Corporate Governance and Gender Diversity in Nigerian Boardrooms
In recent times, corporations are increasingly under pressure to ensure diversity within their boardrooms and a large number of academic research have reported findings consistent with the view that boards perform better when they include a diverse range of people. Women have unique characteristics needed to positively influence the strategic direction of a corporation and contribute to the growth of firms. In spite of such revelations, evidence suggests that women are under-represented in senior executive and board positions. In many parts of Africa, socio-cultural traditions inhibit women from attaining these roles. Given the emphasis placed on board diversity and inclusion of women as an essential part of good corporate governance, the relationship between gender diversity and board effectiveness deserves both theoretical and empirical investigation. This research is important because it represents the first theoretical review on gender diversity in corporate boards in Nigeria.
[1] C. Mallin, Corporate Governance, Third Edition, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2010.
[2] D. Nordberg, Corporate Governance: Principles and Issues, Sage Publications, London, 2011.
[3] B. Black, H. Jan, and W. Kim, Does Corporate Governance Affect Firm
Value? Evidence from Korea, Paper presented at the Second Asia Conference on Corporate Governance, 2002.
[4] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD
Principles of Corporate Governance, 2004.
[5] J. Solomon, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Third Edition,
Wiley Publications: West Sussex, 2010.
[6] Combined Code, The Combined Code on Corporate Governance, Gee
and Co. Ltd, London, 2008.
[7] Corporate Governance Codes, The Financial Reporting Council in the
United Kingdom, Gee and Co. Ltd, London, 2010.
[8] AWA Ltd v Daniels (1992) 7 ACSR 759.
[9] J. Du Plessis, A. Hargovan and B. Mirko, Principles of Contemporary
Corporate Governance, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2011.
[10] M. Epstein, and M. Roy, Measuring the Effectiveness of Corporate Boards and Director-s in M.J. Epstein and K.O. Hanson (eds.), The
Accountable Corporation, Praeger Publishers, Westport, US, 2006.
[11] Davies Report, Women on Boards, Department of Trade and Industry,
February, London, 2011.
[12] D. Branson, No Seat at the Table: How Corporate Governance and Law
keep Women out of the Boardroom, New York University Press, New
York, 2006.
[13] V. Singh, Ethnic Diversity on top corporate boards: a resource
dependency perspective, International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 18(12): 2128-2146, 2007.
[14] D. Carter, F. D-Souza, B. Simkins, and W. Simpson, The Diversity of
Corporate Board Committees and Financial Performance, Working paper, Oklahoma State University, 2008.
[15] B. Adams, and D. Ferreira, Women in the Boardroom and their Impact
on Corporate Governance and Performance, Journal of Financial
Economics, 94: 291-309, 2009.
[16] Y. Park, and H. Shin, Board Composition and Earnings Management in
Canada, Journal of Corporate Finance, 185: 1-27, 2003.
[17] B. Hermalin, and M. Weisbach, Boards of Directors as Endogenously
Determined Institution: A Survey of the Economic Literature, Economic
Policy Review, 9(1): 7-26, 2003.
[18] D. Carter, B. Simkins, and G. Simpson, Corporate Governance, Board
Diversity, and Firm Value, Financial Review, 38: 33-53, 2003.
[19] N. Fondas, and S. Sassalos, A different voice in the boardroom: How the
presence of women directors affects board influence over management,
Global Focus, 12: 13-22, 2000.
[20] N. Erhardt, J. Werbel, and C. Shrader, Board of Director Diversity and
Firm Financial Performance, Corporate Governance: An International
Review, 11(2), 102-11, 2003.
[21] G. Robinson, and K, Dechant, Building a Business case for Diversity,
Academy of Management Executive, 11: 21-30, 1997
[22] P. Luoma, and J. Goodstein, Stakeholders and Corporate Boards:
Institutional influences on board composition, Research Note, Academy
of Management Journal, 42:553-563, 1999.
[23] Tyson Report, The Tyson Report on the Recruitment and Development
of Non-Executive Directors, Depart of Trade and Industry, June, 2003.
[24] R. Sealy, Role models and identity formation for female directors in
banking, British Academy of Management Conference, Harrogate, September, 2008b.
[25] V. Singh, Transforming Boardroom Cultures, Report for UK Resource
Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology, Bradford,
2008b.
[26] D. Bilimoria, Building the business case for women corporate directors.
In Burke, R. and Mattis, M. (eds.) Women on Corporate Boards of
Directors: International challenges and Opportunities, 25-40, Kluwer,
Dordrecht, 2000.
[27] A. Klein, Economic Determinants of Audit Committee Independence,
The Accounting Review, 77(2): 435-452, 2002.
[28] M. Hyland, and P. Marcellino, Examining Gender on Corporate Boards:
A regional study, Corporate Governance, 2 (4): 24-31, 2002.
[29] K. Harrigan, Numbers and Positions of Women Elected to Corporate
Boards, Academy of Management Journal, 24: 619-625, 1981.
[30] J. Engen, Scorecards on Governance: Are Banks Up to Par? , Bank Director Magazine, Fourth Quarter. Available at,
http://www.bankdirector.com/issues/2002_4/, 2002.
[31] R. Sealy, V. Singh, and S. Vinnicombe, The Female FTSE Report 2007,
Cranfield, UK, 2007.
[32] D. Ancona, and D. Caldwell, Demography and Design: Predictors of
New Product Team Performance, Organisational Science, 3(3): 321-341,
1992.
[33] A. Ripley, Equal Time, Time Europe, 162(11). Available at
www.time.com/time/europe/magazine, 2003.
[34] M. Hoel, The quota story: Five years of change in Norway. In
Vinnicombe, S., Singh, V., Burke, R., Bilimoria, D. and Huse, M. (eds.)
Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Research and
Practice, 79-87. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008.
[35] C. De Anca, Women on corporate boards of directors in Spanish listed
companies. In Vinnicombe, S., Singh, V., Burke, R., Bilimoria, D. and
Huse, M. (eds.) Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International
Research and Practice, 96-107. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008.
[36] E. Mychasuk, “The quandary of quotas” in FT.com (December, 2010).
Available at, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d7ee0fa-0221-11e0-aa40-
00144feabdc0.html#axzz26qCj7cxa, 2010.
[37] R. Bernardi, D. Bean, and K. Weippert, Signaling Gender Diversity
through Annual Report Pictures: a research note on image management,
Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 15: 609-616, 2002.
[38] N. Wilson, and A. Altanlar, Director Characteristics, Gender Balance
and Insolvency Risk: An Empirical Study, Abstract May 2009. Available
at, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1414224, 2009.
[39] Catalyst, The bottom line: Corporate performance and women’s
representation on boards, New York: Catalyst, 2007.
[40] B. Adams, and D. Ferreira, A theory of friendly boards, Journal of
Finance, 62:217-250, 2007.
[41] D. Brown, D. Brown, and V. Anastasopoulous, Women on Boards: Not
just the Right Thing…But the “Bright” Thing, Report, The Conference
Board of Canada, Ottawa, 341-02, 2002.
[42] D. Bilimoria, The relationship between women corporate directors and
women corporate officers, Journal of Managerial Issues, 18(1): 47-61,
2006.
[43] World Development Report, Gender Differences in employment and
why they matter. Available at,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-
1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/chapter-5.pdf, 2012.
[44] S. Terjesen, R. Sealy, and V. Singh, Women directors on corporate
boards: A review and research agenda, Corporate Governance: An
International Review, 17(3): 320-337, 2009.
[45] P. Tharenou, S. Latimer, and D. Conroy, How Do You Make It to the
Top? An Examination of Influences on Women’s and Men’s Managerial
Advancement, The Academy of Management Journal, 37(4): 899-931,
1994.
[46] A. Konrad, J. Ritchie, P. Lieb, and E. Corrigall, Sex differences and
similarities in job attribute preferences: A meta-analysis, Psychological
Bulletin, 126: 593-641, 2000.
[47] C. Peterson, and J. Philpot, Women’s roles on US Fortune 500 boards:
Director Expertise and committee membership, Journal of Business
Ethics, 72: 177-96, 2007.
[48] A. Hillman, C. Shropshire, and A. Cannella, Organisational predictors of
women on corporate boards, Academy of Management Journal, 50(4):
941-52, 2007.
[49] S. Terjesen, S. and V. Singh, Female presence on corporate boards: A
multi-country study of environmental context, Journal of Business
Ethics, 83(1): 55-63, 2008.
[50] T. Nelson, and L. Levesque, The status of women in corporate
governance in high-growth, high-potential firms, Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, March: 209-32, 2007.
[51] O. Akinpelu, Corporate Governance Framework in Nigeria: An
International Review, Universe Inc, Bloomington, 2012.
[52] S. Okaro, and O. Okafor, Creative Accounting, Corporate Governance
Watch Dogs Institutions and Systems-The Case of Cadbury (Nig) Plc,
working paper series. Available at, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1946441,
2011.
[53] L. Calkins, “Ex-KBR CEO Stanley Gets 21/2 Years in Prison for
Foreign Bribes” in Bloomberg.com (February 24) Available at:
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-23/ex-kbr-ceo-albert-stanleygets-
30-month-prison-term-in-nigeria-bribe-case.html, 2012.
[54] National Coalition on Affirmative Action, National Gender Policy.
Available at http://www.aacoalition.org/national_policy_women.htm,
2009.
[55] UNECA, UNECA Africa Women’s Report 2009. Available at,
http://new.uneca.org/awr/awr2009.aspx, 2009.
[56] British Council, Gender in Nigeria Report 2012: Improving the Lives of
Girls and Women in Nigeria, 2nd Edition, UK aid from the Department
for International Development. Available at
http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/Gender-
Nigeria2012.pdf, 2012.
[57] Social Institutions and Gender Index, SIGI, available at
http://genderindex.org/country/nigeria, 2012.
[58] N. Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilised: Women’s Political Activity in
Southern Nigeria, Crucible Publishers, Lagos, 1982.
[59] A. Woldie, and A. Adersua, Female entrepreneurs in a transitional
economy: Business women in Nigeria, International Journal of Social
Economics, 31(1): 78-93, 2004.
[60] B. Aluko, and A. Amidu, Women and Land Reforms in Nigeria,
Promoting Land Administration and Good Governance, Fifth FIG
Regional Conference, Accra, Ghana. Available at,
http://www.fig.net/pub/accra/papers/ts09/ts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf,
2006.
[61] S. Omotola, What is this gender talk all about after all? Gender, power
and politics in contemporary Nigeria, African Study Monographs, 28(1):
33-46, April 2007 33, 2007.
[62] R. Oyelere, Within and Between Gender Disparities in Income and
Education: Benefits from Democracy, IZA Discussion Paper Series No.
3221 for the Institute for the Study of Labour. Available at,
ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp3221.pdf, 2007.
[63] J. Okpara, The Impact of Salary Differential on Managerial Job
Satisfaction: A Study of the Gender-Gap and its Implications for
Management Education and Practice in a Developing Economy, Journal
of Business in Developing Nations, 8: 65-91, 2004.
[64] R. Burke, Company size, board size, and the numbers of women
corporate directors. In: Burke, R. and Mattis, M, (eds.) Women on
Corporate Boards of Directors: International Challenges and
Opportunities, 118-25. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2000.
[65] D. Contreras, and G. Plaza, Cultural; Factors In Women’s Labour Force
Participation In Chile, Feminist Economics,16(2): 27-46, 2010.
[66] R. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New
York, 1977.
[67] Catalyst, Women on Boards, available at
http://www.catalyst.org/file/725/qt_women_on_boards.pdf, 2012
[68] All Africa “Nigeria: Women’s Representation on Bank’s Board Still
Dismal. Available at:
http://www.allafrica.com/stories/201208190231.html, 2012.
[69] G. Wood, Career advancement in Australian middle managers: A
follow- up study, Women in Management Review, 21(4): 277-293, 2006.
[70] A. Schreuder, and A. Theron, Careers-An Organisational perspective,
Software Publications Pty, Limited, 2004.
[71] A. Morrison, R. White, and E. Velsor, Breaking the glass ceiling: Can
women reach the top of America’s largest corporation? Addison Wesley
Publishing Company: MA, 1992.
[72] A. Morrison, D. Raju, and N. Sinha, Gender Equality, Poverty and
Economic Growth, Policy Research and Working Paper for The World
bank, Washington. Available at;
http://www.development.wne.uw.edu.pl/uploads/Courses/DW_additiona
l_gender.pdf, 2007.
[1] C. Mallin, Corporate Governance, Third Edition, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2010.
[2] D. Nordberg, Corporate Governance: Principles and Issues, Sage Publications, London, 2011.
[3] B. Black, H. Jan, and W. Kim, Does Corporate Governance Affect Firm
Value? Evidence from Korea, Paper presented at the Second Asia Conference on Corporate Governance, 2002.
[4] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD
Principles of Corporate Governance, 2004.
[5] J. Solomon, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Third Edition,
Wiley Publications: West Sussex, 2010.
[6] Combined Code, The Combined Code on Corporate Governance, Gee
and Co. Ltd, London, 2008.
[7] Corporate Governance Codes, The Financial Reporting Council in the
United Kingdom, Gee and Co. Ltd, London, 2010.
[8] AWA Ltd v Daniels (1992) 7 ACSR 759.
[9] J. Du Plessis, A. Hargovan and B. Mirko, Principles of Contemporary
Corporate Governance, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2011.
[10] M. Epstein, and M. Roy, Measuring the Effectiveness of Corporate Boards and Director-s in M.J. Epstein and K.O. Hanson (eds.), The
Accountable Corporation, Praeger Publishers, Westport, US, 2006.
[11] Davies Report, Women on Boards, Department of Trade and Industry,
February, London, 2011.
[12] D. Branson, No Seat at the Table: How Corporate Governance and Law
keep Women out of the Boardroom, New York University Press, New
York, 2006.
[13] V. Singh, Ethnic Diversity on top corporate boards: a resource
dependency perspective, International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 18(12): 2128-2146, 2007.
[14] D. Carter, F. D-Souza, B. Simkins, and W. Simpson, The Diversity of
Corporate Board Committees and Financial Performance, Working paper, Oklahoma State University, 2008.
[15] B. Adams, and D. Ferreira, Women in the Boardroom and their Impact
on Corporate Governance and Performance, Journal of Financial
Economics, 94: 291-309, 2009.
[16] Y. Park, and H. Shin, Board Composition and Earnings Management in
Canada, Journal of Corporate Finance, 185: 1-27, 2003.
[17] B. Hermalin, and M. Weisbach, Boards of Directors as Endogenously
Determined Institution: A Survey of the Economic Literature, Economic
Policy Review, 9(1): 7-26, 2003.
[18] D. Carter, B. Simkins, and G. Simpson, Corporate Governance, Board
Diversity, and Firm Value, Financial Review, 38: 33-53, 2003.
[19] N. Fondas, and S. Sassalos, A different voice in the boardroom: How the
presence of women directors affects board influence over management,
Global Focus, 12: 13-22, 2000.
[20] N. Erhardt, J. Werbel, and C. Shrader, Board of Director Diversity and
Firm Financial Performance, Corporate Governance: An International
Review, 11(2), 102-11, 2003.
[21] G. Robinson, and K, Dechant, Building a Business case for Diversity,
Academy of Management Executive, 11: 21-30, 1997
[22] P. Luoma, and J. Goodstein, Stakeholders and Corporate Boards:
Institutional influences on board composition, Research Note, Academy
of Management Journal, 42:553-563, 1999.
[23] Tyson Report, The Tyson Report on the Recruitment and Development
of Non-Executive Directors, Depart of Trade and Industry, June, 2003.
[24] R. Sealy, Role models and identity formation for female directors in
banking, British Academy of Management Conference, Harrogate, September, 2008b.
[25] V. Singh, Transforming Boardroom Cultures, Report for UK Resource
Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology, Bradford,
2008b.
[26] D. Bilimoria, Building the business case for women corporate directors.
In Burke, R. and Mattis, M. (eds.) Women on Corporate Boards of
Directors: International challenges and Opportunities, 25-40, Kluwer,
Dordrecht, 2000.
[27] A. Klein, Economic Determinants of Audit Committee Independence,
The Accounting Review, 77(2): 435-452, 2002.
[28] M. Hyland, and P. Marcellino, Examining Gender on Corporate Boards:
A regional study, Corporate Governance, 2 (4): 24-31, 2002.
[29] K. Harrigan, Numbers and Positions of Women Elected to Corporate
Boards, Academy of Management Journal, 24: 619-625, 1981.
[30] J. Engen, Scorecards on Governance: Are Banks Up to Par? , Bank Director Magazine, Fourth Quarter. Available at,
http://www.bankdirector.com/issues/2002_4/, 2002.
[31] R. Sealy, V. Singh, and S. Vinnicombe, The Female FTSE Report 2007,
Cranfield, UK, 2007.
[32] D. Ancona, and D. Caldwell, Demography and Design: Predictors of
New Product Team Performance, Organisational Science, 3(3): 321-341,
1992.
[33] A. Ripley, Equal Time, Time Europe, 162(11). Available at
www.time.com/time/europe/magazine, 2003.
[34] M. Hoel, The quota story: Five years of change in Norway. In
Vinnicombe, S., Singh, V., Burke, R., Bilimoria, D. and Huse, M. (eds.)
Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Research and
Practice, 79-87. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008.
[35] C. De Anca, Women on corporate boards of directors in Spanish listed
companies. In Vinnicombe, S., Singh, V., Burke, R., Bilimoria, D. and
Huse, M. (eds.) Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International
Research and Practice, 96-107. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008.
[36] E. Mychasuk, “The quandary of quotas” in FT.com (December, 2010).
Available at, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d7ee0fa-0221-11e0-aa40-
00144feabdc0.html#axzz26qCj7cxa, 2010.
[37] R. Bernardi, D. Bean, and K. Weippert, Signaling Gender Diversity
through Annual Report Pictures: a research note on image management,
Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 15: 609-616, 2002.
[38] N. Wilson, and A. Altanlar, Director Characteristics, Gender Balance
and Insolvency Risk: An Empirical Study, Abstract May 2009. Available
at, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1414224, 2009.
[39] Catalyst, The bottom line: Corporate performance and women’s
representation on boards, New York: Catalyst, 2007.
[40] B. Adams, and D. Ferreira, A theory of friendly boards, Journal of
Finance, 62:217-250, 2007.
[41] D. Brown, D. Brown, and V. Anastasopoulous, Women on Boards: Not
just the Right Thing…But the “Bright” Thing, Report, The Conference
Board of Canada, Ottawa, 341-02, 2002.
[42] D. Bilimoria, The relationship between women corporate directors and
women corporate officers, Journal of Managerial Issues, 18(1): 47-61,
2006.
[43] World Development Report, Gender Differences in employment and
why they matter. Available at,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-
1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/chapter-5.pdf, 2012.
[44] S. Terjesen, R. Sealy, and V. Singh, Women directors on corporate
boards: A review and research agenda, Corporate Governance: An
International Review, 17(3): 320-337, 2009.
[45] P. Tharenou, S. Latimer, and D. Conroy, How Do You Make It to the
Top? An Examination of Influences on Women’s and Men’s Managerial
Advancement, The Academy of Management Journal, 37(4): 899-931,
1994.
[46] A. Konrad, J. Ritchie, P. Lieb, and E. Corrigall, Sex differences and
similarities in job attribute preferences: A meta-analysis, Psychological
Bulletin, 126: 593-641, 2000.
[47] C. Peterson, and J. Philpot, Women’s roles on US Fortune 500 boards:
Director Expertise and committee membership, Journal of Business
Ethics, 72: 177-96, 2007.
[48] A. Hillman, C. Shropshire, and A. Cannella, Organisational predictors of
women on corporate boards, Academy of Management Journal, 50(4):
941-52, 2007.
[49] S. Terjesen, S. and V. Singh, Female presence on corporate boards: A
multi-country study of environmental context, Journal of Business
Ethics, 83(1): 55-63, 2008.
[50] T. Nelson, and L. Levesque, The status of women in corporate
governance in high-growth, high-potential firms, Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, March: 209-32, 2007.
[51] O. Akinpelu, Corporate Governance Framework in Nigeria: An
International Review, Universe Inc, Bloomington, 2012.
[52] S. Okaro, and O. Okafor, Creative Accounting, Corporate Governance
Watch Dogs Institutions and Systems-The Case of Cadbury (Nig) Plc,
working paper series. Available at, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1946441,
2011.
[53] L. Calkins, “Ex-KBR CEO Stanley Gets 21/2 Years in Prison for
Foreign Bribes” in Bloomberg.com (February 24) Available at:
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-23/ex-kbr-ceo-albert-stanleygets-
30-month-prison-term-in-nigeria-bribe-case.html, 2012.
[54] National Coalition on Affirmative Action, National Gender Policy.
Available at http://www.aacoalition.org/national_policy_women.htm,
2009.
[55] UNECA, UNECA Africa Women’s Report 2009. Available at,
http://new.uneca.org/awr/awr2009.aspx, 2009.
[56] British Council, Gender in Nigeria Report 2012: Improving the Lives of
Girls and Women in Nigeria, 2nd Edition, UK aid from the Department
for International Development. Available at
http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/Gender-
Nigeria2012.pdf, 2012.
[57] Social Institutions and Gender Index, SIGI, available at
http://genderindex.org/country/nigeria, 2012.
[58] N. Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilised: Women’s Political Activity in
Southern Nigeria, Crucible Publishers, Lagos, 1982.
[59] A. Woldie, and A. Adersua, Female entrepreneurs in a transitional
economy: Business women in Nigeria, International Journal of Social
Economics, 31(1): 78-93, 2004.
[60] B. Aluko, and A. Amidu, Women and Land Reforms in Nigeria,
Promoting Land Administration and Good Governance, Fifth FIG
Regional Conference, Accra, Ghana. Available at,
http://www.fig.net/pub/accra/papers/ts09/ts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf,
2006.
[61] S. Omotola, What is this gender talk all about after all? Gender, power
and politics in contemporary Nigeria, African Study Monographs, 28(1):
33-46, April 2007 33, 2007.
[62] R. Oyelere, Within and Between Gender Disparities in Income and
Education: Benefits from Democracy, IZA Discussion Paper Series No.
3221 for the Institute for the Study of Labour. Available at,
ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp3221.pdf, 2007.
[63] J. Okpara, The Impact of Salary Differential on Managerial Job
Satisfaction: A Study of the Gender-Gap and its Implications for
Management Education and Practice in a Developing Economy, Journal
of Business in Developing Nations, 8: 65-91, 2004.
[64] R. Burke, Company size, board size, and the numbers of women
corporate directors. In: Burke, R. and Mattis, M, (eds.) Women on
Corporate Boards of Directors: International Challenges and
Opportunities, 118-25. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2000.
[65] D. Contreras, and G. Plaza, Cultural; Factors In Women’s Labour Force
Participation In Chile, Feminist Economics,16(2): 27-46, 2010.
[66] R. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New
York, 1977.
[67] Catalyst, Women on Boards, available at
http://www.catalyst.org/file/725/qt_women_on_boards.pdf, 2012
[68] All Africa “Nigeria: Women’s Representation on Bank’s Board Still
Dismal. Available at:
http://www.allafrica.com/stories/201208190231.html, 2012.
[69] G. Wood, Career advancement in Australian middle managers: A
follow- up study, Women in Management Review, 21(4): 277-293, 2006.
[70] A. Schreuder, and A. Theron, Careers-An Organisational perspective,
Software Publications Pty, Limited, 2004.
[71] A. Morrison, R. White, and E. Velsor, Breaking the glass ceiling: Can
women reach the top of America’s largest corporation? Addison Wesley
Publishing Company: MA, 1992.
[72] A. Morrison, D. Raju, and N. Sinha, Gender Equality, Poverty and
Economic Growth, Policy Research and Working Paper for The World
bank, Washington. Available at;
http://www.development.wne.uw.edu.pl/uploads/Courses/DW_additiona
l_gender.pdf, 2007.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:62017", author = "A. Lincoln and O. Adedoyin", title = "Corporate Governance and Gender Diversity in Nigerian Boardrooms", abstract = "In recent times, corporations are increasingly under pressure to ensure diversity within their boardrooms and a large number of academic research have reported findings consistent with the view that boards perform better when they include a diverse range of people. Women have unique characteristics needed to positively influence the strategic direction of a corporation and contribute to the growth of firms. In spite of such revelations, evidence suggests that women are under-represented in senior executive and board positions. In many parts of Africa, socio-cultural traditions inhibit women from attaining these roles. Given the emphasis placed on board diversity and inclusion of women as an essential part of good corporate governance, the relationship between gender diversity and board effectiveness deserves both theoretical and empirical investigation. This research is important because it represents the first theoretical review on gender diversity in corporate boards in Nigeria.
", keywords = "Boards, Corporate Governance, Gender Diversity, Nigeria.", volume = "6", number = "11", pages = "3290-7", }
