Copper Contamination in the Sediments of Northern Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan
The distribution, enrichment, accumulation, and potential ecological risk of copper (Cu) in the surface sediments of northern Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan were investigated. Sediment samples from 12 locations of northern Kaohsiung Harbor were collected and characterized for Cu, aluminum, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total grease and grain size. Results showed that the Cu concentrations varied from 6.9–244 mg/kg with an average of 109±66 mg/kg. The spatial distribution of Cu reveals that the Cu concentration is relatively high in the river mouth region, and gradually diminishes toward the harbor entrance region. This indicates that upstream industrial and municipal wastewater discharges along the river bank are major sources of Cu pollution. Results from the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index analyses imply that the sediments collected from the river mouth can be characterized between moderate and moderately severe degree enrichment and between none to medium and moderate accumulation of Cu, respectively. However, results of potential ecological risk index indicate that the sediment has low ecological potential risk.
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[2] E. Pertsemli, and D.Voutsa, "Distribution of heavy metals in Lake Doirani
and Kerkini, Northern Greece," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 148,
pp. 529-537, 2007.
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contamination in coastal sediments of the Bay of Bengal, India:
geochemical and statistical approaches," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.
49, pp. 174-185, 2004.
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accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor,
Taiwan," Chemosphere, vol. 66, pp. 1431-1440, 2007.
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apportionment of PAHs in sediments at river mouths and channel in
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14, pp. 105-115, 2012.
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toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in
sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.
63, pp. 417-423, 2011.
[7] K.M. Huang, and S. Lin, "Consequences and implication of heavy metal
spatial variations in sediments of the Keelung River drainage basin,
Taiwan," Chemosphere, vol. 53, pp. 1113-1121, 2003.
[8] E.R. Long, D.D. MacDonald, S.L. Smith, and F.D. Calder, "Incidence of
adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in
marine and estuarine sediments," Environmental Management, vol. 19, pp.
81-97, 1995.
[9] I. Riba, C. Casado-Martínez, J.M. Forja, and A. Del Valls, "Sediment
quality in the Atlantic Coast of Spain," Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, vol. 23, pp. 271-282. 2004.
[10] P. Adamo, M. Arienzo, M. Imperato, D. Naimo, G. Nardi, and D.
Stanzione. "Distribution and partition of heavy metals in surface and
sub-surface sediments of Naples city port," Chemosphere, vol. 61, pp.
800-809, 2005.
[11] P. Woitke, J. Wellmitz, D. Helm, P. Kube, P. Lepom, and P. Litheraty,
"Analysis and assessment of heavy metal pollution in suspended solids
and sediments of the river Danube," Chemosphere, vol. 51, pp. 633-642,
2003.
[12] S.R. Taylor, "Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a
new table," Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 28, pp. 1273-1285,
1964.
[13] G. Birth, "A scheme for assessing human impacts on coastal aquatic
environments using sediments," In: C.D. Woodcoffe, R.A. Furness, (Eds),
Coastal GIS 2003. Wollongong University Papaers in Center for
Maritime Policy, 14, Australia. 2003.
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seit 1971," Umschan, vol. 79, pp. 778-783, 1979.
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evaluation of heavy metals in the sediments around Dongjiang Harbor,
Tianjin," Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 729-736, 2010.
[1] E. Callender, "Heavy metals in the environmentÔÇöhistorical trends,"
Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 9, pp. 67-105, 2003.
[2] E. Pertsemli, and D.Voutsa, "Distribution of heavy metals in Lake Doirani
and Kerkini, Northern Greece," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 148,
pp. 529-537, 2007.
[3] K. Selvaraj, V. Ram Mohan, and P. Szefer, "Evaluation of metal
contamination in coastal sediments of the Bay of Bengal, India:
geochemical and statistical approaches," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.
49, pp. 174-185, 2004.
[4] C.W. Chen, C.M. Kao, C.F. Chen, and C.D. Dong, "Distribution and
accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor,
Taiwan," Chemosphere, vol. 66, pp. 1431-1440, 2007.
[5] C.W. Chen, C.F. Chen, C.D. Dong, and Y.T.Tu, "Composition and source
apportionment of PAHs in sediments at river mouths and channel in
Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan," Journal of Environmental Monitoring, vol.
14, pp. 105-115, 2012.
[6] C.W. Chen, and C.F. Chen, "Distribution, origin and potential
toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in
sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.
63, pp. 417-423, 2011.
[7] K.M. Huang, and S. Lin, "Consequences and implication of heavy metal
spatial variations in sediments of the Keelung River drainage basin,
Taiwan," Chemosphere, vol. 53, pp. 1113-1121, 2003.
[8] E.R. Long, D.D. MacDonald, S.L. Smith, and F.D. Calder, "Incidence of
adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in
marine and estuarine sediments," Environmental Management, vol. 19, pp.
81-97, 1995.
[9] I. Riba, C. Casado-Martínez, J.M. Forja, and A. Del Valls, "Sediment
quality in the Atlantic Coast of Spain," Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, vol. 23, pp. 271-282. 2004.
[10] P. Adamo, M. Arienzo, M. Imperato, D. Naimo, G. Nardi, and D.
Stanzione. "Distribution and partition of heavy metals in surface and
sub-surface sediments of Naples city port," Chemosphere, vol. 61, pp.
800-809, 2005.
[11] P. Woitke, J. Wellmitz, D. Helm, P. Kube, P. Lepom, and P. Litheraty,
"Analysis and assessment of heavy metal pollution in suspended solids
and sediments of the river Danube," Chemosphere, vol. 51, pp. 633-642,
2003.
[12] S.R. Taylor, "Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a
new table," Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 28, pp. 1273-1285,
1964.
[13] G. Birth, "A scheme for assessing human impacts on coastal aquatic
environments using sediments," In: C.D. Woodcoffe, R.A. Furness, (Eds),
Coastal GIS 2003. Wollongong University Papaers in Center for
Maritime Policy, 14, Australia. 2003.
[14] G. Müller, "Schwermetalle in den sediments des Rheins- Veränderungen
seit 1971," Umschan, vol. 79, pp. 778-783, 1979.
[15] L. Hakanson, "An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control, a
sediment-ecological approach," Water Research, vol. 14, pp. 975-1001,
1980.
[16] W. Guo, X. Liu, Z. Liu, and G. Li, "Pollution and potential ecological risk
evaluation of heavy metals in the sediments around Dongjiang Harbor,
Tianjin," Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 729-736, 2010.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:56452", author = "Chiu-Wen Chen and Chih-Feng Chen and Cheng-Di Dong", title = "Copper Contamination in the Sediments of Northern Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan", abstract = "The distribution, enrichment, accumulation, and potential ecological risk of copper (Cu) in the surface sediments of northern Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan were investigated. Sediment samples from 12 locations of northern Kaohsiung Harbor were collected and characterized for Cu, aluminum, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total grease and grain size. Results showed that the Cu concentrations varied from 6.9–244 mg/kg with an average of 109±66 mg/kg. The spatial distribution of Cu reveals that the Cu concentration is relatively high in the river mouth region, and gradually diminishes toward the harbor entrance region. This indicates that upstream industrial and municipal wastewater discharges along the river bank are major sources of Cu pollution. Results from the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index analyses imply that the sediments collected from the river mouth can be characterized between moderate and moderately severe degree enrichment and between none to medium and moderate accumulation of Cu, respectively. However, results of potential ecological risk index indicate that the sediment has low ecological potential risk.
", keywords = "Accumulation, ecological risk, enrichment, copper, sediment.", volume = "6", number = "5", pages = "277-5", }
