Decontamination of Cr(VI) Polluted Wastewater by use of Low Cost Industrial Wastes
The reduction of hexavalent chromium by scrap iron
was investigated in continuous system, using long-term column
experiments, for aqueous Cr(VI) solutions having low buffering
capacities, over the Cr(VI) concentration range of 5 – 40 mg/L. The
results showed that the initial Cr(VI) concentration significantly
affects the reduction capacity of scrap iron. Maximum reduction
capacity of scrap iron was observed at the beginning of the column
experiments; the lower the Cr(VI) concentration, the greater the
experiment duration with maximum scrap iron reduction capacity.
However, due to passivation of active surface, scrap iron reduction
capacity continuously decreased in time, especially after Cr(VI)
breakthrough. The experimental results showed that highest
reduction capacity recorded until Cr(VI) breakthrough was 22.8 mg
Cr(VI)/g scrap iron, at CI = 5 mg/L, and decreased with increasing
Cr(VI) concentration. In order to assure total reduction of greater
Cr(VI) concentrations for a longer period of time, either the mass of
scrap iron filling, or the hydraulic retention time should be increased.
[1] J. Barnhart, "Occurrences, uses and properties of chromium," Regul.
Toxicol. Pharmacol., vol. 26, 1997, pp. s3-s7.
[2] D. E. Kimbrough, Y. Cohen, and A. M. Winer, "A critical assessment of
chromium in the environment," Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. vol. 29,
1999, pp. 1-46.
[3] M. Costa, "Potential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking
water," Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., vol. 188, 2003, pp.1-5.
[4] R. Shrivastava, R. K. Upreti, P. K. Seth, and U. C. Chaturvedi, "Effects
of chromium on the immune system," FEMS Immun.Medical Microbiol.,
vol. 34, 2002, pp. 1-7.
[5] T. J. Naimo, "A review of the effects of heavy metals on freshwater
mussels," Ecotoxicol., vol. 4, 1995, pp. 341-362.
[6] D. Bagchi, S. J. Stohs, and B. W. Downs, "Cytotoxicity and oxidative
mechanisms of different forms of chromium," Toxicol., vol 180, 2002,
pp. 5-22.
[7] M. Cieslak-Golonka, "Toxic and mutagenic effects of chromium(VI). A
review," Polyhedron, vol. 15, 1995, pp. 3667-3689.
[8] M. D. Cohen, B. Kargacin, and C. B. Klein, "Mechanisms of chromium
carcinogenicity and toxicity," Crit. Rev. Toxicol., vol. 23, 1993, pp. 255-
281.
[9] F. C. Richard, and A. C. M. Bourg, "Aqueous geochemistry of
chromium: a review," Wat. Res., vol. 25, 1991, pp. 807-816.
[10] D. Rai, B. M. Sass, and D. A. Moore, "Chromium(III) hydrolysis
constants and solubility of chromium(III) hydroxide," Inorg. Chem., vol.
26, 1987, pp. 345-349.
[11] C. Veillon, "Analytical chemistry of chromium". Sci. Total Environ.,
vol. 86, 1989, pp. 65-68.
[12] M. D. Stearns, M. S. Silveira, and K. K. Wolf, "Chromium(III)
tris(picolinate) is mutagenic at the hypoxanthine (guanine)
phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells,"
Mutat.Res., vol. 513, 2002, pp. 135-142.
[13] M. Gheju, Chromium and the environment, Timisoara: Politehnica
Publishing House, 2005, pp.99-234.
[14] L. E. Eary, and D. Rai, "Chromate removal from aqueous wastes by
reduction with ferrous iron," Environ. Sci.Technol., vol. 22, 1988, pp.
972-977.
[15] M. Mullet, S. Boursiquot, J. J. Ehrhardt, "Removal of hexavalent
chromium from solutions by mackinawite, tetragonal FeS," Coll. Surf. A:
Physicochem. Engineer. Aspects, vol. 244, 2004, pp. 77-85.
[16] R. R. Patterson, S. Fendorf, and M. Fendorf, "Reduction of hexavalent
chromium by amorphous iron sulfide," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 31,
1997, pp. 2039-2044.
[17] J. Kim, P. K. Jung, H. S. Moon, and C. M. Chon, "Reduction of
hexavalent chromium by pyrite-rich andesite in different anionic
solutions," Environ. Geol., vol. 42, 2002, pp. 642-648.
[18] J. N. Anderson, B. A. Bolto, and L. A. Pawlowski, "A method for
chromate removal from cooling tower blowdown water," Nucl.Chem.
Waste Manag., vol. 5, 1984, pp. 125-129.
[19] H.S. Altundogan, A.F. Ozer, and F. Tumen, "A study on the reduction of
hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions by vinasse," Environ.
Technol., vol. 25, 2004, pp. 1257-1263.
[20] N. Daneshvar, D. Salari, and S. Aber, "Chromium adsorption and Cr(VI)
reduction to trivalent chromium in aqueous solutions by soya cake," J.
Hazard. Mater., vol. B97, 2002, pp. 49-61.
[21] M. Gheju, and A. Iovi, "Kinetics of hexavalent chromium reduction by
scrap iron," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. B135, 2006, pp. 66-73.
[22] M. Gheju, and R. Pode, "Removal of hexavalent chromium from
wastewater by use of scrap iron," International Conference on Energy,
Environment, Sustainable Development, Paris, France, June 28-30,
2010, W.A.S.E.T., vol. 66, 2010, pp. 1244-1249.
[23] J. Ye, H. Yin, B. Mai, H. Peng, H. Qin, B. He, and N. Zhang,
"Biosorption of chromium from aqueous solution and electroplating
wastewater using mixture of Candida lipolytica and dewatered sewage
sludge," Biores. Technol., vol. 101, 2010, pp. 3893-3902.
[24] M. Gheju, A. Iovi, and I. Balcu, "Hexavalent chromium reduction with
scrap iron in continuous-flow system. Part 1: Effect of feed solution
pH," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 153, 2008, pp. 655-662.
[25] APHA, AWWA, WEF, Standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater, 19th Edition, Baltimore: United Book Press, Inc., 1995,
pp. 3.59-3.60.
[26] S.-S. Chen, C.-Y. Cheng, C.-W. Li, P.-H. Chai, and Y.-M. Chang,
"Reduction of chromate from electroplating wastewater from pH 1 to 2
using fluidized zero valent iron process," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 142,
2007, pp. 362-367.
[27] S.-S. Chen, B.-C. Hsu, and L.-W. Hung, "Chromate reduction by waste
iron from electroplating wastewater using plug flow reactor," J. Hazard.
Mater., vol. 152, 2008, pp. 1092-1097.
[28] L.-Y. Chang, "Chromate reduction in wastewater at different pH levels
using thin iron wires - a laboratory study," Environ. Progr., vol 24,
2005, pp. 305-316.
[29] M.A. Olazabal, N. Extebarria, L.A. Fernandez, and J.M. Madariaga,
ÔÇ×Study of the complexation and precipitation equilibria in the system
Cr(VI)-Fe(III)-H2O," J. Solution Chem., vol. 23, 1994, pp. 1111-1123.
[30] M.A. Olazabal, N.P. Nikolaidis, S.A. Suib, and J.M. Madariaga,
"Precipitation equilibria of the chromium(VI)/iron(III) system and
spectrospcopic characterization of the precipitates," Environ. Sci.
Technol., vol. 31, 1997, 2898-2902.
[1] J. Barnhart, "Occurrences, uses and properties of chromium," Regul.
Toxicol. Pharmacol., vol. 26, 1997, pp. s3-s7.
[2] D. E. Kimbrough, Y. Cohen, and A. M. Winer, "A critical assessment of
chromium in the environment," Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. vol. 29,
1999, pp. 1-46.
[3] M. Costa, "Potential hazards of hexavalent chromate in our drinking
water," Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., vol. 188, 2003, pp.1-5.
[4] R. Shrivastava, R. K. Upreti, P. K. Seth, and U. C. Chaturvedi, "Effects
of chromium on the immune system," FEMS Immun.Medical Microbiol.,
vol. 34, 2002, pp. 1-7.
[5] T. J. Naimo, "A review of the effects of heavy metals on freshwater
mussels," Ecotoxicol., vol. 4, 1995, pp. 341-362.
[6] D. Bagchi, S. J. Stohs, and B. W. Downs, "Cytotoxicity and oxidative
mechanisms of different forms of chromium," Toxicol., vol 180, 2002,
pp. 5-22.
[7] M. Cieslak-Golonka, "Toxic and mutagenic effects of chromium(VI). A
review," Polyhedron, vol. 15, 1995, pp. 3667-3689.
[8] M. D. Cohen, B. Kargacin, and C. B. Klein, "Mechanisms of chromium
carcinogenicity and toxicity," Crit. Rev. Toxicol., vol. 23, 1993, pp. 255-
281.
[9] F. C. Richard, and A. C. M. Bourg, "Aqueous geochemistry of
chromium: a review," Wat. Res., vol. 25, 1991, pp. 807-816.
[10] D. Rai, B. M. Sass, and D. A. Moore, "Chromium(III) hydrolysis
constants and solubility of chromium(III) hydroxide," Inorg. Chem., vol.
26, 1987, pp. 345-349.
[11] C. Veillon, "Analytical chemistry of chromium". Sci. Total Environ.,
vol. 86, 1989, pp. 65-68.
[12] M. D. Stearns, M. S. Silveira, and K. K. Wolf, "Chromium(III)
tris(picolinate) is mutagenic at the hypoxanthine (guanine)
phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells,"
Mutat.Res., vol. 513, 2002, pp. 135-142.
[13] M. Gheju, Chromium and the environment, Timisoara: Politehnica
Publishing House, 2005, pp.99-234.
[14] L. E. Eary, and D. Rai, "Chromate removal from aqueous wastes by
reduction with ferrous iron," Environ. Sci.Technol., vol. 22, 1988, pp.
972-977.
[15] M. Mullet, S. Boursiquot, J. J. Ehrhardt, "Removal of hexavalent
chromium from solutions by mackinawite, tetragonal FeS," Coll. Surf. A:
Physicochem. Engineer. Aspects, vol. 244, 2004, pp. 77-85.
[16] R. R. Patterson, S. Fendorf, and M. Fendorf, "Reduction of hexavalent
chromium by amorphous iron sulfide," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 31,
1997, pp. 2039-2044.
[17] J. Kim, P. K. Jung, H. S. Moon, and C. M. Chon, "Reduction of
hexavalent chromium by pyrite-rich andesite in different anionic
solutions," Environ. Geol., vol. 42, 2002, pp. 642-648.
[18] J. N. Anderson, B. A. Bolto, and L. A. Pawlowski, "A method for
chromate removal from cooling tower blowdown water," Nucl.Chem.
Waste Manag., vol. 5, 1984, pp. 125-129.
[19] H.S. Altundogan, A.F. Ozer, and F. Tumen, "A study on the reduction of
hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions by vinasse," Environ.
Technol., vol. 25, 2004, pp. 1257-1263.
[20] N. Daneshvar, D. Salari, and S. Aber, "Chromium adsorption and Cr(VI)
reduction to trivalent chromium in aqueous solutions by soya cake," J.
Hazard. Mater., vol. B97, 2002, pp. 49-61.
[21] M. Gheju, and A. Iovi, "Kinetics of hexavalent chromium reduction by
scrap iron," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. B135, 2006, pp. 66-73.
[22] M. Gheju, and R. Pode, "Removal of hexavalent chromium from
wastewater by use of scrap iron," International Conference on Energy,
Environment, Sustainable Development, Paris, France, June 28-30,
2010, W.A.S.E.T., vol. 66, 2010, pp. 1244-1249.
[23] J. Ye, H. Yin, B. Mai, H. Peng, H. Qin, B. He, and N. Zhang,
"Biosorption of chromium from aqueous solution and electroplating
wastewater using mixture of Candida lipolytica and dewatered sewage
sludge," Biores. Technol., vol. 101, 2010, pp. 3893-3902.
[24] M. Gheju, A. Iovi, and I. Balcu, "Hexavalent chromium reduction with
scrap iron in continuous-flow system. Part 1: Effect of feed solution
pH," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 153, 2008, pp. 655-662.
[25] APHA, AWWA, WEF, Standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater, 19th Edition, Baltimore: United Book Press, Inc., 1995,
pp. 3.59-3.60.
[26] S.-S. Chen, C.-Y. Cheng, C.-W. Li, P.-H. Chai, and Y.-M. Chang,
"Reduction of chromate from electroplating wastewater from pH 1 to 2
using fluidized zero valent iron process," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 142,
2007, pp. 362-367.
[27] S.-S. Chen, B.-C. Hsu, and L.-W. Hung, "Chromate reduction by waste
iron from electroplating wastewater using plug flow reactor," J. Hazard.
Mater., vol. 152, 2008, pp. 1092-1097.
[28] L.-Y. Chang, "Chromate reduction in wastewater at different pH levels
using thin iron wires - a laboratory study," Environ. Progr., vol 24,
2005, pp. 305-316.
[29] M.A. Olazabal, N. Extebarria, L.A. Fernandez, and J.M. Madariaga,
ÔÇ×Study of the complexation and precipitation equilibria in the system
Cr(VI)-Fe(III)-H2O," J. Solution Chem., vol. 23, 1994, pp. 1111-1123.
[30] M.A. Olazabal, N.P. Nikolaidis, S.A. Suib, and J.M. Madariaga,
"Precipitation equilibria of the chromium(VI)/iron(III) system and
spectrospcopic characterization of the precipitates," Environ. Sci.
Technol., vol. 31, 1997, 2898-2902.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:52333", author = "Marius Gheju and Rodica Pode", title = "Decontamination of Cr(VI) Polluted Wastewater by use of Low Cost Industrial Wastes", abstract = "The reduction of hexavalent chromium by scrap iron
was investigated in continuous system, using long-term column
experiments, for aqueous Cr(VI) solutions having low buffering
capacities, over the Cr(VI) concentration range of 5 – 40 mg/L. The
results showed that the initial Cr(VI) concentration significantly
affects the reduction capacity of scrap iron. Maximum reduction
capacity of scrap iron was observed at the beginning of the column
experiments; the lower the Cr(VI) concentration, the greater the
experiment duration with maximum scrap iron reduction capacity.
However, due to passivation of active surface, scrap iron reduction
capacity continuously decreased in time, especially after Cr(VI)
breakthrough. The experimental results showed that highest
reduction capacity recorded until Cr(VI) breakthrough was 22.8 mg
Cr(VI)/g scrap iron, at CI = 5 mg/L, and decreased with increasing
Cr(VI) concentration. In order to assure total reduction of greater
Cr(VI) concentrations for a longer period of time, either the mass of
scrap iron filling, or the hydraulic retention time should be increased.", keywords = "hexavalent chromium, heavy metals, scrap iron,reduction capacity, wastewater treatment.", volume = "5", number = "6", pages = "341-6", }
