Controlling Water Temperature during the Electrocoagulation Process Using an Innovative Flow Column-Electrocoagulation Reactor
A flow column has been innovatively used in the
design of a new electrocoagulation reactor (ECR1) that will reduce
the temperature of water being treated; where the flow columns work
as a radiator for the water being treated. In order to investigate the
performance of ECR1 and compare it to that of traditional reactors;
600 mL water samples with an initial temperature of 350C were
pumped continuously through these reactors for 30 min at current
density of 1 mA/cm2. The temperature of water being treated was
measured at 5 minutes intervals over a 30 minutes period using a
thermometer. Additional experiments were commenced to investigate
the effects of initial temperature (15-350C), water conductivity (0.15
– 1.2 S) and current density (0.5 -3 mA/cm2) on the performance of
ECR1.
The results obtained demonstrated that the ECR1, at a current
density of 1 mA/cm2 and continuous flow model, reduced water
temperature from 350C to the vicinity of 280C during the first 15
minutes and kept the same level till the end of the treatment time.
While, the temperature increased from 28.1 to 29.80C and from 29.8
to 31.90C in the batch and the traditional continuous flow models
respectively. In term of initial temperature, ECR1 maintained the
temperature of water being treated within the range of 22 to 280C
without the need for external cooling system even when the initial
temperatures varied over a wide range (15 to 350C). The influent
water conductivity was found to be a significant variable that affect
the temperature. The desirable value of water conductivity is 0.6 S.
However, it was found that the water temperature increased rapidly
with a higher current density.
[1] Z. Zaroual, H. Chaair, A.H. Essadki, K. El Ass, M. Azzi. (2009).
Optimizing the removal of trivalent chromium by electrocoagulation
using experimental design. Chemical Engineering Journal. 148, 488–
495.
[2] Nazih K. Shammas Marie-Florence Pouet, and Alain Grasmick. (2010).
Wastewater Treatment by Electrocoagulation–Flotation. Flotation
Technology in Handbook of Environmental Engineering. 12, 199-220.
[3] Erick Butler, Yung-Tse Hung, Ruth Yu-Li Yeh and Mohammed
Suleiman Al Ahmad. (2011). Electrocoagulation in Wastewater
Treatment. Water. 3, 495-525.
[4] Donald Mills. (2000). A new process for electrocoagulation. American
Water Works Association. 92 (6), 34- 43.
[5] D. Ghosh, D., H. Solanki, M.K. Purkait, (2008). Removal of Fe (II) from
tap water by electrocoagulation technique. Journal of Hazardous
Materials 155, 135–143.
[6] Charles Peguy Nanseu- Njiki, Serge Raoul Tchamango, Philippe Claude
Ngom, Andre Darchen, Emmanuel Ngameni, (2009). Mercury (II)
removal from water by electrocoagulation using aluminium and iron
electrodes. Hazardous Materials. 168, 1430-1436.
[7] Reza Katal, Hassan Pahlavanzadeh. (2011). Influence of different
combinations of aluminum and iron electrode on. Desalination. 265,
199–205.
[8] Mikko Vepsäläinena, Mohammad Ghiasvand, Jukka Selin, Jorma
Pienimaa,Eveliina Repo, Martti Pulliainen, Mika Sillanpää. (2009).
Investigations of the effects of temperature and initial sample pH on
natural organic matter (NOM) removal with electrocoagulation using
response surface method (RSM). Separation and Purification
Technology. 69, 255–261.
[9] Wei-Lung Chou, Yen-Hsiang Huang. (2009). Electrochemical removal
of indium ions from aqueous solution using iron electrodes. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. 172, 46–53.
[10] N. Mameri, A.R. Yeddou, H. Lounici, D. Belhocine, H. Grib, B. Bariou.
(1998). Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of North Africa by
electrocoagulation process using bipolar aluminum electrodes. Water
Research. 3 (5), 1604 - 1612.
[11] N. Daneshvar, H. Ashassi Sorkhabi, M.B. Kasiri. (2004). Decolorization
of dye solution containing Acid Red 14 by electrocoagulation with a
comparative investigation of different electrode connections. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. B112, 55–62.
[12] Guohua Chen. (2011). Electrochemical technologies in wastewater
treatment. Separation and Purification Technology. 38, 11–41.
[13] Tezcan Umran, A. Savas Koparal, Ulker Bakir Ogutveren. (2013).
Fluoride removal from water and wastewater with a bach cylindrical
electrode using electrocoagulation. Chemical Engineering. 223, 110–
115.
[14] Subramanyan Vasudevan, Jothinathan Lakshmi, Ganapathy Sozhan.
(2009). Studies on the Removal of Iron from Drinking Water by
Electrocoagulation – A Clean Process. Clean Soil Air Water. 37 (1), 45
– 51.
[15] Subramanyan Vasudevan, Jothinathan Lakshmi, Ganapathy Sozhan.
(2011). Studies on the Al–Zn–In-alloy as anode material for the removal
of chromium from drinking water in electrocoagulation process.
Desalination. 275, 260–268.
[16] Alwis, A.A.P., Fryer, P.J., (1990). A finite-element analysis of heat
generation and transfer during OH of food. Chemical Engineering
Science. 45(6), 1547-1559.
[17] Castro, I. (2007). Ohmic heating as an alternative to conventional
thermal treatment. PhD. Dissertation, Portugal: Universidade do Minho.
[18] Chih-Ta Wang and Wei-Lung Chou. (2009). Performance of COD
removal from oxide chemical mechanical polishing wastewater using
iron electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Science and Health.
44 (12), 1289-1297.
[19] Muftah H. El-Naas, Sulaiman Al-Zuhair, Amal Al-Lobaney, Souzan
Makhlouf. (2009). Assessment of electrocoagulation for the treatment of
petroleum refinery wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management.
91, 180–185.
[20] Wei-Lung Chou, Chih-Ta Wang, Kai-Yu Huang. (2010). Investigation
of process parameters for the removal of polyvinyl alcohol from aqueous
solution by iron electrocoagulation. Desalination. 251, 12–19.
[21] Saeb Ahmadi, Ebrahim Sardari, Hamed Reza Javadian, Reza Katal, and
Mohsen Vafaie Sefti. (2013). Removal of oil from biodiesel wastewater
by electrocoagulation method. Korean Journal of Chemical
Engineering. 30 (3), 634-641.
[1] Z. Zaroual, H. Chaair, A.H. Essadki, K. El Ass, M. Azzi. (2009).
Optimizing the removal of trivalent chromium by electrocoagulation
using experimental design. Chemical Engineering Journal. 148, 488–
495.
[2] Nazih K. Shammas Marie-Florence Pouet, and Alain Grasmick. (2010).
Wastewater Treatment by Electrocoagulation–Flotation. Flotation
Technology in Handbook of Environmental Engineering. 12, 199-220.
[3] Erick Butler, Yung-Tse Hung, Ruth Yu-Li Yeh and Mohammed
Suleiman Al Ahmad. (2011). Electrocoagulation in Wastewater
Treatment. Water. 3, 495-525.
[4] Donald Mills. (2000). A new process for electrocoagulation. American
Water Works Association. 92 (6), 34- 43.
[5] D. Ghosh, D., H. Solanki, M.K. Purkait, (2008). Removal of Fe (II) from
tap water by electrocoagulation technique. Journal of Hazardous
Materials 155, 135–143.
[6] Charles Peguy Nanseu- Njiki, Serge Raoul Tchamango, Philippe Claude
Ngom, Andre Darchen, Emmanuel Ngameni, (2009). Mercury (II)
removal from water by electrocoagulation using aluminium and iron
electrodes. Hazardous Materials. 168, 1430-1436.
[7] Reza Katal, Hassan Pahlavanzadeh. (2011). Influence of different
combinations of aluminum and iron electrode on. Desalination. 265,
199–205.
[8] Mikko Vepsäläinena, Mohammad Ghiasvand, Jukka Selin, Jorma
Pienimaa,Eveliina Repo, Martti Pulliainen, Mika Sillanpää. (2009).
Investigations of the effects of temperature and initial sample pH on
natural organic matter (NOM) removal with electrocoagulation using
response surface method (RSM). Separation and Purification
Technology. 69, 255–261.
[9] Wei-Lung Chou, Yen-Hsiang Huang. (2009). Electrochemical removal
of indium ions from aqueous solution using iron electrodes. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. 172, 46–53.
[10] N. Mameri, A.R. Yeddou, H. Lounici, D. Belhocine, H. Grib, B. Bariou.
(1998). Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of North Africa by
electrocoagulation process using bipolar aluminum electrodes. Water
Research. 3 (5), 1604 - 1612.
[11] N. Daneshvar, H. Ashassi Sorkhabi, M.B. Kasiri. (2004). Decolorization
of dye solution containing Acid Red 14 by electrocoagulation with a
comparative investigation of different electrode connections. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. B112, 55–62.
[12] Guohua Chen. (2011). Electrochemical technologies in wastewater
treatment. Separation and Purification Technology. 38, 11–41.
[13] Tezcan Umran, A. Savas Koparal, Ulker Bakir Ogutveren. (2013).
Fluoride removal from water and wastewater with a bach cylindrical
electrode using electrocoagulation. Chemical Engineering. 223, 110–
115.
[14] Subramanyan Vasudevan, Jothinathan Lakshmi, Ganapathy Sozhan.
(2009). Studies on the Removal of Iron from Drinking Water by
Electrocoagulation – A Clean Process. Clean Soil Air Water. 37 (1), 45
– 51.
[15] Subramanyan Vasudevan, Jothinathan Lakshmi, Ganapathy Sozhan.
(2011). Studies on the Al–Zn–In-alloy as anode material for the removal
of chromium from drinking water in electrocoagulation process.
Desalination. 275, 260–268.
[16] Alwis, A.A.P., Fryer, P.J., (1990). A finite-element analysis of heat
generation and transfer during OH of food. Chemical Engineering
Science. 45(6), 1547-1559.
[17] Castro, I. (2007). Ohmic heating as an alternative to conventional
thermal treatment. PhD. Dissertation, Portugal: Universidade do Minho.
[18] Chih-Ta Wang and Wei-Lung Chou. (2009). Performance of COD
removal from oxide chemical mechanical polishing wastewater using
iron electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Science and Health.
44 (12), 1289-1297.
[19] Muftah H. El-Naas, Sulaiman Al-Zuhair, Amal Al-Lobaney, Souzan
Makhlouf. (2009). Assessment of electrocoagulation for the treatment of
petroleum refinery wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management.
91, 180–185.
[20] Wei-Lung Chou, Chih-Ta Wang, Kai-Yu Huang. (2010). Investigation
of process parameters for the removal of polyvinyl alcohol from aqueous
solution by iron electrocoagulation. Desalination. 251, 12–19.
[21] Saeb Ahmadi, Ebrahim Sardari, Hamed Reza Javadian, Reza Katal, and
Mohsen Vafaie Sefti. (2013). Removal of oil from biodiesel wastewater
by electrocoagulation method. Korean Journal of Chemical
Engineering. 30 (3), 634-641.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:70687", author = "Khalid S. Hashim and Andy Shaw and Rafid Alkhaddar and Montserrat Ortoneda Pedrola", title = "Controlling Water Temperature during the Electrocoagulation Process Using an Innovative Flow Column-Electrocoagulation Reactor", abstract = "A flow column has been innovatively used in the
design of a new electrocoagulation reactor (ECR1) that will reduce
the temperature of water being treated; where the flow columns work
as a radiator for the water being treated. In order to investigate the
performance of ECR1 and compare it to that of traditional reactors;
600 mL water samples with an initial temperature of 350C were
pumped continuously through these reactors for 30 min at current
density of 1 mA/cm2. The temperature of water being treated was
measured at 5 minutes intervals over a 30 minutes period using a
thermometer. Additional experiments were commenced to investigate
the effects of initial temperature (15-350C), water conductivity (0.15
– 1.2 S) and current density (0.5 -3 mA/cm2) on the performance of
ECR1.
The results obtained demonstrated that the ECR1, at a current
density of 1 mA/cm2 and continuous flow model, reduced water
temperature from 350C to the vicinity of 280C during the first 15
minutes and kept the same level till the end of the treatment time.
While, the temperature increased from 28.1 to 29.80C and from 29.8
to 31.90C in the batch and the traditional continuous flow models
respectively. In term of initial temperature, ECR1 maintained the
temperature of water being treated within the range of 22 to 280C
without the need for external cooling system even when the initial
temperatures varied over a wide range (15 to 350C). The influent
water conductivity was found to be a significant variable that affect
the temperature. The desirable value of water conductivity is 0.6 S.
However, it was found that the water temperature increased rapidly
with a higher current density.", keywords = "Water temperature, flow column, electrocoagulation.", volume = "9", number = "8", pages = "956-4", }