L.A., 2005. Environmental levels of atrazine
and its degradation products impair survival skills and growth of red
drum larvae. Aquatic Toxicology 74, pp229–241.
[10] Benguira, S., Leblond, V.S., Webert, J.P., Hontela, A., 2002. Loss of
capacity to elevate plasma cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) treated with a single injection of o,p’-
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 21, pp1753–1756.
[11] Gravel, A., Campbell, P.G.C., Hontela, A., 2005. Disruption of the
hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis in 1+ yellow perch (Perca
flavescens) chronically exposed to metals in the environment. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, pp982–990.
[12] Kennedy, C.J., Farrell, A.P., 2005. Ion homeostasis and interregnal
stress responses in juvenile Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, exposed to
the water-soluble fraction of crude oil. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology 323, pp43–56.
[13] Ghaninejad, D., and S. Abdulmaleki. 2007. Annual stocks assessment of
bony fish in the Caspian Sea. Iranian Fisheries research Institute (IFRO),
Tehran, Iran. 65pp.
[14] Williams .J. E.2000. Manual of fisheries survey methods II: With
periodic updates. Chapter 13: The Coefficient of Condition of Fish.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Special Report
25, Ann Arbor.
[15] APHA, A.W.W.A., W.P.C.F., 2005. Standard methods for the
examination of water and wastewater, 21st ed. American Publication of
Health Association, Washington, DC.
[16] Pluta, H.J. Toxicity of several xenobiotics and waste water effluents
measured with a new fish early life stage test. Ger. J. Applied Zool.
1989, 76, pp195–220.
[17] Finney, D.T. Probit Analysis; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge,
UK, 1971.
[18] Ramesh, M., Srinivasan, R., and Saravanan, M. 2009. Effect of atrazine
(Herbicide) on blood parameters of common carp Cyprinus carpio
(Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes). African Journal of Environmental
Science and Technology. Vol. 3 (12): pp453-458.
[19] Cavas, T.; Ergene-Gözükara, S. Micronucleus test in fish cells, a
bioassay for in situ monitoring of genotoxic pollution in the marine
environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2005, 46, pp64–70.
[20] Lopez-Barea, J. Biomarkers to detect environmental pollution. Toxicol.
Lett. 1996, 88, pp79-86
[21] Van Der Oost, R.; Beyer, J.; Vermeulen, N.P.E. Fish bioaccumulation
and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ.
Toxicol. Pharm. 2003, 13, pp57–149.
[22] Sunderam, R.I.M.; Thompson, G.B.; Chapman, J.C.; Cheng, D.M.H.
Acute and chronic toxicity of endosulfan to two Australian Cladocerans
and their applicability in deriving water quality criteria. Arch. Environ.
Cont. Toxicol. 1994, 27, pp541–545.
[23] Lakota, S.; Razska, A.; Utracki, T.; Chmiel, Z. Side effect of
deltamethrin and cypermthrin in the environment of water biocenoses.
Organika 1989, 71, pp71–77.
[24] Bathe, R.; Ullmann, L.; Sachsse, K. Determination of pesticide toxicity
to fish. Berlin-Dahlem 1973, 37, pp241–246.
[25] Neškovic, N.K.; Elezonic, I.; Karan, V.; Poleksic, V.; Budimir, M.
Acute and sub acute toxicity of atrazine to Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 1993, 25, pp173–182.
[26] Hussein, S.Y.; El-Nasser, M.A.; Ahmed, S.M. Comparative studies on
the effects of herbicide Atrazine on freshwater fish Oreochromis
niloticus and Chrysichthys auratus at Assiut Egypt. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 1996, 57, pp503–510.
[27] Abdul-Farah, M.; Ateeq, B.; Ali, M.N.; Ahmad, W. 2004. Studies on
lethal concentrations and toxicity stress of some xenobiotics on aquatic
organisms. Chemosphere, 55, pp257–265.
[28] Gupta, P.K.; Khangant, B.S.; Durve, V.S. The temperature dependence
of the acute toxicity of copper to freshwater pond snail, Viviparus
bengalensis L. Hydrobiologia 1981, 83, pp461–464.
[29] De Mel, G.W.J.L.M.V.T.M.; Pathiratne, A. Toxicity assessment of
insecticides commonly used in rice pest management to the fry of
common carp, Cyprinus carpio, a food fish culturable in rice fields. J.
Appl. Icthyol. 2005, 21, pp146–150.
[30] Tilak, K.S.; Veeraiah, K.; Bhaskara, P.; Butchiram, M.S. Toxicity
studies of Butachlor to the freshwater fish Channa punctata (Bloch). J.
Environ. Biol. 2007, 28, pp285–487.
[31] Ayoola, S.O. Toxicity of glyphosate herbicide on Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) juveline. African J. Agric. Res. 2008, 3, pp825–
834.
[32] Pandey, S.; Kumar, R.; Sharma, S.; Nagpure, N.S.; Sirivastava, S.K.;
Verma, M.S. Acute toxicity bioassays of mercuric chloride and
malathion on air breathing fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Saf. 2005, 61, pp114–120.
[33] Chandra, S. Toxic effect of Malathion on acetylcholinesterase activity of
liver, brain and gills of freshwater catfish Heteropneutes fossilis.
Environ. Conserv. 2008, 9, pp45–52.
[34] Beyer, J.E., 1987. On length-weight relationship computing the mean
weight of the fish of a given length class. Fishbyte, 5(1): pp11-13.
[35] Bolger, T. and P.L. Connoly, 1989. The selection indices for the
measurement and analysis of fish condition. J. Fish Biol., 17(3): pp1-
182.
[36] Shenouda, T.S., F.A. Faten, M.R. Mahmoud and M.M. Ray, 1994. A
detail study on age and growth for Chrysichthys auratus and
Chrysichthys rueppelli from the southern most part of the River Nile
(Egypt). J. Egypt Ger. Soc., 200(1412): pp73-101.
[37] Alfred-Ockiya, J.F. and D.C. Njoku, 1995. A comparative analysis of
the length weight relationship and condition factors of four species of
grey mullet (pisces/mugildae) from New Calabar River Rivers State, N
igeria. J. Tech. Educ., pp 5-10.
[38] Ahmed, K.K. and S.B. Saha, 1996. Length-weight relationship of major
carps in Kaptai lake. Bangladash. NAGA. The ICLARM Q., 19(2):
pp28.
[39] King, R.P., 1996. Population dynamics of the mud skipper
Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobidae) in the estuarine swamps of Cross
River Nigeria. J. Aquat. Sci., 11, pp31-34.
[40] Hart, S.A., 1997. The Biology of Mugil cephalus in Bonny River
estuary. M.Sc. Thesis University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, pp: 42. Hart,
A.I. and J.F.N. Abowei, 2007. A study of the length-weight relationship,
condition factor and age of ten fish species from the lower Nun river.
NigerDelta. Afr. J. A ppl. Zool. Environ. Biol., 9, pp13-19.
[41] Diri, M.S., 2002. Length-weight relationship of Sarotheredon
melanotheron and Tilapia guineensis in Elechi creek Niger Delta,
Nigeria B.Sc. project Rivers State University of Science and Technology
Port Harcourt, pp: 33.
[42] Bagenal, T.B. and A.T. Tesch, 1978. Conditions and Growth Patterns in
Fresh Water Habitats. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Bakare, O., 1970. Bottom Deposits as Food of Inland Fresh Water Fish.
In: Kainji, A Nigerian Manmade Lake. Visser, S.A., (Ed.), Kanyi Lake
Studies, Vol.1. Ecology Published for the Nigerian Institute.
[43] Fagade, S.O., 1979. Observation of the biology of two species of Tilapia
from the Lagos lagoon Nigeria. Bull. Inst. Fond Afr. Nore (Ser. A), 41,
pp627-658.
[44] Welcome, R.L., 1979. Fisheries Ecology of Flood Plain Rivers.
Longman Press, London, pp: 317.
[45] Siddique, A.Q., 1977. Reproductive biology, lengthweight and relative
condition of Tilapia leucostica (Trewaeva in lake Naivasha, Kenya). J.
Fish. B iol. 10, pp351-260.
[46] Fagade, S.O., 1978. Age determination of Tilapia melanotheron
(Ruppel) in the Lagos lagoon, Nigeria. International Symposium on
Ageing of Fish (In Bagenal), Teseh, pp: 71-77.
[47] Fagade, S., 1983: The biology of chromido Tilapia guntheri from a small
lake. Arch. Hydobil., 97, pp60-72.
[48] Dodzie, S. and B.C.C. Wangila, 1980. Reproductive biology, lengthweight
relationship and relative condition of pond raised tilapia zilli
(Gervas). J. Fish Biol., 17, pp243-253.
[49] Arawomo, G.A.A., 1982. The growth of Sarotherodon niloticus. In:
Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of the Institute. New Bussa,
Nigeria. pp: 221-227.
[50] Oni, S.K., J.Y. Olayemi and J.D. Adegboye, 1983. The comparative
physiology of three ecologically (Rupel). Synodonts schall. Block and
Schneider and Tilapia zilli (Gervais). J. Fish. Biol., 22, pp105-109.
[51] Alfred-Ockiya, J.F., 2000. The length-weight relationship of snake head
(Chana chana) from the fresh water swamps of Niger Delta. J. Aquat.
Sci., 15, pp12-14.
[52] Abowei, J.F.N and A.I. Hart, 2007. Size, Composition, age, growth,
mortality and exploitation rate of Chysichthys nigrodigitatus from Nun
River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Afr. J. Appl. Zool. Environ. Biol., 9, pp44-
50.
[53] Abowei, J.F.N. and A.O. Davies, 2009. Some population parameters of
Clarotes laticeps (Rupell, 1829) from the fresh water reaches of the
lower river, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Am. J. Sci. Res., (2), pp15-19.
[54] Waring, C.P., Moore, A., 2004. The effects of atrazine on Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in fresh water and after sea water transfer.
Aquat. Toxicol. 66, pp93–104.
[55] Nieves-Puigdoller, K., Björnsson, B. T., McCormick, S. D. 2007.
Effects of hexazinone and atrazine on the physiology and endocrinology
of smolt development in Atlantic salmon. Aquatic Toxicology. 84, pp27-
37.
[56] Cassano, G., Bellantuono,V., Ardizzone, C., Lippe, C., 2006. Atrazine
increases the sodium absorption in frog (Rana esculenta) skin. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 25, pp509–513.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:68521", author = "Z. Khoshnood and L. Khoshnood", title = "Determination of Acute Toxicity of Atrazine Herbicide in Caspian Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum, Larvae", abstract = "Pesticides and drugs used in agriculture and veterinary
medicine may end up in aquatic environments and bioaccumulate in
the food chain, thus causing serious problems for fauna and human
health. For determination of the toxic effects of atrazine herbicide on
Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum larvae, the 96-h LC50 of atrazine
was measured for newly hatched larvae as 18.53 ppm. Toxicity of
atrazine herbicide on Caspian kutum larvae was investigated using
concentrations: 9.25ppm, 4.62 ppm and 2.31 ppm for 7 days.
Comparison of the length, weight and condition factor showed that
no significant differences between atrazine exposed and control
groups. The concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- in whole
body of larvae in control and atrazine exposure groups were
measured and the results showed that concentrations of all these ions
is higher in atrazine exposure group than control group. It is obvious
from this study that atrazine negatively affects osmoregulation
process and changes ion compositions of the body even at sublethal
concentration and acute exposure but have no effects on growth
parameters of the body.
", keywords = "Atrazine, Caspian Kutum, Acute Toxicity, Body
Ions, LC50.", volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "1371-5", }
