Chemical Analysis of PM2.5 during Dry Deforestation Season in Southeast Asia
In Southeast Asia, during the dry season (August to
October) forest fires in Indonesia emit pollutants into the atmosphere.
For two years during this period, a total of 67 samples of 2.5 μm
particulate matters were collected and analyzed for total mass and
elemental composition with ICP - MS after microwave digestion. A
study of 60 elements measured during these periods suggest that the
concentration of most of elements, even those usually related to
crustal source, are extremely high and unpredictable during the haze
period. In By contrast, trace element concentration in non - haze
months is more stable and covers a lower range. Other unexpected
events and their effects on the findings are discussed.
[1] P. Mukherjee, S. Viswanathan "Contributions to CO concentrations
from biomass burning and trafic during haze episodes in Singapore,"
Atmospheric Environment, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 715 -725, 2001.
[2] U. Siniarovina, M. Engardt "High-resolution model simulations of
anthropogenic sulphate and sulphur dioxide in Southeast Asia,"
Atmospheric Environment, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2021-2034, Apr. 2005.
[3] R. Balasubramanian, T. Victor, R. Begum "Impact of biomass burning
on rainwater acidity and composition in Singapore," Journal of
Geographical Research, vol. 104, no. D21, pp. 26881-26890, Nov.
1999.
[4] S. W. See, R. Balasubramanian, W. Wang "A study of the physical,
chemical, and optical properties of ambient aerosol particles in Southeast
Asia during hazy and nonhazy days," Journal of Geographical
Research, vol. 111, no. D10, 12 pp, May 2006.
[5] L. C.C. Koe, A. F. Arellano, J. L. McGregor "Investigating the haze
transport from 1997 biomass burning in Southeast Asia: its impact upon
Singapore," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 35, no. 15, pp. 190-198,
May 2001.
[6] J. Nichol "Bioclimate impacts of the 1994 smoke haze event in
SEA," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1209-1219, Apr.
1997.
[7] A. Heil, J. Goldammer "Smoke-haze pollution: A review of the 1997
episode in Southeast Asia," Regional Environmental Change, vol. 2, no.
1, pp. 24-37, Mar. 2001.
[8] P. Mukherjee, S. Viswanathan "Composition of semi-volatile organic
compounds in the urban atmosphere of Singapore: influence of biomass
burning," Atmospheric Chemistry Physics, vol. 10, no. 23, pp. 11401-
11413, 2010.
[9] J. Gras, J. Jensen, K.Okada, , M. Ikegami, Y. Zaizen, Y. Makino "Some
optical properties of smoke aerosol in Indonesia and tropical Australia,"
Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 1393-1396, May
1999.
[10] T. Nakajima, A. Higurashi, N.Takeuchi, J. R. Herman "Satellite and
ground-based study of optical properties of 1997 Indonesian forest fire
aerosols," Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26, no. 16, pp. 2421-2424,
Aug. 1999.
[11] M. Narukawa, K. Kawamura, , N. Takeuchi, T. Nakajima "Distribution
of dicarboxylic acids and carbon isotopic compositions in aerosols from
1997 Indonesian forest fires," Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26, no.
20, pp. 3101-3104, Oct. 1999.
[12] M. Radojevic, H. Hassan "Air quality in Brunei Darussalam during the
1998 haze episode," Atmos. Environ., vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 3651-3658,
Sep. 1999.
[13] T. R. Muraleedharan, M. Radojevic, A. Waugh, A. Caruna "Chemical
characterization of the haze in Brunei Darussalam during the 1998
episode," Atmos. Environ., vol. 34, no. 17, pp. 2725-2731, 2000.
[14] K. Okada, M. Ikegami, Y. Zaizen, Y. Makino, J. B. Jensen, J. L. Gras
"The mixture of individual aerosol particles in the 1997 Indonesian haze
episode," J. Aerosol Sci., vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1269-1279, Nov. 2001.
[15] A. Salam, H. Bauer, K. Kassin, S. H. Ullah, H. Puxbaum "Aerosol
chemical characteristics of a mega-city in Southeast Asia (Dhaka-
Bangladesh)," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 37, no. 18, pp. 2517-
2528, Jun. 2003.
[16] P. J. Crutzen, M. O. Andreae "Biomass buming in the tropics: Impact on
atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles," Science, vol. 250,
no. 4988, pp. 1669-1678, Dec. 1990.
[17] M. O. Andrea "Global distribution of fires seen from space," Eos,
Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 129-135,
Apr. 1993.
[18] M. O. Andrea, E. Atlas, G. W. Harris, G. Helas, A. de Kock, R.
Koppmann, W. Maenhaut, S. Manok, W. H. Pollock, J. Rudolph, D.
Scharffe, G. Schebske, M. Welling "Methyl halide emissions from
savanna fires in southern Africa," Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.
101, no. D19, pp. 23603-23613, 1996.
[19] National Environment Agency, Singapore.
[20] A. Gaudichet, F. Echalar, B. Chatenet, J. P. Quisefit, G. Malingre "Trace
elements in tropical African Savanna biomass burning aerosol," Journal
of Atmospheric Chemistry, no.22, pp. 19-39, 1995.
[21] Y. Chen, N. Shah, A. Braun, F. E. Huggins, G. P. Huffman
"Electron microscopy investigation of carbonaceous particulate
matter generated by combustion of fossil fuels," Energy & Fuel,
no. 19, pp. 1644-1651, 2005.
[1] P. Mukherjee, S. Viswanathan "Contributions to CO concentrations
from biomass burning and trafic during haze episodes in Singapore,"
Atmospheric Environment, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 715 -725, 2001.
[2] U. Siniarovina, M. Engardt "High-resolution model simulations of
anthropogenic sulphate and sulphur dioxide in Southeast Asia,"
Atmospheric Environment, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2021-2034, Apr. 2005.
[3] R. Balasubramanian, T. Victor, R. Begum "Impact of biomass burning
on rainwater acidity and composition in Singapore," Journal of
Geographical Research, vol. 104, no. D21, pp. 26881-26890, Nov.
1999.
[4] S. W. See, R. Balasubramanian, W. Wang "A study of the physical,
chemical, and optical properties of ambient aerosol particles in Southeast
Asia during hazy and nonhazy days," Journal of Geographical
Research, vol. 111, no. D10, 12 pp, May 2006.
[5] L. C.C. Koe, A. F. Arellano, J. L. McGregor "Investigating the haze
transport from 1997 biomass burning in Southeast Asia: its impact upon
Singapore," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 35, no. 15, pp. 190-198,
May 2001.
[6] J. Nichol "Bioclimate impacts of the 1994 smoke haze event in
SEA," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1209-1219, Apr.
1997.
[7] A. Heil, J. Goldammer "Smoke-haze pollution: A review of the 1997
episode in Southeast Asia," Regional Environmental Change, vol. 2, no.
1, pp. 24-37, Mar. 2001.
[8] P. Mukherjee, S. Viswanathan "Composition of semi-volatile organic
compounds in the urban atmosphere of Singapore: influence of biomass
burning," Atmospheric Chemistry Physics, vol. 10, no. 23, pp. 11401-
11413, 2010.
[9] J. Gras, J. Jensen, K.Okada, , M. Ikegami, Y. Zaizen, Y. Makino "Some
optical properties of smoke aerosol in Indonesia and tropical Australia,"
Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 1393-1396, May
1999.
[10] T. Nakajima, A. Higurashi, N.Takeuchi, J. R. Herman "Satellite and
ground-based study of optical properties of 1997 Indonesian forest fire
aerosols," Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26, no. 16, pp. 2421-2424,
Aug. 1999.
[11] M. Narukawa, K. Kawamura, , N. Takeuchi, T. Nakajima "Distribution
of dicarboxylic acids and carbon isotopic compositions in aerosols from
1997 Indonesian forest fires," Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26, no.
20, pp. 3101-3104, Oct. 1999.
[12] M. Radojevic, H. Hassan "Air quality in Brunei Darussalam during the
1998 haze episode," Atmos. Environ., vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 3651-3658,
Sep. 1999.
[13] T. R. Muraleedharan, M. Radojevic, A. Waugh, A. Caruna "Chemical
characterization of the haze in Brunei Darussalam during the 1998
episode," Atmos. Environ., vol. 34, no. 17, pp. 2725-2731, 2000.
[14] K. Okada, M. Ikegami, Y. Zaizen, Y. Makino, J. B. Jensen, J. L. Gras
"The mixture of individual aerosol particles in the 1997 Indonesian haze
episode," J. Aerosol Sci., vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1269-1279, Nov. 2001.
[15] A. Salam, H. Bauer, K. Kassin, S. H. Ullah, H. Puxbaum "Aerosol
chemical characteristics of a mega-city in Southeast Asia (Dhaka-
Bangladesh)," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 37, no. 18, pp. 2517-
2528, Jun. 2003.
[16] P. J. Crutzen, M. O. Andreae "Biomass buming in the tropics: Impact on
atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles," Science, vol. 250,
no. 4988, pp. 1669-1678, Dec. 1990.
[17] M. O. Andrea "Global distribution of fires seen from space," Eos,
Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 129-135,
Apr. 1993.
[18] M. O. Andrea, E. Atlas, G. W. Harris, G. Helas, A. de Kock, R.
Koppmann, W. Maenhaut, S. Manok, W. H. Pollock, J. Rudolph, D.
Scharffe, G. Schebske, M. Welling "Methyl halide emissions from
savanna fires in southern Africa," Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.
101, no. D19, pp. 23603-23613, 1996.
[19] National Environment Agency, Singapore.
[20] A. Gaudichet, F. Echalar, B. Chatenet, J. P. Quisefit, G. Malingre "Trace
elements in tropical African Savanna biomass burning aerosol," Journal
of Atmospheric Chemistry, no.22, pp. 19-39, 1995.
[21] Y. Chen, N. Shah, A. Braun, F. E. Huggins, G. P. Huffman
"Electron microscopy investigation of carbonaceous particulate
matter generated by combustion of fossil fuels," Energy & Fuel,
no. 19, pp. 1644-1651, 2005.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:51849", author = "Bahareh Khezri and Richard D. Webster", title = "Chemical Analysis of PM2.5 during Dry Deforestation Season in Southeast Asia", abstract = "In Southeast Asia, during the dry season (August to
October) forest fires in Indonesia emit pollutants into the atmosphere.
For two years during this period, a total of 67 samples of 2.5 μm
particulate matters were collected and analyzed for total mass and
elemental composition with ICP - MS after microwave digestion. A
study of 60 elements measured during these periods suggest that the
concentration of most of elements, even those usually related to
crustal source, are extremely high and unpredictable during the haze
period. In By contrast, trace element concentration in non - haze
months is more stable and covers a lower range. Other unexpected
events and their effects on the findings are discussed.", keywords = "Haze, ICP - MS, Particulate Patter, Transboundary
Air Pollution.", volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "157-11", }
