Detection of Salmonella in Egg Shell and Egg Content from Different Housing Systems for Laying Hens

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and conventional microbiological methods were used to detect bacterial contamination of egg shells and egg content in different commercial housing systems, open house system and evaporative cooling system. A PCR assay was developed for direct detection using a set of primers specific for the invasion by A gene (invA) of Salmonella spp. PCR detected the presence of Salmonella in 2 samples of shell egg from the evaporative cooling system, while conventional cultural methods detected no Salmonella from the same samples.

Authors:

• Wiriya Loongyai
• Kiettisak Promphet
• Nilubol Kangsukul
• Ratchawat Noppha

Keywords:

• egg content
• egg shell
• invA gene
• PCR
• Salmonellaspp.

References:

[1] V.K. Sharma, S.A. Carlson, Simultaneous detection of Salmonella
strains and Escherichia coli O157:H7 with fluorogenic PCR and singleenrichment-
broth culture, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, Vol. 66, pp. 5472-
5476, Sep, 2000.
[2] W.A. Gebreyes, P.R. Davies, W.E.M. Morrow, J.A. Funk, C. Altier,
Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from swine, J. Clin.
Microbiol, Vol. 38, pp. 4633-4636, Sep, 2000.
[3] G. Rajashekara, E. Harverly, D.A. Halvorson, K.E. Ferris, D.C. Lauer,
K.V. Nagaraja, Multidrug resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in
poultry, J. Food Prot, Vol. 63, pp. 155-161, Feb, 2000.
[4] F. Akhtar, H. Afzal, M. Ashfaque, Z. Nasim, Egg-shell contaminations
of human importance with reference to salmonellae, Pak. Vet. J., Vol. 2,
No. 1, pp. 10-11, Jan, 1982.
[5] F.J. Mayes, M.A.Takeballi, Microbial contamination of the hen-s egg: a
review, J. Food Prot., Vol. 46, No. 12, pp. 1092-1098, Mar, 1983..
[6] F.T. Jones, D.V. Rives, J.B. Carey, Salmonella contamination in
commercial eggs and an egg production facility, Poultry Sci., Vol. 74,
No. 4, pp.753-757,Apr, 1995.
[7] M. M. Rahman, Z. U. M. Khan, A. N. M. Rahman, M. S. Islam,
Recovery of Salmonella from Incubated eggs, newly hatched chicks and
contaminated environments, J. Anim. Vet. Adv., Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 598-
601, Jul, 2006.
[8] K. Iida, A. Abe, H. Matsui, H. Danbara, S. Wakayama, K. Kawahara,
Rapid and sensitive method for detection of Salmonella strains using a
combination of polymerase chain reaction and reverse dot-blot
hybridization, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., Vol. 114, pp. 167-172, Sep,
1993.
[9] J. L. Doran, S. K. Collinson, J. Burian, G. Sarlos, E. C. D. Todd, C. K.
Munro, C. M. Kay, P. A. Banser, P. I. Peterkin, W. W. Kay, DNA-based
diagnostic test for Salmonella species targeting agfA, the structural gene
for thin aggregative fimbriae, J. Clin. Microbiol., Vol. 31, pp. 2263-
2273, Sep, 1993.
[10] Y. Hashimoto, Y. Itho, Y. Fujinaga, A. Q. Khan, F. Sultana, M. Miyake,
K. Hirose, H. Yamamoto, T. Ezaki, Development of nested PCR based
on the ViaB sequence to detect Salmonella typhi, J. Clin. Microbiol.,
Vol. 33, pp. 775-777, Nov, 1995.
[11] J. Mahon, A. Lax, A quantitative polymerase chain reaction method for
the detection in avian faeces of salmonellas carrying the spvR gene,
Epidemiol. Infect., Vol. 111, pp. 455-464, June, 1993.
[12] K. Rahn, S. A. De Grandis, R. C. Clarke, S. A. McEwen, J. E. Galan, C.
Ginocchio, R. Curtiss, C. L. Gyles, Amplification of an invA gene
sequence of Salmonella typhimurium by polymerase chain reaction as a
specific method of detection of Salmonella, Mol. Cell. Probes., Vol. 6,
pp. 271-279, Aug, 1992.
[13] M. BÜlte, P. Jakob, The use of a PCR-generated invA probe for the
detection of Salmonella spp. in artificially and naturally contaminated
foods, Int. J. Food Microbial., Vol. 26, pp. 335-344, Aug, 1995.
[14] H. Wang, B. W. Blais, H. Yamazaki, Rapid confirmation of polymyxincloth
enzyme immunoassay for group D salmonellae including
Salmonella enteritidis in eggs by polymerase chain reaction, Food
Control., Vol. 6, pp. 205-209, Aug, 1995.
[15] J. Mahon, C.K. Murphy, P.W. Jones, P.A. Barrow, Comparison of
multiplex PCR and standard bacteriological methods of detecting
Salmonella on chicken skin, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., Vol. 19, pp. 169-
172. Apr, 1994.
[16] L. R. Santos, V. P. Nascimento, S. D. Oliveira, M. L. Flores, A. P.
Pontes, A. R. Ribeiro, C. T. P. Salle, R. F. F. Lopes, Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) for the detection of Salmonella in artificially inoculated
chicken meat, Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao. Paulo., Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 247-
250, Oct, 2001.
[17] I.S. Schrank, M. A. Z. Mores, J. L. A. Costa, A. P. G. Frazzon, R.
Soncini, A. Schrank, M.H. Vainstein, S. C. Silva, Influence of
enrichment media and application of a PCR based method to detect
Salmonella in poultry industry products and clinical samples, Vet.
Microbiol., Vol. 82, pp. 45-53, Sep, 2001.
[18] A. Rozila, A.W. Hartini, D.Y. Tan, S. K. Wee, Rapid Molecular
Detection of Salmonella Isolated from Poultry Farm. The 19th
Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress, 3 - 5 August 2007, pp. 201
- 203, 2007.
[19] M. A. G. Robles, A. M. Loredo, G. A. Ojeda, J. A. O. Garc'ia, I. O.
Mart'inez, L. H. M. Ramos, P. Fratamico, PCR Detection and
Microbiological Isolation of Salmonella spp. from Fresh Beef and
Cantaloupes, J. Food. Sci., Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 37-40, Jan, 2009.